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Network Working Group M. Nakamura
Request for Comments: 3974 Kyoto University
Category: Informational J. Hagino
IIJ Research Laboratory
January 2005
SMTP Operational Experience in Mixed IPv4/v6 Environments
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
IESG Note:
The content of this RFC was at one time considered by the IETF, and
therefore it may resemble a current IETF work in progress or a
published IETF work. This RFC is not a candidate for any level of
Internet Standard. The IETF disclaims any knowledge of the fitness
of this RFC for any purpose, and in particular notes that the
decision to publish is not based on IETF review for such things as
security, congestion control, or inappropriate interaction with
deployed protocols. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this
document at its discretion. Readers of this RFC should exercise
caution in evaluating its value for implementation and deployment.
This document contains a specific interpretation of the applicability
of the MX processing algorithm in RFC 2821, Section 5, to dual-stack
environments. Implementors are cautioned that they must reference
RFC 2821 for the full algorithm; this document is not to be
considered a full restatement of RFC 2821, and, in case of ambiguity,
RFC 2821 is authoritative.
Abstract
This document discusses SMTP operational experiences in IPv4/v6 dual
stack environments. As IPv6-capable SMTP servers are deployed, it
has become apparent that certain configurations of MX records are
necessary for stable dual-stack (IPv4 and IPv6) SMTP operation. This
document clarifies the existing problems in the transition period
between IPv4 SMTP and IPv6 SMTP. It also defines operational
requirements for stable IPv4/v6 SMTP operation.
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RFC 3974 SMTP in Dual Stack Environments January 2005
This document does not define any new protocol.
1. Introduction
Delivery of mail messages to the final mail drop is not always done
by direct IP communication between the submitter and final receiver,
and there may be some intermediate hosts that relay the messages. So
it is difficult to know at message submission (also at receiver side)
that all intermediate relay hosts are properly configured. It is not
easy to configure all systems consistently since the DNS
configuration used by mail message delivery systems is more complex
than other Internet services. During the transition period from IPv4
to IPv6, more care should be applied to IPv4/v6 interoperability.
This document talks about SMTP operational experiences in IPv4/v6
dual stack environments. As IPv6-capable SMTP servers are deployed,
it has become apparent that certain configurations of MX records are
necessary for stable dual-stack (IPv4 and IPv6) SMTP operation.
This document does not discuss the problems encountered when the
sending MTA and the receiving MTA have no common protocol (e.g., the
sending MTA is IPv4-only while the receiving MTA is IPv6-only). Such
a situation can be resolved by making either side dual-stack or by
making either side use a protocol translator (see Appendix A on
issues with protocol translator).
2. Basic DNS Resource Record Definitions for Mail Routing
Mail messages on the Internet are typically delivered based on the
Domain Name System [Mockapetris]. MX RRs are looked up in DNS to
retrieve the names of hosts running MTAs associated with the domain
part of the mail address. DNS lookup uses IN class for both IPv4 and
IPv6, and similarly IN MX records will be used for mail routing for
both IPv4 and IPv6. Hosts which have IPv6 connectivity and also want
to have the mails delivered using IPv6 must define IPv6 addresses for
the host name as well as IPv4 addresses [Thomson].
An MX RR has two parameters, a preference value and the name of
destination host. The name of the destination host will be used to
look up an IP address to initiate an SMTP connection [Partridge].
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For example, an IPv6-only site may have the following DNS
definitions:
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org.
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org.
mx1.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::1
mx10.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::2
In the transition period from IPv4 to IPv6, there are many IPv4-only
sites, and such sites will not have mail interoperability with IPv6-
only sites. For the transition period, all mail domains should have
MX records such that MX targets with IPv4 and IPv6 addresses exist,
e.g.,
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org.
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org.
mx1.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::1
IN A 192.0.2.1
mx10.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::2
IN A 192.0.2.2
But, not every MX target may support dual-stack operation. Some host
entries may have only A RRs or AAAA RRs:
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org.
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org.
mx1.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::1
mx10.example.org. IN A 192.0.2.1
The following sections discuss how the sender side should operate
with IPv4/v6 combined RRs (section 3), and how the receiver should
define RRs to maintain interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6
networks (section 4).
3. SMTP Sender Algorithm in a Dual-Stack Environment
In a dual-stack environment, MX records for a domain resemble the
following:
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org.
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org.
mx1.example.org. IN A 192.0.2.1 ; dual-stack
IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::1
mx10.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::2 ; IPv6-only
For a single MX record, there are multiple possible final states,
including: (a) one or more A records for the IPv4 destination, (b)
one or more AAAA records for the IPv6 destination, (c) a mixture of A
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and AAAA records. Because multiple MX records may be defined using
different preference values, multiple addresses must be traversed
based on multiple MXs. Domains without MX records and failure
recovery cases must be handled properly as well.
The algorithm for a dual-stack SMTP sender is basically the same as
that for an IPv4-only sender, but it now includes AAAA lookups of MX
records for SMTP-over-IPv6 delivery. IPv4/v6 dual stack destinations
should be treated just like multihomed destinations, as described in
RFC 2821 [Klensin], section 5. When there is no destination address
record found (i.e., the sender MTA is IPv4-only and there are no A
records available), the case should be treated just like MX records
without address records, and deliveries should fail.
; if the sender MTA is IPv4-only, email delivery to a.example.org
; should fail with the same error as deliveries to b.example.org.
a.example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.a.example.org.
mx1.a.example.org. IN AAAA 2001:db8:ffff::1 ; IPv6-only
b.example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.b.example.org. ; no address
An algorithm for a dual-stack SMTP sender is as follows:
(1) Lookup the MX record for the destination domain. If a CNAME
record is returned, go to the top of step (1) with replacing the
destination domain by the query's result. If any MX records are
returned, go to step (2) with the query's result (explicit MX).
If NODATA (i.e., empty answer with NOERROR(0) RCODE) is
returned, there is no MX record but the name is valid. Assume
that there is a record like "name. IN MX 0 name." (implicit MX)
and go to step (3). If HOST_NOT_FOUND (i.e., empty answer with
NXDOMAIN(3) RCODE) is returned, there is no such domain. Raise
a permanent email delivery failure. Finish. If SERVFAIL is
returned, retry after a certain period of time.
(2) Compare each host name in MX records with the names of the
sending host. If there is match, drop MX records which have an
equal or larger value than the lowest-preference matching MX
record (including itself). If multiple MX records remain, sort
the MX records in ascending order based on their preference
values. Loop over steps (3) to (9) on each host name in MX
records in a sequence. If no MX records remain, the sending
host must be the primary MX host. Other routing rules should be
applied. Finish.
(3) If the sending MTA has IPv4 capability, lookup the A records.
Keep the resulting addresses until step (5).
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(4) If the sending MTA has IPv6 capability, lookup the AAAA records.
NOTE: IPv6 addresses for hosts defined by MX records may be
informed in an additional information section of the DNS
queries' result as well as IPv4 addresses. If there is no
additional address information for the MX hosts, separate
queries for A or AAAA records should be sent. There is no way
to query A and AAAA records at once in current DNS
implementation.
(5) If there is no A and no AAAA record present, try the next MX
record (go to step (3)). Note that the next MX record could
have the same preference.
NOTE: If one or more address records are found, an
implementation may sort addresses based on the implementation's
preference of A or AAAA records. To encourage the transition
from IPv4 SMTP to IPv6 SMTP, AAAA records should take
precedence. The sorting may only reorder addresses from MX
records of the same preference. RFC 2821 section 5 paragraph 4
suggests randomization of destination addresses. Randomization
should only happen among A records, and among AAAA records (do
not mix A and AAAA records).
(6) For each of the addresses, loop over steps (7) to (9).
(7) Try to make a TCP connection to the destination's SMTP port
(25). The client needs to follow timeouts documented in RFC
2821 section 4.5.3.2. If successful, go to step (9).
(8) If unsuccessful and there is another available address, try the
next available address. Go to step (7). If all addresses are
not reachable and if a list of MX records is being traversed,
try the next MX record (go to step (3)). If there is no list of
MX records, or if the end of the list of MX records has been
reached, raise a temporary email delivery failure. Finish.
(9) Attempt to deliver the email over the connection established, as
specified in RFC 2821. If a transient failure condition is
reported, try the next MX record (go to step (3)). If an error
condition is reported, raise a permanent email delivery error,
and do not try further MX records. Finish. If successful, SMTP
delivery has succeeded. Finish.
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4. MX Configuration in the Recipient Domain
4.1. Ensuring Reachability for Both Protocol Versions
If a site has dual-stack reachability, the site should configure both
A and AAAA records for its MX hosts (NOTE: MX hosts can be outside of
the site). This will help both IPv4 and IPv6 senders in reaching the
site efficiently.
4.2. Reachability Between the Primary and Secondary MX
When registering MX records in a DNS database in a dual-stack
environment, reachability between MX hosts must be considered
carefully. Suppose all inbound email is to be gathered at the
primary MX host, "mx1.example.org.":
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org.
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org.
IN MX 100 mx100.example.org.
If "mx1.example.org" is an IPv6-only node, and the others are IPv4-
only nodes, there is no reachability between the primary MX host and
the other MX hosts. When email reaches one of the lower MX hosts, it
cannot be relayed to the primary MX host based on MX preferencing
mechanism. Therefore, mx1.example.org will not be able to collect
all the emails (unless there is another transport mechanism(s)
between lower-preference MX hosts and mx1.example.org).
; This configuration is troublesome.
; No secondary MX can reach mx1.example.org.
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org. ; IPv6-only
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org. ; IPv4-only
IN MX 100 mx100.example.org. ; IPv4-only
The easiest possible configuration is to configure the primary MX
host as a dual-stack node. By doing so, secondary MX hosts will have
no problem reaching the primary MX host.
; This configuration works well.
; The secondary MX hosts are able to relay email to the primary MX
; host without any problems.
example.org. IN MX 1 mx1.example.org. ; dual-stack
IN MX 10 mx10.example.org. ; IPv4-only
IN MX 100 mx100.example.org. ; IPv6-only
It may not be necessary for the primary MX host and lower MX hosts to
directly reach one another with IPv4 or IPv6 transport. For example,
it is possible to establish a routing path with UUCP or an IPv4/v6
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RFC 3974 SMTP in Dual Stack Environments January 2005
translator. It is also possible to drop messages into a single
mailbox with shared storage using NFS or something else offered by a
dual-stack server. It is the receiver site's responsibility that all
messages delivered to MX hosts arrive at the recipient's mail drop.
In such cases, a dual-stack MX host may not be listed in the MX list.
5. Operational Experience
Many of the existing IPv6-ready MTA's appear to work in the way
documented in section 3.
There were, however, cases where IPv6-ready MTA's were confused by
broken DNS servers. When attempting to obtain a canonical hostname,
some broken name servers return SERVFAIL (RCODE 2), a temporary
failure on AAAA record lookups. Upon this temporary failure, the
email is queued for a later attempt. In the interest of IPv4/v6
interoperability, these broken DNS servers should be fixed. A
document by Yasuhiro Morishita [Morishita] has more detail on
misconfigured/misbehaving DNS servers and their negative side
effects.
6. Open Issues
o How should scoped addresses (i.e., link-local addresses) in email
addresses be interpreted on MTA's? We suggest prohibiting the use
of IPv6 address literals in destination specification.
o A future specification of SMTP (revision of RFC 2821) should be
updated to include IPv6 concerns presented in this memo, such as
(1) the additional query of AAAA RRs where A RRs and/or MX RRs are
suggested, and (2) the ordering between IPv6 destination and IPv4
destination.
7. Security Considerations
It could be problematic if the route-addr email address format
[Crocker] (or "obs-route" address format in [Resnick]) is used across
multiple scope zones. MTAs would need to reject email with route-
addr email address formats that cross scope zone borders.
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Appendix A. Considerations on Translators
IPv6-only MTA to IPv4-only MTA cases could use help from IPv6-to-IPv4
translators such as [Hagino]. Normally there are no special SMTP
considerations for translators needed. If there is SMTP traffic from
an IPv6 MTA to an IPv4 MTA over an IPv6-to-IPv4 translator, the IPv4
MTA will consider this normal IPv4 SMTP traffic.
Protocols like IDENT [St.Johns] may require special consideration
when translators are used. Also, there are MTAs which perform strict
checks on the SMTP HELO/EHLO "domain" parameter (perform
reverse/forward DNS lookups and see if the "domain" really associates
to the SMTP client's IP address). In such a case, we need a special
consideration when translators will be used (for instance, override
"domain" parameter by translator's FQDN/address).
Even without a translator, it seems that there are some MTA
implementations in the wild which send IPv6 address literals in a
HELO/EHLO message (like "HELO [IPv6:blah]"), even when it is using
IPv4 transport, or vice versa. If the SMTP peer is IPv4-only, it
won't understand the "[IPv6:blah]" syntax and mails won't go out of
the (broken) MTA. These implementations have to be corrected.
Normative References
[Mockapetris] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[Thomson] Thomson, S., Huitema, C., Ksinant, V., and M. Souissi,
"DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6", RFC 3596,
October 2003.
[Partridge] Partridge, C., "Mail routing and the domain system",
STD 10, RFC 974, January 1986.
[Klensin] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 2821,
April 2001.
[Crocker] Crocker, D., "Standard for the format of ARPA Internet
text messages", STD 11, RFC 822, August 1982.
[Resnick] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April
2001.
[Hagino] Hagino, J. and H. Snyder, "IPv6 Multihoming Support at
Site Exit Routers", RFC 3178, October 2001.
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RFC 3974 SMTP in Dual Stack Environments January 2005
[St.Johns] Johns, M. St., "Identification Protocol", RFC 1413,
February 1993.
Informative References
[Morishita] Morishita, Y. and T. Jinmei, "Common Misbehavior
against DNS Queries for IPv6 Addresses", Work in
Progress, June 2003.
Acknowledgements
This document was written based on discussions with Japanese IPv6
users and help from the WIDE research group. Here is a (probably
incomplete) list of people who contributed to the document: Gregory
Neil Shapiro, Arnt Gulbrandsen, Mohsen Souissi, JJ Behrens, John C
Klensin, Michael A. Patton, Robert Elz, Dean Strik, Pekka Savola, and
Rob Austein.
Authors' Addresses
Motonori NAKAMURA
Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University
Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPAN
Fax: +81-75-753-7450
EMail: motonori@media.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Jun-ichiro itojun HAGINO
Research Laboratory, Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
1-105, Kanda Jinbo-cho,
Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 101-0051, JAPAN
Phone: +81-3-5205-6464
Fax: +81-3-5205-6466
EMail: itojun@iijlab.net
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RFC 3974 SMTP in Dual Stack Environments January 2005
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