💾 Archived View for gemini.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc2315.txt captured on 2022-06-12 at 00:57:45.
⬅️ Previous capture (2021-11-30)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Network Working Group B. Kaliski
Request for Comments: 2315 RSA Laboratories, East
Category: Informational March 1998
PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax
Version 1.5
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Overview
This document describes a general syntax for data that may have
cryptography applied to it, such as digital signatures and digital
envelopes. The syntax admits recursion, so that, for example, one
envelope can be nested inside another, or one party can sign some
previously enveloped digital data. It also allows arbitrary
attributes, such as signing time, to be authenticated along with the
content of a message, and provides for other attributes such as
countersignatures to be associated with a signature. A degenerate
case of the syntax provides a means for disseminating certificates
and certificate-revocation lists.
1. Scope
This document is compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) in that
signed-data and signed-and-enveloped-data content, constructed in a
PEM-compatible mode, can be converted into PEM messages without any
cryptographic operations. PEM messages can similarly be converted
into the signed-data and signed-and-enveloped data content types.
This document can support a variety of architectures for
certificate-based key management, such as the one proposed for
Privacy-Enhanced Mail in RFC 1422. Architectural decisions such as
what certificate issuers are considered "top-level," what entities
certificate issuers are authorized to certify, what distinguished
names are considered acceptable, and what policies certificate
issuers must follow (such as signing only with secure hardware, or
requiring entities to present specific forms of identification) are
left outside the document.
Kaliski Informational [Page 1]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
The values produced according to this document are intended to be
BER-encoded, which means that the values would typically be
represented as octet strings. While many systems are capable of
transmitting arbitrary octet strings reliably, it is well known that
many electronic-mail systems are not. This document does not address
mechanisms for encoding octet strings as (say) strings of ASCII
characters or other techniques for enabling reliable transmission by
re-encoding the octet string. RFC 1421 suggests one possible solution
to this problem.
2. References
FIPS PUB 46-1 National Bureau of Standards. FIPS PUB 46-1:
Data Encryption Standard. January 1988.
PKCS #1 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #1: RSA Encryption.
Version 1.5, November 1993.
PKCS #6 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #6: Extended-Certificate
Syntax. Version 1.5, November 1993.
PKCS #9 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #9: Selected Attribute
Types. Version 1.1, November 1993.
RFC 1421 Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for
Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message
Encryption and Authentication Procedures," RFC 1421
February 1993.
RFC 1422 Kent, S., "Privacy Enhancement for
Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-
Based Key Management," RFC 1422, February 1993.
RFC 1423 Balenson, D., "Privacy Enhancement for
Internet Electronic Mail: Part III: Algorithms,
Modes, and Identifiers," RFC 1423, February 1993.
RFC 1424 Kaliski, B., "Privacy Enhancement for
Internet Electronic Mail: Part IV: Key
Certification and Related Services," RFC 1424,
February 1993.
Kaliski Informational [Page 2]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
RFC 1319 Kaliski, B., "The MD2 Message-Digest
Algorithm," RFC 1319, April 1992.
RFC 1321 Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest
Algorithm," RFC 1321, April 1992.
X.208 CCITT. Recommendation X.208: Specification of
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988.
X.209 CCITT. Recommendation X.209: Specification of
Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1). 1988.
X.500 CCITT. Recommendation X.500: The Directory--
Overview of Concepts, Models and
Services. 1988.
X.501 CCITT. Recommendation X.501: The Directory--
Models. 1988.
X.509 CCITT. Recommendation X.509: The Directory--
Authentication Framework. 1988.
[NIST91] NIST. Special Publication 500-202: Stable
Implementation Agreements for Open Systems
Interconnection Protocols. Version 5, Edition 1,
Part 12. December 1991.
[RSA78] R.L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman. A method
for obtaining digital signatures and public-key
cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM,
21(2):120-126, February 1978.
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.
AlgorithmIdentifier: A type that identifies an algorithm (by object
identifier) and associated parameters. This type is defined in X.509.
ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation One, as defined in X.208.
Attribute: A type that contains an attribute type (specified by
object identifier) and one or more attribute values. This type is
defined in X.501.
BER: Basic Encoding Rules, as defined in X.209.
Kaliski Informational [Page 3]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
Certificate: A type that binds an entity's distinguished name to a
public key with a digital signature. This type is defined in X.509.
This type also contains the distinguished name of the certificate
issuer (the signer), an issuer-specific serial number, the issuer's
signature algorithm identifier, and a validity period.
CertificateSerialNumber: A type that uniquely identifies a
certificate (and thereby an entity and a public key) among those
signed by a particular certificate issuer. This type is defined in
X.509.
CertificateRevocationList: A type that contains information about
certificates whose validity an issuer has prematurely revoked. The
information consists of an issuer name, the time of issue, the next
scheduled time of issue, and a list of certificate serial numbers and
their associated revocation times. The CRL is signed by the issuer.
The type intended by this document is the one defined RFC 1422.
DER: Distinguished Encoding Rules for ASN.1, as defined in X.509,
Section 8.7.
DES: Data Encryption Standard, as defined in FIPS PUB 46-1.
desCBC: The object identifier for DES in cipher-block chaining (CBC)
mode, as defined in [NIST91].
ExtendedCertificate: A type that consists of an X.509 public-key
certificate and a set of attributes, collectively signed by the
issuer of the X.509 public-key certificate. This type is defined in
PKCS #6.
MD2: RSA Data Security, Inc.'s MD2 message-digest algorithm, as
defined in RFC 1319.
md2: The object identifier for MD2, as defined in RFC 1319.
MD5: RSA Data Security, Inc.'s MD5 message-digest algorithm, as
defined in RFC 1321.
md5: The object identifier for MD5, as defined in RFC 1321.
Name: A type that uniquely identifies or "distinguishes" objects in
an X.500 directory. This type is defined in X.501. In an X.509
certificate, the type identifies the certificate issuer and the
entity whose public key is certified.
PEM: Internet Privacy-Enhanced Mail, as defined in RFCs 1421-1424.
Kaliski Informational [Page 4]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
RSA: The RSA public-key cryptosystem, as defined in [RSA78].
rsaEncryption: The object identifier for RSA encryption, as defined
in PKCS #1.
4. Symbols and abbreviations
No symbols or abbreviations are defined in this document.
5. General overview
The following nine sections specify useful types, general syntax, six
content types, and object identifiers.
The syntax is general enough to support many different content types.
This document defines six: data, signed data, enveloped data,
signed-and-enveloped data, digested data, and encrypted data. Other
content types may be added in the future. The use of content types
defined outside this document is possible, but is subject to
bilateral agreement between parties exchanging content.
This document exports one type, ContentInfo, as well as the various
object identifiers.
There are two classes of content types: base and enhanced. Content
types in the base class contain "just data," with no cryptographic
enhancements. Presently, one content type is in this class, the data
content type. Content types in the enhanced class contain content of
some type (possibly encrypted), and other cryptographic enhancements.
For example, enveloped-data content can contain (encrypted) signed-
data content, which can contain data content. The four non-data
content types fall into the enhanced class. The content types in the
enhanced class thus employ encapsulation, giving rise to the terms
"outer" content (the one containing the enhancements) and "inner"
content (the one being enhanced).
The document is designed such that the enhanced content types can be
prepared in a single pass using indefinite-length BER encoding, and
processed in a single pass in any BER encoding. Single-pass operation
is especially helpful if content is stored on tapes, or is "piped"
from another process. One of the drawbacks of single-pass operation,
however, is that it is difficult to output a DER encoding in a single
pass, since the lengths of the various components may not be known in
advance. Since DER encoding is required by the signed-data, signed-
and-enveloped data, and digested-data content types, an extra pass
may be necessary when a content type other than data is the inner
content of one of those content types.
Kaliski Informational [Page 5]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
6. Useful types
This section defines types that are useful in at least two places in
the document.
6.1 CertificateRevocationLists
The CertificateRevocationLists type gives a set of certificate-
revocation lists. It is intended that the set contain information
sufficient to determine whether the certificates with which the set
is associated are "hot listed," but there may be more certificate-
revocation lists than necessary, or there may be fewer than
necessary.
CertificateRevocationLists ::=
SET OF CertificateRevocationList
6.2 ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier
The ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier type identifies a content-
encryption algorithm such as DES. A content-encryption algorithm
supports encryption and decryption operations. The encryption
operation maps an octet string (the message) to another octet string
(the ciphertext) under control of a content-encryption key. The
decryption operation is the inverse of the encryption operation.
Context determines which operation is intended.
ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier ::=
AlgorithmIdentifier
6.3 DigestAlgorithmIdentifier
The DigestAlgorithmIdentifier type identifies a message-digest
algorithm. Examples include MD2 and MD5. A message-digest algorithm
maps an octet string (the message) to another octet string (the
message digest).
DigestAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier
6.4 DigestEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier
The DigestEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier type identifies a digest-
encryption algorithm under which a message digest can be encrypted.
One example is PKCS #1's rsaEncryption. A digest-encryption algorithm
supports encryption and decryption operations. The encryption
operation maps an octet string (the message digest) to another octet
.bp string (the encrypted message digest) under control of a digest-
encryption key. The decryption operation is the inverse of the
Kaliski Informational [Page 6]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
encryption operation. Context determines which operation is intended.
DigestEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier ::=
AlgorithmIdentifier
6.5 ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate
The ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate type gives either a PKCS #6
extended certificate or an X.509 certificate. This type follows the
syntax recommended in Section 6 of PKCS #6:
ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate ::= CHOICE {
certificate Certificate, -- X.509
extendedCertificate [0] IMPLICIT ExtendedCertificate }
6.6 ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates
The ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates type gives a set of extended
certificates and X.509 certificates. It is intended that the set be
sufficient to contain chains from a recognized "root" or "top-level
certification authority" to all of the signers with which the set is
associated, but there may be more certificates than necessary, or
there may be fewer than necessary.
ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates ::=
SET OF ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate
Note. The precise meaning of a "chain" is outside the scope of this
document. Some applications of this document may impose upper limits
on the length of a chain; others may enforce certain relationships
between the subjects and issuers of certificates in a chain. An
example of such relationships has been proposed for Privacy-Enhanced
Mail in RFC 1422.
6.7 IssuerAndSerialNumber
The IssuerAndSerialNumber type identifies a certificate (and thereby
an entity and a public key) by the distinguished name of the
certificate issuer and an issuer-specific certificate serial number.
IssuerAndSerialNumber ::= SEQUENCE {
issuer Name,
serialNumber CertificateSerialNumber }
Kaliski Informational [Page 7]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
6.8 KeyEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier
The KeyEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier type identifies a key-encryption
algorithm under which a content-encryption key can be encrypted. One
example is PKCS #1's rsaEncryption. A key-encryption algorithm
supports encryption and decryption operations. The encryption
operation maps an octet string (the key) to another octet string (the
encrypted key) under control of a key-encryption key. The decryption
operation is the inverse of the encryption operation. Context
determines which operation is intended.
KeyEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier ::=
AlgorithmIdentifier
6.9 Version
The Version type gives a syntax version number, for compatibility
with future revisions of this document.
Version ::= INTEGER
7. General syntax
The general syntax for content exchanged between entities according
to this document associates a content type with content. The syntax
shall have ASN.1 type ContentInfo:
ContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
contentType ContentType,
content
[0] EXPLICIT ANY DEFINED BY contentType OPTIONAL }
ContentType ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER
The fields of type ContentInfo have the following meanings:
o contentType indicates the type of content. It is
an object identifier, which means it is a unique string of
integers assigned by the authority that defines the content
type. This document defines six content types (see Section
14): data, signedData, envelopedData,
signedAndEnvelopedData, digestedData, and encryptedData.
o content is the content. The field is optional, and
if the field is not present, its intended value must be
supplied by other means. Its type is defined along with the
object identifier for contentType.
Kaliski Informational [Page 8]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
Notes.
1. The methods below assume that the type of content
can be determined uniquely by contentType, so the type
defined along with the object identifier should not be a
CHOICE type.
2. When a ContentInfo value is the inner content of
signed-data, signed-and-enveloped-data, or digested-data
content, a message-digest algorithm is applied to the
contents octets of the DER encoding of the content field.
When a ContentInfo value is the inner content of
enveloped-data or signed-and-enveloped-data content, a
content-encryption algorithm is applied to the contents
octets of a definite-length BER encoding of the content
field.
3. The optional omission of the content field makes
it possible to construct "external signatures," for
example, without modification to or replication of the
content to which the signatures apply. In the case of
external signatures, the content being signed would be
omitted from the "inner" encapsulated ContentInfo value
included in the signed-data content type.
8. Data content type
The data content type is just an octet string. It shall have ASN.1
type Data:
Data ::= OCTET STRING
The data content type is intended to refer to arbitrary octet
strings, such as ASCII text files; the interpretation is left to the
application. Such strings need not have any internal structure
(although they may; they could even be DER encodings).
9. Signed-data content type
The signed-data content type consists of content of any type and
encrypted message digests of the content for zero or more signers.
The encrypted digest for a signer is a "digital signature" on the
content for that signer. Any type of content can be signed by any
number of signers in parallel. Furthermore, the syntax has a
degenerate case in which there are no signers on the content. The
degenerate case provides a means for disseminating certificates and
certificate-revocation lists.
Kaliski Informational [Page 9]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
It is expected that the typical application of the signed-data
content type will be to represent one signer's digital signature on
content of the data content type. Another typical application will be
to disseminate certificates and certificate-revocation lists.
The process by which signed data is constructed involves the
following steps:
1. For each signer, a message digest is computed on
the content with a signer-specific message-digest
algorithm. (If two signers employ the same message-digest
algorithm, then the message digest need be computed for
only one of them.) If the signer is authenticating any
information other than the content (see Section 9.2), the
message digest of the content and the other information are
digested with the signer's message digest algorithm, and
the result becomes the "message digest."
2. For each signer, the message digest and associated
information are encrypted with the signer's private key.
3. For each signer, the encrypted message digest and
other signer-specific information are collected into a
SignerInfo value, defined in Section 9.2. Certificates and
certificate-revocation lists for each signer, and those not
corresponding to any signer, are collected in this step.
4. The message-digest algorithms for all the signers
and the SignerInfo values for all the signers are collected
together with the content into a SignedData value, defined
in Section 9.1.
A recipient verifies the signatures by decrypting the encrypted
message digest for each signer with the signer's public key, then
comparing the recovered message digest to an independently computed
message digest. The signer's public key is either contained in a
certificate included in the signer information, or is referenced by
an issuer distinguished name and an issuer-specific serial number
that uniquely identify the certificate for the public key.
This section is divided into five parts. The first part describes the
top-level type SignedData, the second part describes the per-signer
information type SignerInfo, and the third and fourth parts describe
the message-digesting and digest-encryption processes. The fifth part
summarizes compatibility with Privacy-Enhanced Mail.
Kaliski Informational [Page 10]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
9.1 SignedData type
The signed-data content type shall have ASN.1 type SignedData:
SignedData ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
digestAlgorithms DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers,
contentInfo ContentInfo,
certificates
[0] IMPLICIT ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates
OPTIONAL,
crls
[1] IMPLICIT CertificateRevocationLists OPTIONAL,
signerInfos SignerInfos }
DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers ::=
SET OF DigestAlgorithmIdentifier
SignerInfos ::= SET OF SignerInfo
The fields of type SignedData have the following meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
1 for this version of the document.
o digestAlgorithms is a collection of message-digest
algorithm identifiers. There may be any number of
elements in the collection, including zero. Each
element identifies the message-digest algorithm
(and any associated parameters) under which the
content is digested for a some signer. The
collection is intended to list the message-digest
algorithms employed by all of the signers, in any
order, to facilitate one-pass signature
verification. The message-digesting process is
described in Section 9.3.
o contentInfo is the content that is signed. It can
have any of the defined content types.
o certificates is a set of PKCS #6 extended
certificates and X.509 certificates. It is intended that
the set be sufficient to contain chains from a recognized
"root" or "top-level certification authority" to all of the
signers in the signerInfos field. There may be more
certificates than necessary, and there may be certificates
sufficient to contain chains from two or more independent
Kaliski Informational [Page 11]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
top-level certification authorities. There may also be
fewer certificates than necessary, if it is expected that
those verifying the signatures have an alternate means of
obtaining necessary certificates (e.g., from a previous set
of certificates).
o crls is a set of certificate-revocation lists. It
is intended that the set contain information sufficient to
determine whether or not the certificates in the
certificates field are "hot listed," but such
correspondence is not necessary. There may be more
certificate-revocation lists than necessary, and there may
also be fewer certificate-revocation lists than necessary.
o signerInfos is a collection of per-signer
information. There may be any number of elements in the
collection, including zero.
Notes.
1. The fact that the digestAlgorithms field comes
before the contentInfo field and the signerInfos field
comes after it makes it possible to process a SignedData
value in a single pass. (Single-pass processing is
described in Section 5.)
2. The differences between version 1 SignedData and
version 0 SignedData (defined in PKCS #7, Version 1.4) are
the following:
o the digestAlgorithms and signerInfos
fields may contain zero elements in version 1,
but not in version 0
o the crls field is allowed in version 1,
but not in version 0
Except for the difference in version number, version 0
SignedData values are acceptable as version 1 values. An
implementation can therefore process SignedData values of
either version as though they were version 1 values. It is
suggested that PKCS implementations generate only version 1
SignedData values, but be prepared to process SignedData
values of either version.
Kaliski Informational [Page 12]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
3. In the degenerate case where there are no signers
on the content, the ContentInfo value being "signed" is
irrelevant. It is recommended in that case that the content
type of the ContentInfo value being "signed" be data, and
the content field of the ContentInfo value be omitted.
9.2 SignerInfo type
Per-signer information is represented in the type SignerInfo:
SignerInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
issuerAndSerialNumber IssuerAndSerialNumber,
digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
authenticatedAttributes
[0] IMPLICIT Attributes OPTIONAL,
digestEncryptionAlgorithm
DigestEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier,
encryptedDigest EncryptedDigest,
unauthenticatedAttributes
[1] IMPLICIT Attributes OPTIONAL }
EncryptedDigest ::= OCTET STRING
The fields of type SignerInfo have the following meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
1 for this version of the document.
o issuerAndSerialNumber specifies the signer's
certificate (and thereby the signer's distinguished name
and public key) by issuer distinguished name and issuer-
specific serial number.
o digestAlgorithm identifies the message-digest
algorithm (and any associated parameters) under which the
content and authenticated attributes (if present) are
digested. It should be among those in the digestAlgorithms
field of the superior SignerInfo value. The message-
digesting process is described in Section 9.3.
o authenticatedAttributes is a set of attributes
that are signed (i.e., authenticated) by the signer. The
field is optional, but it must be present if the content
type of the ContentInfo value being signed is not data. If
the field is present, it must contain, at a minimum, two
attributes:
Kaliski Informational [Page 13]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
1. A PKCS #9 content-type attribute having
as its value the content type of the
ContentInfo value being signed.
2. A PKCS #9 message-digest attribute,
having as its value the message digest
of the content (see below).
Other attribute types that might be useful here, such as
signing time, are also defined in PKCS #9.
o digestEncryptionAlgorithm identifies the digest-
encryption algorithm (and any associated parameters) under
which the message digest and associated information are
encrypted with the signer's private key. The digest-
encryption process is described in Section 9.4.
o encryptedDigest is the result of encrypting the
message digest and associated information with the signer's
private key.
o unauthenticatedAttributes is a set of attributes
that are not signed (i.e., authenticated) by the signer.
The field is optional. Attribute types that might be useful
here, such as countersignatures, are defined in PKCS #9.
Notes.
1. It is recommended in the interest of PEM
compatibility that the authenticatedAttributes field be
omitted whenever the content type of the ContentInfo value
being signed is data and there are no other authenticated
attributes.
2. The difference between version 1 SignerInfo and
version 0 SignerInfo (defined in PKCS #7, Version 1.4) is
in the message-digest encryption process (see Section 9.4).
Only the PEM-compatible processes are different, reflecting
changes in Privacy-Enhanced Mail signature methods. There
is no difference in the non-PEM-compatible message-digest
encryption process.
It is suggested that PKCS implementations generate only
version 1 SignedData values. Since the PEM signature method
with which version 0 is compatible is obsolescent, it is
suggested that PKCS implementations be prepared to receive
only version 1 SignedData values.
Kaliski Informational [Page 14]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
9.3 Message-digesting process
The message-digesting process computes a message digest on either the
content being signed or the content together with the signer's
authenticated attributes. In either case, the initial input to the
message-digesting process is the "value" of the content being signed.
Specifically, the initial input is the contents octets of the DER
encoding of the content field of the ContentInfo value to which the
signing process is applied. Only the contents octets of the DER
encoding of that field are digested, not the identifier octets or the
length octets.
The result of the message-digesting process (which is called,
informally, the "message digest") depends on whether the
authenticatedAttributes field is present. When the field is absent,
the result is just the message digest of the content. When the field
is present, however, the result is the message digest of the complete
DER encoding of the Attributes value containted in the
authenticatedAttributes field. (For clarity: The IMPLICIT [0] tag in
the authenticatedAttributes field is not part of the Attributes
value. The Attributes value's tag is SET OF, and the DER encoding of
the SET OF tag, rather than of the IMPLICIT [0] tag, is to be
digested along with the length and contents octets of the Attributes
value.) Since the Attributes value, when the field is present, must
contain as attributes the content type and the message digest of the
content, those values are indirectly included in the result.
When the content being signed has content type data and the
authenticatedAttributes field is absent, then just the value of the
data (e.g., the contents of a file) is digested. This has the
advantage that the length of the content being signed need not be
known in advance of the encryption process. This method is compatible
with Privacy-Enhanced Mail.
Although the identifier octets and the length octets are not
digested, they are still protected by other means. The length octets
are protected by the nature of the message-digest algorithm since it
is by assumption computationally infeasible to find any two distinct
messages of any length that have the same message digest.
Furthermore, assuming that the content type uniquely determines the
identifier octets, the identifier octets are protected implicitly in
one of two ways: either by the inclusion of the content type in the
authenticated attributes, or by the use of the PEM-compatible
alternative in Section 9.4 which implies that the content type is
data.
Kaliski Informational [Page 15]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
Note. The fact that the message digest is computed on part of a DER
encoding does not mean that DER is the required method of
representing that part for data transfer. Indeed, it is expected that
some implementations of this document may store objects in other than
their DER encodings, but such practices do not affect message-digest
computation.
9.4 Digest-encryption process
The input to the digest-encryption process--the value supplied to the
signer's digest-encryption algorithm--includes the result of the
message-digesting process (informally, the "message digest") and the
digest algorithm identifier (or object identifier). The result of the
digest-encryption process is the encryption with the signer's private
key of the BER encoding of a value of type DigestInfo:
DigestInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
digest Digest }
Digest ::= OCTET STRING
The fields of type DigestInfo have the following meanings:
o digestAlgorithm identifies the message-digest
algorithm (and any associated parameters) under which the
content and authenticated attributes are digested. It
should be the same as the digestAlgorithm field of the
superior SignerInfo value.
o digest is the result of the message-digesting
process.
Notes.
1. The only difference between the signature process
defined here and the signature algorithms defined in PKCS
#1 is that signatures there are represented as bit strings,
for consistency with the X.509 SIGNED macro. Here,
encrypted message digests are octet strings.
2. The input to the encryption process typically will
have 30 or fewer octets. If digestEncryptionAlgorithm is
PKCS #1's rsaEncryption, then this means that the input can
be encrypted in a single block as long as the length of the
RSA modulus is at least 328 bits, which is reasonable and
consistent with security recommendations.
Kaliski Informational [Page 16]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
3. A message-digest algorithm identifier is included
in the DigestInfo value to limit the damage resulting from
the compromise of one message-digest algorithm. For
instance, suppose an adversary were able to find messages
with a given MD2 message digest. That adversary could then
forge a signature by finding a message with the same MD2
message digest as one that a signer previously signed, and
presenting the previous signature as the signature on the
new message. This attack would succeed only if the signer
previously used MD2, since the DigestInfo value contains
the message-digest algorithm. If a signer never trusted
the MD2 algorithm and always used MD5, then the compromise
of MD2 would not affect the signer. If the DigestInfo value
contained only the message digest, however, the compromise
of MD2 would affect signers that use any message-digest
algorithm.
4. There is potential for ambiguity due to the fact
that the DigestInfo value does not indicate whether the
digest field contains just the message digest of the
content or the message digest of the complete DER encoding
of the authenticatedAttributes field. In other words, it is
possible for an adversary to transform a signature on
authenticated attributes to one that appears to be just on
content by changing the content to be the DER encoding of
the authenticatedAttributes field, and then removing the
authenticatedAttributes field. (The reverse transformation
is possible, but requires that the content be the DER
encoding of an authenticated attributes value, which is
unlikely.) This ambiguity is not a new problem, nor is it a
significant one, as context will generally prevent misuse.
Indeed, it is also possible for an adversary to transform a
signature on a certificate or certificate-revocation list
to one that appears to be just on signed-data content.
9.5 Compatibility with Privacy-Enhanced Mail
Compatibility with the MIC-ONLY and MIC-CLEAR process types in PEM
occurs when the content type of the ContentInfo value being signed is
data, there are no authenticated attributes, the message-digest
algorithm is md2 or md5, and the digest-encryption algorithm is PKCS
#1's rsaEncryption. Under all those conditions, the encrypted message
digest produced here matches the one produced in PEM because:
1. The value input to the message-digest algorithm in
PEM is the same as in this document when there are no
authenticated attributes. MD2 and MD5 in PEM are the same
as md2 and md5.
Kaliski Informational [Page 17]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
2. The value encrypted with the signer's private key
in PEM (as specified in RFC 1423) is the same as in this
document when there are no authenticated attributes. RSA
private-key encryption in PEM is the same as PKCS #1's
rsaEncryption.
The other parts of the signed-data content type (certificates, CRLs,
algorithm identifiers, etc.) are easily translated to and from their
corresponding PEM components.
10. Enveloped-data content type
The enveloped-data content type consists of encrypted content of any
type and encrypted content-encryption keys for one or more
recipients. The combination of encrypted content and encrypted
content-encryption key for a recipient is a "digital envelope" for
that recipient. Any type of content can be enveloped for any number
of recipients in parallel.
It is expected that the typical application of the enveloped-data
content type will be to represent one or more recipients' digital
envelopes on content of the data, digested-data, or signed-data
content types.
The process by which enveloped data is constructed involves the
following steps:
1. A content-encryption key for a particular content-
encryption algorithm is generated at random.
2. For each recipient, the content-encryption key is
encrypted with the recipient's public key.
3. For each recipient, the encrypted content-
encryption key and other recipient-specific information are
collected into a RecipientInfo value, defined in Section
10.2.
4. The content is encrypted with the content-
encryption key. (Content encryption may require that the
content be padded to a multiple of some block size; see
Section 10.3 for discussion.)
5. The RecipientInfo values for all the recipients
are collected together with the encrypted content into a
EnvelopedData value, defined in Section 10.1.
Kaliski Informational [Page 18]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
A recipient opens the envelope by decrypting the one of the encrypted
content-encryption keys with the recipient's private key and
decrypting the encrypted content with the recovered content-
encryption key. The recipient's private key is referenced by an
issuer distinguished name and an issuer-specific serial number that
uniquely identify the certificate for the corresponding public key.
This section is divided into four parts. The first part describes the
top-level type EnvelopedData, the second part describes the per-
recipient information type RecipientInfo, and the third and fourth
parts describe the content-encryption and key-encryption processes.
This content type is not compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail
(although some processes it defines are compatible with their PEM
counterparts), since Privacy-Enhanced Mail always involves digital
signatures, never digital envelopes alone.
10.1 EnvelopedData type
The enveloped-data content type shall have ASN.1 type EnvelopedData:
EnvelopedData ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
recipientInfos RecipientInfos,
encryptedContentInfo EncryptedContentInfo }
RecipientInfos ::= SET OF RecipientInfo
EncryptedContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
contentType ContentType,
contentEncryptionAlgorithm
ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier,
encryptedContent
[0] IMPLICIT EncryptedContent OPTIONAL }
EncryptedContent ::= OCTET STRING
The fields of type EnvelopedData have the following meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
0 for this version of the document.
o recipientInfos is a collection of per-recipient
information. There must be at least one element in
the collection.
o encryptedContentInfo is the encrypted content
information.
Kaliski Informational [Page 19]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
The fields of type EncryptedContentInfo have the following meanings:
o contentType indicates the type of content.
o contentEncryptionAlgorithm identifies the content-
encryption algorithm (and any associated
parameters) under which the content is encrypted.
The content-encryption process is described in
Section 10.3. This algorithm is the same for all
recipients.
o encryptedContent is the result of encrypting the
content. The field is optional, and if the field
is not present, its intended value must be
supplied by other means.
Note. The fact that the recipientInfos field comes before the
encryptedContentInfo field makes it possible to process an
EnvelopedData value in a single pass. (Single-pass processing is
described in Section 5.)
10.2 RecipientInfo type
Per-recipient information is represented in the type RecipientInfo:
RecipientInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
issuerAndSerialNumber IssuerAndSerialNumber,
keyEncryptionAlgorithm
KeyEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier,
encryptedKey EncryptedKey }
EncryptedKey ::= OCTET STRING
The fields of type RecipientInfo have the following meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
0 for this version of the document.
o issuerAndSerialNumber specifies the recipient's
certificate (and thereby the recipient's
distinguished name and public key) by issuer
distinguished name and issuer-specific serial
number.
Kaliski Informational [Page 20]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
o keyEncryptionAlgorithm identifies the key-
encryption algorithm (and any associated
parameters) under which the content-encryption key
is encrypted with the recipient's public key. The
key-encryption process is described in Section
10.4.
o encryptedKey is the result of encrypting the
content-encryption key with the recipient's public
key (see below).
10.3 Content-encryption process
The input to the content-encryption process is the "value" of the
content being enveloped. Specifically, the input is the contents
octets of a definite-length BER encoding of the content field of the
ContentInfo value to which the enveloping process is applied. Only
the contents octets of the BER encoding are encrypted, not the
identifier octets or length octets; those other octets are not
represented at all.
When the content being enveloped has content type data, then just the
value of the data (e.g., the contents of a file) is encrypted. This
has the advantage that the length of the content being encrypted need
not be known in advance of the encryption process. This method is
compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail.
The identifier octets and the length octets are not encrypted. The
length octets may be protected implicitly by the encryption process,
depending on the encryption algorithm. The identifier octets are not
protected at all, although they can be recovered from the content
type, assuming that the content type uniquely determines the
identifier octets. Explicit protection of the identifier and length
octets requires that the signed-and-enveloped-data content type be
employed, or that the digested-data and enveloped-data content types
be applied in succession.
Notes.
1. The reason that a definite-length BER encoding is
required is that the bit indicating whether the length is
definite or indefinite is not recorded anywhere in the
enveloped-data content type. Definite-length encoding is
more appropriate for simple types such as octet strings, so
definite-length encoding is chosen.
Kaliski Informational [Page 21]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
2. Some content-encryption algorithms assume the
input length is a multiple of k octets, where k > 1, and
let the application define a method for handling inputs
whose lengths are not a multiple of k octets. For such
algorithms, the method shall be to pad the input at the
trailing end with k - (l mod k) octets all having value k -
(l mod k), where l is the length of the input. In other
words, the input is padded at the trailing end with one of
the following strings:
01 -- if l mod k = k-1
02 02 -- if l mod k = k-2
.
.
.
k k ... k k -- if l mod k = 0
The padding can be removed unambiguously since all input is
padded and no padding string is a suffix of another. This
padding method is well-defined if and only if k < 256;
methods for larger k are an open issue for further study.
10.4 Key-encryption process
The input to the key-encryption process--the value supplied to the
recipient's key-encryption algorithm--is just the "value" of the
content-encryption key.
11. Signed-and-enveloped-data content type
This section defines the signed-and-enveloped-data content type. For
brevity, much of this section is expressed in terms of material in
Sections 9 and 10.
The signed-and-enveloped-data content type consists of encrypted
content of any type, encrypted content-encryption keys for one or
more recipients, and doubly encrypted message digests for one or more
signers. The "double encryption" consists of an encryption with a
signer's private key followed by an encryption with the content-
encryption key.
The combination of encrypted content and encrypted content-encryption
key for a recipient is a "digital envelope" for that recipient. The
recovered singly encrypted message digest for a signer is a "digital
signature" on the recovered content for that signer. Any type of
content can be enveloped for any number of recipients and signed by
any number of signers in parallel.
Kaliski Informational [Page 22]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
It is expected that the typical application of the signed-and-
enveloped-data content type will be to represent one signer's digital
signature and one or more recipients' digital envelopes on content of
the data content type.
The process by which signed-and-enveloped data is constructed
involves the following steps:
1. A content-encryption key for a particular content-
encryption algorithm is generated at random.
2. For each recipient, the content-encryption key is
encrypted with the recipient's public key.
3. For each recipient, the encrypted content-
encryption key and other recipient-specific
information are collected into a RecipientInfo
value, defined in Section 10.2.
4. For each signer, a message digest is computed on
the content with a signer-specific message-digest
algorithm. (If two signers employ the same message-
digest algorithm, then the message digest need be
computed for only one of them.)
5. For each signer, the message digest and associated
information are encrypted with the signer's
private key, and the result is encrypted with the
content-encryption key. (The second encryption may
require that the result of the first encryption be
padded to a multiple of some block size; see
Section 10.3 for discussion.)
6. For each signer, the doubly encrypted message
digest and other signer-specific information are
collected into a SignerInfo value, defined in
Section 9.2.
7. The content is encrypted with the content-
encryption key. (See Section 10.3 for discussion.)
8. The message-digest algorithms for all the signers,
the SignerInfo values for all the signers and the
RecipientInfo values for all the recipients are
collected together with the encrypted content into
a SignedAndEnvelopedData value, defined in Section
11.1.
Kaliski Informational [Page 23]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
A recipient opens the envelope and verifies the signatures in two
steps. First, the one of the encrypted content-encryption keys is
decrypted with the recipient's private key, and the encrypted content
is decrypted with the recovered content-encryption key. Second, the
doubly encrypted message digest for each signer is decrypted with the
recovered content-encryption key, the result is decrypted with the
signer's public key, and the recovered message digest is compared to
an independently computed message digest.
Recipient private keys and signer public keys are contained or
referenced as discussed in Sections 9 and 10.
This section is divided into three parts. The first part describes
the top-level type SignedAndEnvelopedData and the second part
describes the digest-encryption process. Other types and processes
are the same as in Sections 9 and 10. The third part summarizes
compatibility with Privacy-Enhanced Mail.
Note. The signed-and-enveloped-data content type provides
cryptographic enhancements similar to those resulting from the
sequential combination of signed-data and enveloped-data content
types. However, since the signed-and-enveloped-data content type does
not have authenticated or unauthenticated attributes, nor does it
provide enveloping of signer information other than the signature,
the sequential combination of signed-data and enveloped-data content
types is generally preferable to the SignedAndEnvelopedData content
type, except when compatibility with the ENCRYPTED process type in
Privacy-Enhanced Mail in intended.
11.1 SignedAndEnvelopedData type
The signed-and-enveloped-data content type shall have ASN.1 type
SignedAndEnvelopedData:
SignedAndEnvelopedData ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
recipientInfos RecipientInfos,
digestAlgorithms DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers,
encryptedContentInfo EncryptedContentInfo,
certificates
[0] IMPLICIT ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates
OPTIONAL,
crls
[1] IMPLICIT CertificateRevocationLists OPTIONAL,
signerInfos SignerInfos }
Kaliski Informational [Page 24]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
The fields of type SignedAndEnvelopedData have the following
meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
1 for this version of the document.
o recipientInfos is a collection of per-recipient
information, as in Section 10. There must be at
least one element in the collection.
o digestAlgorithms is a collection of message-digest
algorithm identifiers, as in Section 9. The
message-digesting process is the same as in
Section 9 in the case when there are no
authenticated attributes.
o encryptedContentInfo is the encrypted content, as
in Section 10. It can have any of the defined
content types.
o certificates is a set of PKCS #6 extended
certificates and X.509 certificates, as in Section
9.
o crls is a set of certificate-revocation lists, as
in Section 9.
o signerInfos is a collection of per-signer
information. There must be at least one element in
the collection. SignerInfo values have the same
meaning as in Section 9 with the exception of the
encryptedDigest field (see below).
Notes.
1. The fact that the recipientInfos and
digestAlgorithms fields come before the contentInfo field
and the signerInfos field comes after it makes it possible
to process a SignedAndEnvelopedData value in a single pass.
(Single-pass processing is described in Section 5.)
2. The difference between version 1
SignedAndEnvelopedData and version 0 SignedAndEnvelopedData
(defined in PKCS #7, Version 1.4) is that the crls field is
allowed in version 1, but not in version 0. Except for the
difference in version number, version 0
SignedAndEnvelopedData values are acceptable as version 1
values. An implementation can therefore process
Kaliski Informational [Page 25]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
SignedAndEnvelopedData values of either version as though
they were version 1 values. It is suggested that PKCS
implementations generate only version 1
SignedAndEnvelopedData values, but be prepared to process
SignedAndEnvelopedData values of either version.
11.2 Digest-encryption process
The input to the digest-encryption process is the same as in Section
9, but the process itself is different. Specifically, the process
involves two steps. First, the input to the process is supplied to
the signer's digest-encryption algorithm, as in Section 9. Second,
the result of the first step is encrypted with the content-encryption
key. There is no DER encoding between the two steps; the "value"
output by the first step is input directly to the second step. (See
Section 10.3 for discussion.)
This process is compatible with the ENCRYPTED process type in
Privacy-Enhanced Mail.
Note. The purpose of the second step is to prevent an adversary from
recovering the message digest of the content. Otherwise, an
adversary would be able to determine which of a list of candidate
contents (e.g., "Yes" or "No") is the actual content by comparing the
their message digests to the actual message digest.
11.3 Compatibility with Privacy-Enhanced Mail
Compatibility with the ENCRYPTED process type of PEM occurs when the
content type of the ContentInfo value being signed and enveloped is
data, the message-digest algorithm is md2 or md5, the content-
encryption algorithm is DES in CBC mode, the digest-encryption
algorithm is PKCS #1's rsaEncryption, and the key-encryption
algorithm is PKCS #1's rsaEncryption. Under all those conditions,
the doubly encrypted message digest and the encrypted content
encryption key match the ones produced in PEM because of reasons
similar to those given in Section 9.5, as well as the following:
1. The value input to the content-encryption
algorithm in PEM is the same as in this document.
DES in CBC mode is the same as desCBC.
2. The value input to the key-encryption algorithm in
PEM is the same as in this document (see Section
10.4). RSA public-key encryption in PEM is the
same as PKCS #1's rsaEncryption.
Kaliski Informational [Page 26]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
3. The double-encryption process applied to the
message digest in this document and in PEM are the
same.
The other parts of the signed-and-enveloped-data content type
(certificates, CRLs, algorithm identifiers, etc.) are easily
translated to and from their corresponding PEM components. (CRLs are
carried in a separate PEM message.)
12. Digested-data content type
The digested-data content type consists of content of any type and a
message digest of the content.
It is expected that the typical application of the digested-data
content type will be to add integrity to content of the data content
type, and that the result would become the content input to the
enveloped-data content type.
The process by which digested-data is constructed involves the
following steps:
1. A message digest is computed on the content with a
message-digest algorithm.
2. The message-digest algorithm and the message
digest are collected together with the content
into a DigestedData value.
A recipient verifies the message digest by comparing the message
digest to an independently computed message digest.
The digested-data content type shall have ASN.1 type DigestedData:
DigestedData ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
contentInfo ContentInfo,
digest Digest }
Digest ::= OCTET STRING
The fields of type DigestedData have the following meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
0 for this version of the document.
Kaliski Informational [Page 27]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
o digestAlgorithm identifies the message-digest
algorithm (and any associated parameters) under which the
content is digested. (The message-digesting process is the
same as in Section 9 in the case when there are no
authenticated attributes.)
o contentInfo is the content that is digested. It
can have any of the defined content types.
o digest is the result of the message-digesting process.
Note. The fact that the digestAlgorithm field comes before the
contentInfo field and the digest field comes after it makes it
possible to process a DigestedData value in a single pass. (Single-
pass processing is described in Section 5.)
13. Encrypted-data content type
The encrypted-data content type consists of encrypted content of any
type. Unlike the enveloped-data content type, the encrypted-data
content type has neither recipients nor encrypted content-encryption
keys. Keys are assumed to be managed by other means.
It is expected that the typical application of the encrypted-data
content type will be to encrypt content of the data content type for
local storage, perhaps where the encryption key is a password.
The encrypted-data content type shall have ASN.1 type EncryptedData:
EncryptedData ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
encryptedContentInfo EncryptedContentInfo }
The fields of type EncryptedData have the following meanings:
o version is the syntax version number. It shall be
0 for this version of the document.
o encryptedContentInfo is the encrypted content
information, as in Section 10.
14. Object identifiers
This document defines seven object identifiers: pkcs-7, data,
signedData, envelopedData, signedAndEnvelopedData, digestedData, and
encryptedData.
Kaliski Informational [Page 28]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
The object identifier pkcs-7 identifies this document.
pkcs-7 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549)
pkcs(1) 7 }
The object identifiers data, signedData, envelopedData,
signedAndEnvelopedData, digestedData, and encryptedData, identify,
respectively, the data, signed-data, enveloped-data, signed-and-
enveloped-data, digested-data, and encrypted-data content types
defined in Sections 8-13.
data OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-7 1 }
signedData OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-7 2 }
envelopedData OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-7 3 }
signedAndEnvelopedData OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ pkcs-7 4 }
digestedData OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-7 5 }
encryptedData OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-7 6 }
These object identifiers are intended to be used in the contentType
field of a value of type ContentInfo (see Section 5). The content
field of that type, which has the content-type-specific syntax ANY
DEFINED BY contentType, would have ASN.1 type Data, SignedData,
EnvelopedData, SignedAndEnvelopedData, DigestedData, and
EncryptedData, respectively. These object identifiers are also
intended to be used in a PKCS #9 content-type attribute.
Security Considerations
Security issues are discussed throughout this memo.
Revision history
Versions 1.0-1.3
Versions 1.0-1.3 were distributed to participants in RSA Data
Security, Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standards meetings in
February and March 1991.
Version 1.4
Version 1.4 is part of the June 3, 1991 initial public release of
PKCS. Version 1.4 was published as NIST/OSI Implementors' Workshop
document SEC-SIG-91-22.
Kaliski Informational [Page 29]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
Version 1.5
Version 1.5 incorporates several editorial changes, including updates
to the references and the addition of a revision history. The
following substantive changes were made:
o Section 6: CertificateRevocationLists type is
added.
o Section 9.1: SignedData syntax is revised. The new
version allows for the dissemination of
certificate-revocation lists along with
signatures. It also allows for the dissemination
of certificates and certificate-revocation lists
alone, without any signatures.
o Section 9.2: SignerInfo syntax is revised. The new
version includes a message-digest encryption
process compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail as
specified in RFC 1423.
o Section 9.3: Meaning of "the DER encoding of the
authenticatedAttributes field" is clarified as
"the DER encoding of the Attributes value."
o Section 10.3: Padding method for content-
encryption algorithms is described.
o Section 11.1: SignedAndEnvelopedData syntax is
revised. The new version allows for the
dissemination of certificate-revocation lists.
o Section 13: Encrypted-data content type is added.
This content type consists of encrypted content of
any type.
o Section 14: encryptedData object identifier is
added.
Supersedes June 3, 1991 version, which was also published as NIST/OSI
Implementors' Workshop document SEC-SIG-91-22.
Kaliski Informational [Page 30]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
Acknowledgements
This document is based on a contribution of RSA Laboratories, a
division of RSA Data Security, Inc. Any substantial use of the text
from this document must acknowledge RSA Data Security, Inc. RSA Data
Security, Inc. requests that all material mentioning or referencing
this document identify this as "RSA Data Security, Inc. PKCS #7".
Author's Address
Burt Kaliski
RSA Laboratories East
20 Crosby Drive
Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: (617) 687-7000
EMail: burt@rsa.com
Kaliski Informational [Page 31]
RFC 2315 PKCS #7: Crytographic Message Syntax March 1998
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Kaliski Informational [Page 32]