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By Pallab Ghosh
Science correspondent, BBC News
The food industry has been criticised for being secretive about its use of
nanotechnology by the UK's House of Lords Science and Technology Committee.
Lord Krebs, chairman of the inquiry, said the industry "wants to keep a low
profile" to avoid controversy.
While there were no clear dangers, he said, there were "gaps in knowledge".
In its report Nanotechnologies and Food, the committee suggests a public
register of foods or packaging that make use of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology is the use of very small particles - measured in the billionths
of a metre. At these sizes, particles have novel properties and there is active
investigation into how those properties arise.
While nanotechnology is already widely employed - in applications ranging from
odour-free socks to novel cancer therapeutic methods - they have long been
regarded as a subject requiring further study to ensure their safety.
In the food sector, nanotechnology can be employed to enhance flavour and even
to make processed foods healthier by reducing the amount of fat and salt needed
in production.
Open standards
Peers said in the report that they found it "regrettable that the food industry
was refusing to talk about its work in the area".
We are not clear what is out there in use at the moment
Lord Krebs
They added that it was exactly this behaviour that could prompt public backlash
against the use of a technology that could bring many benefits to the public.
Lord Krebs said that the industry was "very reluctant to put its head above the
parapet and be open about research on nanotechnology".
"They got their fingers burnt over the use of GM crops and so they want to keep
a low profile on this issue. We believe that they should adopt exactly the
opposite approach. If you want to build confidence you should be open rather
than secretive."
As part of this process, the committee recommends that the Food Standards
Agency should have a publicly available register listing food and packaging
that use nano-materials.
Julian Hunt, director of communications for the Food and Drink Federation, said
he was "surprised" by the criticism.
"Understandably, there are many questions and unknowns about the potential
future uses of nanotechnologies in our sector, and there is much work still to
be done, by scientists, governments and regulators, as well as the food and
drink industry," Mr Hunt said.
"We support the report's recommendation for the formation of an open discussion
group to bring more transparency that we know is important to consumers, and
indeed we are already engaged in such initiatives, both at UK and EU level."
The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, run by the Washington-based Woodrow
Wilson International Center for Scholars, has found that there are currently 84
foods or food-related products that use nanotechnology.
The Food and Drink Federation says that none are currently manufactured in the
UK.
'No clear danger'
However, Lord Krebs says he and his colleagues are concerned that because of
industry secrecy, it is hard to really know the true extent of the use of
nanotechnology in food.
"We are not clear what is out there in use at the moment," he said.
The report says that there is likely to be an "explosive growth" in the use of
the technology.
Currently the market is valued at $410m ( 260m), but the report estimates it
will increase more than ten-fold in the next two years.
The report also says insufficient research has been carried out into the safety
of the use of nanotechnology in foods. It urges the government to commission
more research on the behaviour of nanomaterials, particularly in the gut.
"There is currently no clear and present danger from nanotechnology," according
to Lord Krebs.
"But there are significant gaps in our knowledge for regulators to adequately
assess the risk of nanomaterials in food."