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By Clare Murphy
BBC News health reporter
New research suggests having the TV on may impair young children's development
by reducing the amount of conversation between infant and adult. So how bad is
the box for young minds?
A US team recorded more than 300 children aged between two months and four
years on several days every month over two years.
They found that when the TV was audible - either on in the background or being
watched - the number of words spoken and sounds made by either adult or child
reduced considerably.
It is the latest study to imply that delays in language development may be the
fault of TV, a medium blamed for a host of other modern ills, from bullying to
obesity.
But while it is not without its problems, experts warn that to expunge it from
our children's lives completely may be as undesirable as it is unrealistic.
Mixed picture
Certainly there is a body of research building up that finds a correlation
between heavy TV viewing at an early age and linguistic problems.
This study is the first to demonstrate that when the television is on, there
is reduced speech in the home
Dimitri Christakis Lead researcher
The exact nature of the relationship is unclear, and the role that family
circumstances and other social influences play has not been established.
However lack of interaction at a personal level is thought to be a key culprit.
But there is equally evidence that, for those over two at least, monitored
levels of age-appropriate programmes can in fact foster language skills and
indeed improve attention.
Watching with an adult and discussing the contents after a shared experience
has been found to be particularly beneficial, but not always necessary
providing children are watching high-quality, tailored programmes which contain
familiar words and scenarios.
Indeed some psychologists argue that, given young children cannot read their
own books or surf the internet, watching may be an empowering experience that
gives them access to other worlds which present useful information in a way
their parents may not be able to.
But there are some serious caveats: what appears to be particularly undesirable
is the viewing of general audience or adult programmes both alone or in the
company of a carer.
In addition while some TV may be beneficial for the over twos, the evidence for
those younger is more shaky. First words, it is argued, are learnt far more
effectively from real people than voices on the TV.
In the US, the American Academy of Paediatrics recommends no exposure to TV and
computer screens for those under two, but lack of evidence for such a measure
means there is no such policy in the UK.
Constant hum
This latest study into TV's effect on children comes from the University of
Washington's Dimitri Christakis, the researcher who made headlines after
reporting that infants who watched the Baby Einstein series - a set of
programmes billed as educational - learnt fewer new words than those who did
not.
His new study did not differentiate between TV being watched or background TV,
nor did it examine the kind of programmes that were on. But it did find that
overall, adults barely spoke to children when the TV was audible.
Research published last year also in the US also found problems with background
TV, concluding that it affected both the quality and quantity of play in young
children.
Liz Attenborough, director of Talk to Your Baby at the UK's National Literacy
Trust, agrees that the permanent presence of the TV in the background is
something parents should try to reduce.
"Even if you think you're not paying attention to it, you probably are - and
this may well interfere with how much you speak to your child. The TV shouldn't
be on all the time.
"But we are lucky to have some high-quality children's programmes in the UK.
They are usually well thought-out, often featuring a clear, single voice, and
incite children to make responses," she said.
"Of course we need to be aware of the problems TV can pose, but equally we
don't want to throw the baby out with the bathwater."