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Verbs:
Inseparable prefixes:
always: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-
often: unter-
Conjugation notation:
1st sing; 2nd sing; 3rd sing; 2nd pl; 1st pl & 3rd pl & Sie
baseConj := - -st - -t -en
Mutations:
for weak, pSTEM = kSTEM = ppSTEM = prSTEM = STEM;
for strong and mixed:
STEM -> pSTEM:
a -> ie/u
e -> a
i -> a
ei -> i/ie
ie -> o
(exceptions exist)
kSTEM = umlautified pSTEM
(A few exceptions exist; in particular, sometimes a -> ü)
STEM -> ppSTEM:
a -> a
e -> e/o
i -> u/o
ie -> o
ei -> i/ie
STEM -> prSTEM, in 2nd/3rd sing only:
a -> ä
short e -> i
long e -> ie (being long i)
(only exception tmk is stoßen -> stößt)
Present:
prSTEM' ++ baseConj ++ -e - -t - -
prSTEM' = prSTEM + -(e)-
-e- is inserted iff prSTEM == -t/-d
Imperative:
du:
prSTEM + -e
the -e is usually omitted if the result is pronouncable
no a->ä (e.g. 'fahr', not 'fähr');
no pronoun
irreg: 'hab', 'sei'.
ihr:
prSTEM' + -t
no pronoun
Sie:
inverted form of present.
Present participle:
-end
Used as adjective/adverb.
Simple past (aka Präteritum, aka Imperfekt):
pSTEM' ++ baseConj
weak and mixed:
pSTEM' = pSTEM + -(e)te
-e- is inserted iff pSTEM == -t/-n/-d
FIXME: only for weak?
strong: pSTEM' = pSTEM
Subjunctive:
Konjunctiv I:
STEM-e ++ baseConj
Used for indirect speech and a few set phrases.
Konjunctiv II:
kSTEM' ++ baseConj
weak and mixed: kSTEM' = kSTEM + -(e)te
strong: kSTEM' = kSTEM + -e-
Meaning: da'i. So e.g. use in both connectands of "Wenn ..., ...".
Past participle:
weak and mixed:
ge-ppSTEM-(e)t
-e- is inserted iff ppSTEM == -t/-d
FIXME: only for weak?
strong:
ge-ppSTEM-en
-ieren:
STEM-iert
sep. prefices go before 'ge-';
insep. prefices *replace* 'ge-'.
Future:
werden + infinitive
Passive:
werden + p.p
Strong verb vowel classes (from Buck):
inf past p.p
a ie/u a
fallen fiel gefallen
fahren fuhr gefahren
e a e/o
sehen sah gesehen
helfen half geholfen
i a o/u
schwimmen schwamm geschwommen
finden fand gefunden
i/ie a e
bitten bat gebeten
ie o o
ziehen zog gezogen
ei i i
reiten ritt geritten
ei ie ie
bleiben blieb geblieben
y ie y
laufen lief gelaufen
rufen riefen gerufen
Exceptions exist!
Some irregular verbs:
sein:
pres: bin bist ist seid sind
past part.: gewesen
pSTEM'=war
kSTEM'=wäre
konj I: sei seist sei seiet seien
haben:
pres: habe hast hat habt haben
'a' is long except in 'hast' and 'hat'.
past part.: gehabt
pSTEM'=hatte
kSTEM'=hätte
werden:
pres: werde wirst wird werdet werden
past part.: geworden
pSTEM'=wurde
kSTEM'=würde
modals:
infinitive = STEM-en
present:
sing: prSTEM ++ baseConj
pl: STEM ++ baseConj
past: mixed
konj II: mixed, with kSTEM
past part.: ge-pSTEM-t
alternative past part.:
infinitive
(used only with a dependent infinitive,
e.g. "ich habe es tun können";
not if the dependent infinitive is elliptically omitted,
as in e.g. "ich habe es gekonnt".)
STEM prSTEM pSTEM kSTEM
dürf darf durf dürf
könn kann konn könn
müss muss muss müss
soll soll soll soll
woll will woll woll
mög mag moch möch
wiss wieß wuss wüss
Nouns:
Noun genders:
masc:
-er -ig -ismus -ling -or;
days, seasons, alcoholic drinks.
fem:
-ei -enz -heit -ie -ik -ion -keit -tät -schaft -ung -ur;
mostly -e;
trees, flowers.
neut:
-chen -lein -ma -ment -o -um;
infinitives; diminutives; metals.
Plurals:
borrowings from English and French:
add -s.
masc:
if -el/-er/-en: just maybe umlautify.
if -z/-e/-or or it feels like it: add -en
occasionally: add -er, umlautifying if can
else: add -e; often umlautify if can.
fem:
some monosyllables: umlautify and add -e.
Mutter, Tochter: just umlautify
else: add -en
neut:
some monosyllables: add -e
-el/-er/-en/-lein: invariant
-z/-e: add -en
many borrowings: replace last syllable with -en
else: add -er, umlautifying if can.
Endings:
"Weak masculines":
add -en except in nom. sing.
(e.g. der Mensch, den Menschen)
Dative plural:
add extra -n (unless already -n or -s)
Genitive singular:
non-weak masc and neut:
if root has one syllable: -es
else: -s
else:
-
Genitive possessive:
Possessive genitive immediately following/preceding possessed noun;
"Das ist die Meinung der Gäste";
"Das ist Peters Buch".
Colloquial alternative: use von (e.g. "Das ist der Buch von Peter").
"Modifiers" (gadri/quantifiers):
nom acc dat gen
m - -en -em -es
f -e -e -er -er
n - - -em -es
pl -e -e -en -er
indef art: ein-
!EX: kein-
def art: d-, but -e -> die; m.nom 'der'; n.nom,acc 'das'.
dies-,jed-,manch,-solch,welch-: m.nom -er; n.nom,acc -es.
possessives: mein- etc
but when not used as a modifier, declined like weak adjectives
(e.g. "das ist meines").
'euere' -> 'eure'.
Prepositions:
acc: bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um
dat: aus, außer, bei, gegenüber, mit, modulo, nach, seit, von, zu
acc/dat: an, auf, entlang, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, via, vor,
zwischen
(acc: movement; dat: position; acc: in Bezug auf)
gen: trotz, während, wegen, (an)statt
contractions: ans, aufs, ins, hinters, übers, unters, vors;
am, beim, im, vom, zum;
zur.
Implicit prepositions:
verbs taking dat: geben, helfen, danken, gehören, folgen
Pronouns:
Personal:
nom acc dat gen poss
-------------------------------
ich mich mir meiner mein
du dich dir deiner dein
er ihn ihm seiner sein
es es ihm seiner sein
sie sie ihr ihrer ihr
wir uns uns unser unser
ihr euch euch euer euer
sie sie ihnen ihrer ihr
Sie Sie Ihnen Ihrer Ihr
reflexive: as above, but 'sich' for er/sie/Sie/es (acc. and dat.)
Note: 3rd person acc/dat personal pronouns follow pattern for relative
pronoun with ih-, except ihe |-> sie.
Interrogative:
nom acc dat gen
--------------------------
personal: wer wen wem wessen
impersonal: was was -- wessen
PREP was -> wo(r)PREP
Relative (ke'a):
Def. art., but with extra -en in gen and pl. dat; 'desen' -> 'dessen'.
Also used demonstratively/anaphorically
(and then the gen.pl. is sometimes(?) 'derer').
Note: 'was' is used as the relative pronoun in certain cases
(FIXME: iff the relative clause applies to something which isn't an
explicit reference to an object?).
Adjectives:
If STEM == -el, sometimes if -er/-en:
omit the 'e' when adding endings.
Inflection:
Contexts:
"indef"/"weak" - ein/kein/possessive
"def"/"mixed" - der/dieser/jeder/mancher/solcher/welcher/alle
"bare"/"strong" - otherwise
Endings are as for modifiers above, except:
if bare: genitive -es -> -en
else : "block off": all pl. and all dat/gen: -en
if def: - -> -e;
else : - -> -er for m., -es for n.
so in other words:
indef: block off ; - -> -er/-es
def: block off ; - -> -e
bare: -es -> -en ; - -> -er/-es
in fewer words:
block off unless bare, then -es -> -en;
- -> def unless def, then -e
Comparatives:
-er
umlautify in some common cases
use 'als' like english 'than'.
irreg: besser; mehr; höher; lieber.
Superlatives:
-st
Adverbial form: am -sten
umlautify in some common cases
if -d/-t/-s/-z: -est / am -esten.
irreg: beste; meiste; liebste.
Ordinals:
N-te, but 'erste', 'dritte', 'siebte', Nzigste.
Conjugate as normal adjectives.
Adjectival nouns:
decline like adjectives
e.g. "der Erwachsene; ein Erwachsener".
Connectives:
co-ordinating: und, aber, oder, denn, sondern
subordinating: dass, obwohl, weil, als, wenn, ob, nachdem, während
Word order:
Finite verb is "second node" of a main sentence, last in a subordinate
clause.
Participle goes at the end.
Order of seltcita sumti:
"Time-Manner-Place"
Scope:
Looks like 'nicht' sometimes jumps to top scope?
FIXME