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----=[ CiSSD ]=---- is finally sober over Issue #3 of
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- FROGS -
=========================================================================
THE CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL DEVIANCY MAY (C) 1993/94
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Once again, the frog has overestimated our stupidity. Surely we will
not fall for the same trick twice.
We have learned a few things about frogs. They don't have very much
to do. They're rather bored most of the time, but they impress you by
breathing a lot of hot air out of their lungs, and then they sit quietly
in order to lure you in. They smell funny, but it's one of those smells
you have to sniff again to make sure that your nose didn't decieve you
the first time.
If you lick a toad, you get high, but frogs are not toads, so
everyone sucking up to a frog finds out shortly that it's not all it's
cracked up to be, and generally leaves it be.. it's smell was unappealing
in the first place.
You can buzz about trying to find a place to observe the frog, in
order that you might protect yourself from its self serving, greed driven
actions, but when the frog thinks you are sitting pretty, he tries to
aggrivate you again. If you are silly enough to become aggrieved by his
mischeivous tactics, he will stick out his tounge, and swallow you
whole.
For once, a group of flies, known as CiSSD, has outwitted a group of
amphibians, who for the most part, aren't frogs, but all wish they
were. We learned the only way to get high from a frog is to smoke him.
But we flies don't need to get high.. I think we can be content with
removing his lilly pad.. He will no longer be part of this amphibian
community.
[No one will appreciate this as much as those who are involved in
the war against the evil frog. Entertainment for your efforts. Thanks a
lot guys.. Zap the Frog, rejoin the scene when you grow up. For now you
are only a tadpole.]
---
Due to the hustle and bustle of a busy end of school term, some of
our regular columns were forced to flee. 'NEWS AND NATTERINGS OF THE DOPE
MAN' will most definately be back for next issue, and will more than
probably be joined by 'NEWS BYTES (and usually bites too!)'.
Despite these ommisions, we hope sincerely that you enjoy this
issue. After all, some things may come and go in waves, but the computer
underground is here to stay.
- Essence/TX
---
WARNING, DISCLAIMER
WARNING: THE FOLLOWING TEXT CONTAINS MATERIAL WHICH MAY BE
CONSIDERED OFFENSIVE BY SOME. CISSD AND ITS MEMBERS BEAR NO
LIABILITY ON THE PART OF THE READER. READ AT YOUR OWN RISK.
DISCLAIMER: THE INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING TEXT IS
NOT INTENDED TO BE USED FOR PURPOSES CONTRARY TO LAWS IN THE
COUNTRY WHERE THE READER RESIDES. DUE TO AN INTERNATIONAL
DISTRIBUTION, OUR CHOSEN TOPICS WILL PROVIDE INFORMATION THAT
COULD POTENTIALLY BE USED FOR PURPOSES ILLEGITIMATE IN NATURE.
CISSD, AND ITS MEMBERS THEREFORE, BEAR NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR
THE ACTIONS OF THE READER, BE THEY A DIRECT, OR INDIRECT RESULT
OF READING THE FOLLOWING TEXT.
NOTE: BY READING BEYOND THIS POINT, YOU ARE AGREEING TO THE
CONDITIONS IN THE ABOVE WARNING, AND DISCLAIMER.
ADDITIONAL NOTE: THE EDITOR OF THIS MAGAZINE DOES NOT CONDONE
PLAUGERISM. IF ANY ARTICLES APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN COPIED WITHOUT
PROPER CREDIT, NOTIFICATION WOULD BE APPRECIATED. DUE TO THE
VAST NUMBER OF SUBMISSIONS WE RECIEVE EACH MONTH, IT IS
DIFFICULT TO FULLY DETERMINE WHAT IS, AND IS NOT ORGINAL
MATERIAL.
---
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEM CONTRIBUTOR(S) LINE
==== ============== ====
Editorial Essence 17
Warning, Disclaimer -- 67
Table of Contents -- 95
Getting Revival -- 159
Letters to the Editor -- 182
Telekom Stupidity Revealed Lister 298
Politics and The Hacker The Dictator 343
Emotional Maturity, Fourteen Essence 430
Years of Age
CyberPunk! The Dictator 471
Laserprinter Forgery Kryten 604
Caller ID Information and Lister 624
Specifications
The Diatribes of Grappling The Grappler 813
FEATURE: Privacy, Line Taps and Lister 937
The US Government
| The Clipper Chip: A Technical Dorothy Denning 944
| Summary
| The White House: Statement by The Press Secretary 1088
| the Press Secretary
Hinterland Who's Who - 800 Exchanges Lister 1346
Poetry Corner The Grappler/Essence 1577
Official [CiSSD] Bad-Ass Belcore Lister 1657
glossary
Erratum - Corrections from last issue Essence 3241
Zen What? The ???? ??? 3321
[CiSSD] Membership Information Essence 3533
[CiSSD] Contact Addresses -- 3563
Last Words From the Editor Essence 3619
| Credits 3653
169092 ]-[bytes]-------------------------------------------[lines]-[ 3677
---
GETTING REVIVAL!
In order to recieve REVIVAL magazine, you may transfer the latest
issue every second month from the following address:
ftp 141.214.4.135 docs/zines/revival/rvlcissd.xxx
where 'xxx' is the issue number. ie: 'rvlcissd.003'. If you do not
have internet access, the following electronic bulletin board systems are
REVIVAL(!) distribution sites:
=[North America]==============================[+1]=
Der Diz - NuKE '93 (208) 343 5038
WHQ The Downtown Militarized Zone (416) 450 7087
CHQ The Revolutionary Front (416) 936 6663
Atomic Nature (416) 477 9563
Screaming Revulsion (418) 622 9712
---
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
---=[ ANONYMOUS LETTER re: ABUSE IN THE HOME AND SCHOOL ]=---
(Edited for Clarity)
The look at school system as being a negative aspect in kids lives was
obviously a biased one by a disgruntled teenager who doesn't have the
ability to look at the whole picture. I'll give you credit for seeing
the problem as being the parents. The whole problem lies in the homes.
These so called disceplinary actions at high schools are those a person
would face in everyday life, so I say GET USED TO IT! And to answer your
question, it is the parents jobs! It is not the job of a highly trained
teaching professional to teach common manners in a high school
enviornment!
I would like to point out that the article had many good points and
the point of parental expectations in school, is an excellent one! I can
not count the times a parent has come in saying I should be doing a
better job! Like what[?] Go home and make the damn student do his/her
homework! I can't make a student do his/her work[.] It's motivation[that
is needed!] I remember when a good education and having your parents
proud of you was motivation enough. You'll make a good adult TX[.] I hope
you remember the things you know now when you have your own kids.
P.S
- Blame the government [that] we're underfunded and can't afford the
extra support personel we would all like for the new generation.
--- Editors Response ---
You are perfectly right to refer to me as a disgruntled teenager. I
think, however, that I do have the ability to look at the whole picture..
I simply chose not to. That was clearly a serious error on my part.
I feel that, maybe not the whole problem, but at least a large
proportion of the problem lies in the homes. A good chunk of the problem
would be solved if parents made a concious effort to control the
environmental variables that are in their hands.
It is not the teachers responsibility to teach discepline at school,
but because it seems so neccesary, and because children are so neglected
in their homes, I feel that the school system, given appropriate
government funding, should take a different approach to training the
large majority of students who have no motivation, and little self-
respect.
Although I believe I was reffering to parents expectations of the
_students_ in my article, it is also very true that parents expectations
of _teachers_ are also quite ridiculous in many cases. My own mother used
to always blame my teachers for anything I would do wrong. I allowed her
to, because I had no reason to want to take the blame myself, but due to
this long period of time when I took no responsibility, I later had(and
am still having) trouble disceplining myself to work effeciently, and
productively. At this stage in my life, most of my school grades are
borderline failing due, not to any fault of my teachers, but to my own
lack of motivation, and my own lack of self discepline.
I still feel that proud parents, and achievement in school might be
enough motivation to continue doing well, but it's up to the parents to
give their children a kick-start at an early age, so that they might
continue to maintain their pride in achievement later on in life.
I still haven't ranked myself as being responsible enough to have
kids. Maybe when I'm significantly older, or at least, more mentally
developed, and able to meet the challenges that modern society places on
parents, I will reconsider. Too many parents, unfortunately, assume
that bringing up children is easy.
Finally (as this is rather a long response), the government should
indeed be blamed for underfunding. The problems that I continually pick
at in the educational system would be solved if any one school had a
complete, full time staff.. including the neccesary teachers,
councillors, and administrators it takes to help the children who don't
get a fair shake at home.
- Essence/TX
---=[ Split Adrenalyn's LETTER re: REVIVAL #2 ]=---
Well, I just finished reading Revival Issue #002 and I have to say
that it's the best "underground" mag I've EVER read. The articles are
well written, discussing topics that we all can relate to, the articles
pose questions which I'm sure many of us have all asked ourselves about
whatever topic.
It's also not the same old underground mag (it doesn't have a whole
bunch of TEXT files put together into an "issue"), but more of an
information mag, giving you the insight to the PHAC scene.
Good job on this one guys, when's #003 coming?
--- Editors Response ---
Well, it's here! Assuming that I'm sticking to any deadlines, the
magazine will be released on the last saturday of every other month. The
deadline for submissions by non-CiSSD members to REVIVAL! magazine will
be two weeks before the release date.
Thanks for the glowing compliments. While I doubt they're fully
deserved, it is true that the magazine is more than a bunch of text
files. I think that most CiSSD members take a special pride in the
magazine, as it acts as a forum for us to air our views to the public,
and the public to air their views to the rest of the public! It is very
important that we have an appeal to everyone, from some perspective or
another.. We will continue to be political, and provocative.
- Essence/TX
---
TELEKOM STUPIDITY REVEALED
Lister
This week's "Research and Technology" section of the German news magazine
{Focus} (Nr. 17/93, pg. 106) features an *interesting* article about the
German telephone network.
According to the article all you need to tap into another phone line is a
phone line which is hooked up to a modern digital switch and a simple 16
key touch tone beeper. The article shows the original TELEKOM beeper. For
interested users, {Focus} included the TELEKOM reorder number and its
approval ID.
By dialing one of the special "A","B","C" or "D" keys (rightmost column),
you get acces to TELEKOMs switch testing facilities. After you are in the
testing system, you have to enter a three-digit switch id. Then enter the
phone number you wish to call or listen to. If the phone line is busy,
then just enter "1" and you will have a *forced* three way call.
With a modem or any other computer controlled dialing devices it is
rather simple to find the available switch ids in several hours.
Since the testing facility will identify itstelf by sending a rather
loud test tone, most persons will find out, that there is something
strange going on, if they are tapped by someone. But there are also
others that will never take much care about this situation.
Isn't it STUPID that TELEKOM apparently has NOT learned anything what
happend around 20++ years within the USA with the blue/red/ ... boxes
that gave interested users nice and mostly free features?
This time you even do not need any *illegal* devices, but a rather common
and widely available touch tone beeper give you full control over several
local switches!
As elementary mathematics shows, any additional key to press would lower
the chance by 1 to 16 to get access to such a testing system. It would
have been so simple to hide the access code to this system within a
normal number range. If that number would have been changed regularly,
then nobody would ever get access to it. But these measures require work,
and that seems to be hard for a monopoly company!
---
POLITICS AND THE HACKER
The Dictator
Everyone reading this magazine has a reason to do it.. for their
freedom may depend on it. Why, you ask? Because you are dealing with
the Cyberpunk Realm of fantasy, virtual reality, and revolution. Fantasy
is apparant with every hacker or cyberpunk reading this article and
imagining the possibilities of society and technology, working together
towards perfect harmony--or anarchy, the Virtual Reality of a world where
no one's money is their own, where people are not more than the sum of
their words as they flicker past on your screen, where personality is no
more than who you can impress with your extended vocabulary or "K-Rad
K00lness."
However, another aspect is not so obvious, but it is there, perhaps
more than any other. We, as hackers, phreakers, cyberpunks etc. have the
want, the burning desire to change the world into a place that we have
all had a glimpse of, The 'New World' of the 90's, so to speak.
The underground is not a happy place. It is a place where one can
obtain seemingly endless flows of information, but where one must
constantly be prepared to show up a counterpart, and to deal with the
obligations of group affiliation, the backbone of the Underground.
It's all for status, for knowledge, for power. But the power,
ultimately, is for the change of OUR lives, for the change of our ability
to control what will become of the future. it is SO enticing that we may,
at times, forget that the methods we use are the methods we have all
strived to pull away from: Commercialism, and Capitalism. We attempt to
use all means necessary to amass power, power which will ultimately
affect our future for the better.
We do this by squeezing money, time, and belongings from the average
citizen, thereby undermining our very goals, for when we have amassed all
the power required, and are ready to return to normal life, we will be
forced to deal with the same CyberPunks who were once our allies,
partners, or even counterparts, thereby, in the end, succombing to the
realities of our ways, the same realities as Capatalism: the reality that
there is NO escape.
It does NOT have to be that way, however! We have all seen the world
in which we all work together to further a common cause, to accomplish
certain tasks. We all know the power of the underground. we all know that
the power held by each individual, if harnessed, would produce an
invaluable machine for change.
We NEED to pull together. CiSSD has created a group whose purpose lies
in the free-flow of information, and we consistantly work towards that
goal. We all know what can be, if we only try. In Toronto, Canada in
early may, the working class held a march on parliment hill demanding a
reform. If this was backed by the prowess of every hacker in the
underground, we would have a message that could be heard EVERYWHERE the
telephone or computer screen reached!
What we need is ORGANIZED REVOLUTION!
The Great Dope Man put it best when he remarked that "Deviency is its
own reward." Whether or not he realised it at the time, this phrase had
the potential to be the catalyst for the greatest revolution ever
recorded. Deviency, the art of going against the norms of society, if
proctised by enough people with enough frequency, WOULD become the norm,
thereby rewarding all who wished it with an altered standard of living.
Now the only way to ensure that this standard of living would be for
the better, would be to have 'organized deviency' or an ORGANIZED
REVOLUTION. One in which the entire underground drove for something,
putting all of our amassed strength against those we hate in society,
instead of one another. The potential is enormous. We are not limited by
restrections on what information we can amass, nor on how far this
information can be destributed. We are not limited as to what aspects of
this Capatalist world we live in we can gain control of. We CAN make a
difference! We CAN change our downward plummet into extinction. But a
CAPATALIST world will never be able to make the changes, as the changes
would be looked upon as inefficient or irrelevant.
We have the power in our HANDS! We now need only make use of it.
For we have the reasons, just look into you paper.
The time is Upon us, we must act. The WORLD calls for a change. It's our
responsibility, because WE are the only people who can change it.
HACKERS, PHREAKERS, CYBERPUNKS OF THE WORLD, UNITE TO BRING ABOUT
THE NEW WORLD ORDER!
---
EMOTIONAL MATURITY, FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE!
Essence/TX
Most of my articles are provoked by a real life experience that
leads me to think about a topic from a completely different perspective.
This one is no different, but I am quite shocked and surprised that I
haven't seen anyone take my perspective before.. and why?.. Maybe because
it's a confusing one.
I've never been one to base decisions on age. I feel that generally,
age is an unimportant factor when deciding what privelidges are
appropriate for each individual. More important than age, is maturity.
Clearly, when it comes to this, 'The law is an ass'.
Canadian law bases emotional maturity on i) age and ii) chasteness
of character. More notably, the law states that any female, fourteen
years or older, who has not previously been of chaste character, is
emotionally mature enough to make the decision to have sex. In plain
english, this means that any girl age fourteen who acts like a whore can
be taken advantage of. Any girl age fourteen who acts decently is not
mature enough to have sex. Having sex with any girl age 14 to 18
inclusive who has behaved decently and with self respect, is rape.
Despite all the complaints about males having to worry about rape
charges, whether or not they rape a girl, I think the laws pertaining to
rape are particularily flacid, and weak. There are clauses that shift the
responsibility of rape onto the victim females if the male can show the
female to have 'provoked' the incident. Are we in a day and age where sex
is so important that the male partner can't even take the time to be
reasonably sure about the emotional stability, and maturity of his
partner?
Any guy who justifies his sexual activities by rattling off
sex-laws, and how they pertain to his case, should be removed from our
society. We don't need the inconsiderate. We don't need the low-lifes.
- Essence/TX
---
CYBERPUNK!
The Dictator
The following article was featured in TIME magazine. I felt it was
an accurate portrayal of cyberpunks in the computer underground
community.
BEGIN _|
In the 50s it was the beatniks, staging a coffehouse rebellion against
the conformity of America in the Eisenhower era. In the 60s the Hippies
arrived, combining anti-war activism with the energy of Sex, Drugs, and
Rock'N'Roll. Now a new subculture is bubbling up from the underground,
popping up from computer screens around the world like a piece of
hypertext.
It's called CYBERPUNK, a late - 20th centure term derived from
CYBERNETICS, the science of communication and control, and PUNK, an
antisocial rebel or hoodlum.
Within this odd pairing lurks the essence of CYBERPUNK's international
culture: a way of looking at the world that combines infatuation with
high-tech tools and disdain for conventional ways of using them.
Origionally applied to a school of hard-boiled science-fiction writers
and then to certain semi-tough computer hackers, the word CYBERPUNK now
covers a broad range of music, art, psychedelics, smart drugs and
cutting-edge technology, as well as the computer hacker who laboriously
tries to put this new subculture to work. I have heard CYBERPUNK called
everything from "Technology with an Attitude" (Stewart Brand, Whole Earth
Catalog) to "An unholy alliance of the technical world with the
underground of pop culture and street-level anarchy" (Bruce Sterling,
Science-Fiction writer).
As in any counterculture movement, some denziens would deny they are
part of a movement at all. Although the largest CYBERPUNK journal (PUNK!
Magazine) claims to have a readership of 70 000, there are probably no
more than a few thousand computer hackers, futurists, phreakers,
computer-savvy artists and musicians, and assorted science-fiction
'geeks' on the planet who would actually call themselfes CYBERPUNKS.
Nevertheless, this may be the defining counterculture of the computer
age. It embraces, in spirit at least, not just the nearest
thirtysomething hacker hunched over a terminal, but also nose-ringed
twentysomethings gathered at clandestine RAVES, teenagers who feel about
the Amiga the way their parents felt about records, and even
preadolescent VIDKIDS fused to their SNES and Genesis games -- the
training of CYBERPUNK.
Obsessed with technology, CYBERPUNKS are future-oriented to a fault.
CYBERPUNKS already have one foot in the 21st century, certain that in the
long run, everyone will be a CYBERPUNK.
The CYBERPUNK look, a kind of science-fiction surrealism tweaked by
computer graphics, is finding its way into art galleries, music videos,
and Hollywood movies. CYBERPUNK magazines, many cheaply published or
distributed by electronic medium, are multiplying like cable-TV channels.
CYBERPUNK music is hot enough to keep several record companies and scores
of bands cranking out CD's. CYBERPUNK oriented books are snatched up as
soon as they hit the market. And CYBERPUNK films like BLADERUNNER,
ROBOCOP, VIDEODROME, TOTAL RECALL, TERMINATOR 2 and THE LAWNMOWER MAN
have moved out of the cult market and into the mainstream.
In the US (and therefore Canada), CYBERPUNK culture is likely to get a
boost from of all things, the Clinton Administartion, due to his intrest
in the US's "Data Highways" and what the CYBERPUNKS refer to as
CYBERSPACE. Both terms refer to the globe-circling, interconnected
telephone network that is the conduit for billions of voice, fax, and
data transmissions. This huge CYBERSPACE, the INTERNET, stretches across
the atlantic, touching down in Iceland, and western Europe, then on to
Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. CYBERPUNKS look
at the wires from the inside; and talk of the network as if it were an
actual place, a virtual reality that can be entered, explored, and
manipulated.
CYBERSPACE playes a major role in the CYBERPUNK world view. The
literature is filled with 'Console Cowboys' who prove themselves by
donning virtual realitry gear and performing heroic feats in the imagery
'matrix' of CYBERSPACE. "CYBERPUNK", a 1991 book, features profiles of
three canonical CYBERPUNK hackers, including Robert Morris, the Cornell
University student whose computer virus brought the entire INTERNET to a
halt in 1988.
However, CYBERSPACE is more than a playground. It's a medium. Every
night on GEnie, Compuserve, and thousands of smaller BBSes, people by the
hundreds of thousands are logging on to a great computer-mediated
talkfest, an interactive debate that allows them to leap over barriers of
time, place nationality, sex, and social status.
Most computer users are content to visit cyberspace now and then, but
the CYBERPUNK goes there to live, and play, and even DIE. the WELL (Whole
Earth 'lectronic Link), an INTERNET site, was shaken 2 1/2 years ago when
one of its most active participants ran a program that erased every
message he had ever left - it involved thousands of posts - an act that
amounted to virtual suicide. A few weeks later he committed suicide for
real.
The WELL has been a magnet for CYBERPUNK thinkers, and the question
is, is there a CYBERPUNK movement? The WELL launched a freewheeling
campeign that ran for months and filled more than 300 pages of text. The
debate yielded, among other things, a concise list of wants of the
CYBERPUNK movement:
INFORMATION WANTS TO BE FREE. A good piece of information will
eventually get into the hands of thouse who can make the best use of it,
despite the best efforts of censors, copyright lawyers and the secret
service.
ALWAYS YIELD TO THE HANDS-ON IMPERATIVE. CYBERPUNKS maintain that they
can run the world for the better, if they can only get there hands on the
control box.
PROMOTE CENTRALIZATION. Society is splintering into hundreds of
subcultures and designer cults, which is a no-no.
'SURF THE EDGES'. When the world is changing by the nanosecond, the
best way to keep your head above the water is to stay at the front end of
the Zeitgeist.
For CYBERPUNKS, pondering history is not so important as coming to
terms with the future. For all the flaws, they have found ways to live
with technology, to make it theirs, something the back-to-the-land
hippies never accomplished. CYBERPUNKS use the technology to bridge the
gulf between art and science, between the world of literature and the
world of industry. Most of all, CYBERPUNKS realize that if you didn't
control technology, it would eventually control you. It is a lesson that
will serve CYBERPUNKS - and the rest of the world - well into the next
century.
|~ END
---
LASERPRINTER FORGERY
Kryten
Most of us remember those pre-historic typewriter things. If you do then
the correction key that some models had was your best friend, and can
be your best friend again. That is the correctable (carbon film) ribbon.
The manual warned against using this ribbon for typing legal documents
because undetectable alterations would be too easy.
Recently I heard a taped interview with Frank Abagnale, a reformed forger
who now advises companies on fraud prevention. It was a quite an
interesting cassette. This is where I tie in my first paragraph.
Abagnale said that output from most laserprinters and photocopiers can be
removed in a similar manner with correction tape because the toner
powder, like carbon film ribbon, only sits on the surface of the paper
but does not impregnate the fibers. I tried it and he's right.
---
CALLER ID INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATIONS
Lister
I know this information may be regarded as old hat, and that it's
not very sensitive in nature; but it makes an interesting read
nonetheless. Hopefully, it will shed a bit of insight as to the inner
workings of Caller ID.
INTRODUCTION
Calling Number Delivery (CND), better known as Caller ID, is a
telephone service intended for residential and small business
customers. It allows the called Customer Premises Equipment
(CPE) to receive a calling party's directory number and the date
and time of the call during the first 4 second silent interval in
the ringing cycle. The customer must contact a Bellcore Client
Company to initiate CND service.
According to Pacific Bell representatives, the following states
and district currently support CND service: Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,
Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Tennessee,
Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.
The following states are scheduled to support CND service by
April, 1992: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New
York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island,
and South Carolina.
PARAMETERS
The data signalling interface has the following characteristics:
Link Type 2-wire, simplex
Transmission Scheme Analog, phase-coherent FSK
Logical 1 (mark) 1200 +/- 12 Hz
Logical 0 (space) 2200 +/- 22 Hz
Transmission Rate 1200 bps
Transmission Level 13.5 +/- dBm into 900 ohm load
PROTOCOL
The protocol uses 8-bit data words (bytes), each bounded by a
start bit and a stop bit. The CND message uses the Single Data
Message format shown below.
Channel Carrier Message Message Data Checksum
Seizure Signal Type Length Word(s) Word
Signal Word Word
CHANNEL SEIZURE SIGNAL
The channel seizure is 30 continuous bytes of 55h (01010101)
providing a detectable alternating function to the CPE (i.e. the
modem data pump).
CARRIER SIGNAL
The carrier signal consists of 130 +/- 25 mS of mark (1200 Hz) to
condition the receiver for data.
MESSAGE TYPE WORD
The message type word indicates the service and capability
associated with the data message. The message type word for CND
is 04h (00000100).
MESSAGE LENGTH WORD
The message length word specifies the total number of data words
to follow.
DATA WORDS
The data words are encoded in ASCII and represent the following
information:
o The first two words represent the month
o The next two words represent the day of the month
o The next two words represent the hour in local military time
o The next two words represent the minute after the hour
o The calling party's directory number is represented by the
remaining words in the data word field
If the calling party's directory number is not available to the
terminating central office, the data word field contains an ASCII
"O". If the calling party invokes the privacy capability, the
data word field contains an ASCII "P".
CHECKSUM WORD
The Checksum Word contains the twos complement of the modulo 256
sum of the other words in the data message (i.e., message type,
message length, and data words). The receiving equipment may
calculate the modulo 256 sum of the received words and add this
sum to the reveived checksum word. A result of zero generally
indicates that the message was correctly received. Message
retransmission is not supported.
EXAMPLE CND SINGLE DATA MESSAGE
An example of a received CND message, beginning with the message
type word, follows:
04 12 30 39 33 30 31 32 32 34 36 30 39 35 35 35 31 32 31 32 51
04h= Calling number delivery information code (message type
word)
12h= 18 decimal; Number of data words (date,time, and directory
number words)
ASCII 30,39= 09;
September
ASCII 33,30= 30;
30th day
ASCII 31,32= 12;
12:00 PM
ASCII 32,34= 24;
24 minutes (i.e., 12:24 PM)
ASCII 36,30,39,35,35,35,31,32,31,32= 6095551212;
calling party's directory number (609) 555-1212
51h= Checksum Word
DATA ACCESS ARRANGEMENT (DAA) REQUIREMENTS
To receive CND information, the modem monitors the phone line
between the first and second ring bursts without causing the DAA
to go off hook in the conventional sense, which would inhibit the
transmission of CND by the local central office. A simple
modification to an existing DAA circuit easily accomplishes the
task.
MODEM REQUIREMENTS
Although the data signalling interface parameters match those of
a Bell 202 modem, the receiving CPE need not be a Bell 202
modem. A V.23 1200 bps modem receiver may be used to demodulate
the Bell 202 signal. The ring indicate bit (RI) may be used on a
modem to indicate when to monitor the phone line for CND
information. After the RI bit sets, indicating the first ring
burst, the host waits for the RI bit to reset. The host then
configures the modem to monitor the phone line for CND
information.
According to Bellcore specifications, CND signalling starts as
early as 300 mS after the first ring burst and ends at least 475
mS before the second ring burst
APPLICATIONS
Modem manufacturers will soon be implementing new modem features
based on CND information as this service becomes widely
available.
Once CND information is received the user may process the
information in a number of ways.
1. The date, time, and calling party's directory number can be
displayed.
2. Using a look-up table, the calling party's directory number
can be correlated with his or her name and the name
displayed.
3. CND information can also be used in additional ways such as
for:
a. Bulletin board applications
b. Black-listing applications
c. Keeping logs of system user calls, or
d. Implementing a telemarketing data base
REFERENCES
For more information on Calling Number Delivery (CND), refer to
Bellcore publications TR-TSY-000030 and TR-TSY-000031.
---
THE DIATRIBES OF GRAPPLING
The Grappler
"My non-existence never bothered me before I was born."
Grappler Speaks:
From the electronic wilderness, As I look down upon the scene with
dismay a question formulates within the depths of my conscious reasoning:
What the hell is going on? All I see is the senseless leeching of text
files, etc. So you've got all this info on pbx, freemasonry, virus's,
etc. but what good is it if it only ends up on some disk, never to be
read again? What are we really trying to accomplish here? I mean so
what if you can call long distance for free via some pbx if you only use
that pbx to call your friends, etc. Do you think that BELL really cares
if you hack someone's calling card? They only benifet from the average
phreaks activities and you are just playing into their game, and they
only tend to prosecute when activities get out of hand and the customer
catches on that some 15 yr. old computer devotee just charged $1000 on
his/her calling card.
What is the gain in this situation? The only winning party is Bell
and no one besides! This brings me to my point, everything you do must
be oriented towards a specific goal by which you as a person will profit
by. Now when I say profit, I am not just referring to the materialistic
sense of the word, I am also talking about the spiritual and emotional
aspects of this as well.
One of the #1 rules of Grappling is:
"Strive for the Infinite in all that you do."
It is upon this law that all of grappling hangs so therefore we can
say that it is a solid foundation upon which to build from. Now what this
means is that in order to get anywhere in this lifetime, one must be
prepared to always sacrifice the lower for the higher. One must
carefully weigh every move and make sure that any actions will not be a
regression to any previous plane of existence. A classic demonstration
of this principle is as follows: (Fantasy)
You sign a pact with the devil which states that he will provide you
with 1 million dollars in exchange for your soul. You being an average
person consent, you end up spending all of the money within a years time
and going broke. With this abrupt end to your material wealth comes the
sudden realization that you have nothing left to sell.
So as you can see, as illustrated above one must always ascend the
planes and never ever move down as you may end up stuck there!
Now I realize that the illustration above is not a very good example
of how one may apply this theory to everyday living but I think that you
get the gist of it. (I hope)
I believe that our time on earth is far too limited and we must take
advantage of every single second that we are alive. Conformity is for the
weak and those who fall into society 's trap are as lambs to the
slaughter. By this I am not saying that one must deliberatley go out and
break the law but what I am saying is that if you always play according
to societies rules then you are just wasting time. Let's look at the
average persons life:
birth -> school -> marriage/kids -> job -> death.
Now this is not necessarily in the stated order and there may be
some deviancy from this projection but not by any significant margin. So
as you can see nothing that the average person does is really of any
importance other than the obvious procreation bit. Now you may object to
this statement and if you do then I welcome a debate but if you look at
this from an unbiased viewpoint and step out of the confines of everyday
thinking you will come to realize that the only thing that really matters
in the end is death. This is a rather morbid statement but if you think
about it: Death is a fact of life and therefore something which must be
confronted everyday, death makes everything that we do irrelevant and in
the end the average joe's life has amounted to a 15 minute eulogy that no
one really cares about anyway. So you may be right now sitting before
your computer screen with a look of "what the fuck is going on here, this
guy is baked!". How does this pertain to you or fit into the context of
this article? Well I'll tell you: What I am trying to do with this
article is to make you analyze things very acutely, I want you to
scrutinize every action you take from this point forward, and realize
that any action that you do take should be in conformance with your own
will. If you commit an action against your own personal will then you
are stepping back into the chaos that is society and well on your way to
becoming a slave.
"Your all a bunch of FUCKING SLAVES!"
*Jim Morrison
So applying this to computers and the point of this article, it's
all fine and dandy to download thousands of text files on HPACV but is
this all that the scene is about? Are we merely content with this? I
for one am not and actively utilize my HPACV knowledge to attain
information that the average person is not even aware exists. Why let
those in control reap the rewards of the slavedog morality which is
society when you can have a piece of the pie to? Computers practically
run the world or at least play a sizeable role in wordly affairs and
therefore it would be safe to assume that if you own one then you
probably have access to the same. Organization is the key and that is
why I have recently applied to CiSSD in the hopes that membership will
raise me up to bigger and better things as opposed to just being a
spectator as most are.
Now, I have noticed that there is alot of interest in conspiracy
among the members of the local boards, well so what if there is a
conspiracy because what can we really do about it if there is? Awareness
is only 1/8 of the big picture, what I am saying is that why not create
your own conspiracies?
"I don't know about you but I'm gonna have my kicks before the
whole shithouse goes up in flames man!"
*Jim Morrison
I feel that I have rambled on incoherently long enough, I know this
article has jumped around alot but that is merely a reflection of my
frustrated state of mind. I feel very strongly about all that I have
said and will accept with open arms any criticisms, flak, etc for these
views. I have chosen to embrace this life with unbending determination
to achieve something of significance, have you? This ends the diatribe.
---
PRIVACY, LINE TAPS AND THE US GOVERNMENT
Lister
Here guys (and gals), this is a nice little article by Dorothy Denning,
and it may be of interest to you. Quite a frightening prospect if you'd
ask me...
BEGIN __|
Subject: THE CLIPPER CHIP: A TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Date: 19 Apr 93 18:23:27 -0400
Organization: Georgetown University
The following document summarizes the Clipper Chip, how it is used,
how programming of the chip is coupled to key generation and the
escrow process, and how law enforcement decrypts communications.
Since there has been some speculation on this news group about my
own involvement in this project, I'd like to add that I was not in any
way involved. I found out about it when the FBI briefed me on Thursday
evening, April 15. Since then I have spent considerable time talking
with the NSA and FBI to learn more about this, and I attended the NIST
briefing at the Department of Commerce on April 16. The document
below is the result of that effort.
Dorothy Denning
THE CLIPPER CHIP: A TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Dorothy Denning
April 19, 1993
INTRODUCTION
On April 16, the President announced a new initiative that will bring
together the Federal Government and industry in a voluntary program to
provide secure communications while meeting the legitimate needs of
law enforcement. At the heart of the plan is a new tamper-proof
encryption chip called the "Clipper Chip" together with a split-key
approach to escrowing keys. Two escrow agencies are used, and the key
parts from both are needed to reconstruct a key.
CHIP STRUCTURE
The Clipper Chip contains a classified 64-bit block encryption
algorithm called "Skipjack." The algorithm uses 80 bit keys (compared
with 56 for the DES) and has 32 rounds of scrambling (compared with 16
for the DES). It supports all 4 DES modes of operation. Throughput
is 16 Mbits a second.
Each chip includes the following components:
the Skipjack encryption algorithm
F, an 80-bit family key that is common to all chips
N, a 30-bit serial number
U, an 80-bit secret key that unlocks all messages encrypted with the
chip.
ENCRYPTING WITH THE CHIP
To see how the chip is used, imagine that it is embedded in the AT&T
telephone security device (as it will be). Suppose I call someone and
we both have such a device. After pushing a button to start a secure
conversation, my security device will negotiate a session key K with
the device at the other end (in general, any method of key exchange
can be used). The key K and message stream M (i.e., digitized voice)
are then fed into the Clipper Chip to produce two values:
E[M; K], the encrypted message stream, and
E[E[K; U] + N; F], a law enforcement block.
The law enforcement block thus contains the session key K encrypted
under the unit key U concatenated with the serial number N, all
encrypted under the family key F.
CHIP PROGRAMMING AND ESCROW
All Clipper Chips are programmed inside a SCIF (secure computer
information facility), which is essentially a vault. The SCIF
contains a laptop computer and equipment to program the chips. About
300 chips are programmed during a single session. The SCIF is located
at Mikotronx.
At the beginning of a session, a trusted agent from each of the two
key escrow agencies enters the vault. Agent 1 enters an 80-bit value
S1 into the laptop and agent 2 enters an 80-bit value S2. These values
serve as seeds to generate keys for a sequence of serial numbers.
To generate the unit key for a serial number N, the 30-bit value N is
first padded with a fixed 34-bit block to produce a 64-bit block N1.
S1 and S2 are then used as keys to triple-encrypt N1, producing a
64-bit block R1:
R1 = E[D[E[N1; S1]; S2]; S1] .
Similarly, N is padded with two other 34-bit blocks to produce N2 and
N3, and two additional 64-bit blocks R2 and R3 are computed:
R2 = E[D[E[N2; S1]; S2]; S1]
R3 = E[D[E[N3; S1]; S2]; S1] .
R1, R2, and R3 are then concatenated together, giving 192 bits. The
first 80 bits are assigned to U1 and the second 80 bits to U2. The
rest are discarded. The unit key U is the XOR of U1 and U2. U1 and
U2 are the key parts that are separately escrowed with the two escrow
agencies.
As a sequence of values for U1, U2, and U are generated, they are
written onto three separate floppy disks. The first disk contains a
file for each serial number that contains the corresponding key part
U1. The second disk is similar but contains the U2 values. The third
disk contains the unit keys U. Agent 1 takes the first disk and agent
2 takes the second disk. The third disk is used to program the chips.
After the chips are programmed, all information is discarded from the
vault and the agents leave. The laptop may be destroyed for
additional assurance that no information is left behind.
The protocol may be changed slightly so that four people are in the
room instead of two. The first two would provide the seeds S1 and S2,
and the second two (the escrow agents) would take the disks back to
the escrow agencies.
The escrow agencies have as yet to be determined, but they will not be
the NSA, CIA, FBI, or any other law enforcement agency. One or both
may be independent from the government.
LAW ENFORCEMENT USE
When law enforcement has been authorized to tap an encrypted line,
they will first take the warrant to the service provider in order to
get access to the communications line. Let us assume that the tap is
in place and that they have determined that the line is encrypted with
Clipper. They will first decrypt the law enforcement block with the
family key F. This gives them E[K; U] + N. They will then take a
warrant identifying the chip serial number N to each of the key escrow
agents and get back U1 and U2. U1 and U2 are XORed together to
produce the unit key U, and E[K; U] is decrypted to get the session
key K. Finally the message stream is decrypted. All this will be
accomplished through a special black box decoder operated by the FBI.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISTRIBUTION NOTICE. All information is based on
information provided by NSA, NIST, and the FBI. Permission to
distribute this document is granted.
|~~ END
BEGIN |__
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release April 16, 1993
STATEMENT BY THE PRESS SECRETARY
The President today announced a new initiative that will bring the
Federal Government together with industry in a voluntary program to
improve the security and privacy of telephone communications while
meeting the legitimate needs of law enforcement.
The initiative will involve the creation of new products to accelerate
the development and use of advanced and secure telecommunications
networks and wireless communications links.
For too long there has been little or no dialogue between our private
sector and the law enforcement community to resolve the tension
between economic vitality and the real challenges of protecting
Americans. Rather than use technology to accommodate the sometimes
competing interests of economic growth, privacy and law enforcement,
previous policies have pitted government against industry and the
rights of privacy against law enforcement.
Sophisticated encryption technology has been used for years to protect
electronic funds transfer. It is now being used to protect electronic
mail and computer files. While encryption technology can help
Americans protect business secrets and the unauthorized release of
personal information, it also can be used by terrorists, drug dealers,
and other criminals.
A state-of-the-art microcircuit called the "Clipper Chip" has been
developed by government engineers. The chip represents a new approach
to encryption technology. It can be used in new, relatively
inexpensive encryption devices that can be attached to an ordinary
telephone. It scrambles telephone communications using an encryption
algorithm that is more powerful than many in commercial use today.
This new technology will help companies protect proprietary
information, protect the privacy of personal phone conversations and
prevent unauthorized release of data transmitted electronically. At
the same time this technology preserves the ability of federal, state
and local law enforcement agencies to intercept lawfully the phone
conversations of criminals.
A "key-escrow" system will be established to ensure that the "Clipper
Chip" is used to protect the privacy of law-abiding Americans. Each
device containing the chip will have two unique "keys," numbers that
will be needed by authorized government agencies to decode messages
encoded by the device. When the device is manufactured, the two keys
will be deposited separately in two "key-escrow" data bases that will
be established by the Attorney General. Access to these keys will be
limited to government officials with legal authorization to conduct a
wiretap.
The "Clipper Chip" technology provides law enforcement with no new
authorities to access the content of the private conversations of
Americans.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technology, the Attorney
General will soon purchase several thousand of the new devices. In
addition, respected experts from outside the government will be
offered access to the confidential details of the algorithm to assess
its capabilities and publicly report their findings.
The chip is an important step in addressing the problem of
encryption's dual-edge sword: encryption helps to protect the privacy
of individuals and industry, but it also can shield criminals and
terrorists. We need the "Clipper Chip" and other approaches that can
both provide law-abiding citizens with access to the encryption they
need and prevent criminals from using it to hide their illegal
activities. In order to assess technology trends and explore new
approaches (like the key-escrow system), the President has directed
government agencies to develop a comprehensive policy on encryption
that accommodates:
-- the privacy of our citizens, including the need to
employ voice or data encryption for business purposes;
-- the ability of authorized officials to access telephone
calls and data, under proper court or other legal
order, when necessary to protect our citizens;
-- the effective and timely use of the most modern
technology to build the National Information
Infrastructure needed to promote economic growth and
the competitiveness of American industry in the global
marketplace; and
-- the need of U.S. companies to manufacture and export
high technology products.
The President has directed early and frequent consultations with
affected industries, the Congress and groups that advocate the privacy
rights of individuals as policy options are developed.
The Administration is committed to working with the private sector to
spur the development of a National Information Infrastructure which
will use new telecommunications and computer technologies to give
Americans unprecedented access to information. This infrastructure of
high-speed networks ("information superhighways") will transmit video,
images, HDTV programming, and huge data files as easily as today's
telephone system transmits voice.
Since encryption technology will play an increasingly important role
in that infrastructure, the Federal Government must act quickly to
develop consistent, comprehensive policies regarding its use. The
Administration is committed to policies that protect all Americans'
right to privacy while also protecting them from those who break the
law.
Further information is provided in an accompanying fact sheet. The
provisions of the President's directive to acquire the new encryption
technology are also available.
For additional details, call Mat Heyman, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, (301) 975-2758.
---------------------------------
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION'S
TELECOMMUNICATIONS INITIATIVE
Q: Does this approach expand the authority of government
agencies to listen in on phone conversations?
A: No. "Clipper Chip" technology provides law enforcement with
no new authorities to access the content of the private
conversations of Americans.
Q: Suppose a law enforcement agency is conducting a wiretap on
a drug smuggling ring and intercepts a conversation
encrypted using the device. What would they have to do to
decipher the message?
A: They would have to obtain legal authorization, normally a
court order, to do the wiretap in the first place. They
would then present documentation of this authorization to
the two entities responsible for safeguarding the keys and
obtain the keys for the device being used by the drug
smugglers. The key is split into two parts, which are
stored separately in order to ensure the security of the key
escrow system.
Q: Who will run the key-escrow data banks?
A: The two key-escrow data banks will be run by two independent
entities. At this point, the Department of Justice and the
Administration have yet to determine which agencies will
oversee the key-escrow data banks.
Q: How strong is the security in the device? How can I be sure
how strong the security is?
A: This system is more secure than many other voice encryption
systems readily available today. While the algorithm will
remain classified to protect the security of the key escrow
system, we are willing to invite an independent panel of
cryptography experts to evaluate the algorithm to assure all
potential users that there are no unrecognized
vulnerabilities.
Q: Whose decision was it to propose this product?
A: The National Security Council, the Justice Department, the
Commerce Department, and other key agencies were involved in
this decision. This approach has been endorsed by the
President, the Vice President, and appropriate Cabinet
officials.
Q: Who was consulted? The Congress? Industry?
A: We have on-going discussions with Congress and industry on
encryption issues, and expect those discussions to intensify
as we carry out our review of encryption policy. We have
briefed members of Congress and industry leaders on the
decisions related to this initiative.
Q: Will the government provide the hardware to manufacturers?
A: The government designed and developed the key access
encryption microcircuits, but it is not providing the
microcircuits to product manufacturers. Product
manufacturers can acquire the microcircuits from the chip
manufacturer that produces them.
Q: Who provides the "Clipper Chip"?
A: Mykotronx programs it at their facility in Torrance,
California, and will sell the chip to encryption device
manufacturers. The programming function could be licensed
to other vendors in the future.
Q: How do I buy one of these encryption devices?
A: We expect several manufacturers to consider incorporating
the "Clipper Chip" into their devices.
Q: If the Administration were unable to find a technological
solution like the one proposed, would the Administration be
willing to use legal remedies to restrict access to more
powerful encryption devices?
A: This is a fundamental policy question which will be
considered during the broad policy review. The key escrow
mechanism will provide Americans with an encryption product
that is more secure, more convenient, and less expensive
than others readily available today, but it is just one
piece of what must be the comprehensive approach to
encryption technology, which the Administration is
developing.
The Administration is not saying, "since encryption
threatens the public safety and effective law enforcement,
we will prohibit it outright" (as some countries have
effectively done); nor is the U.S. saying that "every
American, as a matter of right, is entitled to an
unbreakable commercial encryption product." There is a
false "tension" created in the assessment that this issue is
an "either-or" proposition. Rather, both concerns can be,
and in fact are, harmoniously balanced through a reasoned,
balanced approach such as is proposed with the "Clipper
Chip" and similar encryption techniques.
Q: What does this decision indicate about how the Clinton
Administration's policy toward encryption will differ from
that of the Bush Administration?
A: It indicates that we understand the importance of encryption
technology in telecommunications and computing and are
committed to working with industry and public-interest
groups to find innovative ways to protect Americans'
privacy, help businesses to compete, and ensure that law
enforcement agencies have the tools they need to fight crime
and terrorism.
Q: Will the devices be exportable? Will other devices that use
the government hardware?
A: Voice encryption devices are subject to export control
requirements. Case-by-case review for each export is
required to ensure appropriate use of these devices. The
same is true for other encryption devices. One of the
attractions of this technology is the protection it can give
to U.S. companies operating at home and abroad. With this
in mind, we expect export licenses will be granted on a
case-by-case basis for U.S. companies seeking to use these
devices to secure their own communications abroad. We plan
to review the possibility of permitting wider exportability
of these products.
|~~ END
---
HINTERLAND WHO'S WHO - 800 EXCHANGES
Lister
Exchanges - 800 Service
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
20| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
21| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
22| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | LDL | AT&T | MIC | AT&T | AT&T | C&W |
23| NTK | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | MCI | AT&T | SCH | AT&T | AT&T |Delta |
24| SIR | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
25| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | TTU | AT&T | LSI | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
26| ---- | SCH | AT&T |CanCO | ICT |CanSWO| COM |CanEO |CanTor| FDG |
27| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | MCI | ITT | ONE | SNT | ---- | MAL |
28| ADG | ---- | AT&T | MCI | MCI | ---- | ---- | ---- | MCI | MCI |
29| ---- | ---- | AT&T | PRO | ---- | ---- | ---- | ARE | ---- | CDC |
30| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
31| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
32| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | HNI | AT&T |Sprint| AT&T | AT&T | TET |
33| TET | AT&T | AT&T | MCI | AT&T | SCH | AT&T | FST | AT&T | ---- |
34| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T |Sprint| AT&T | DCT |
35| COM | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | ---- | AT&T |Sprint|
36| ---- |CanMtl| AT&T |CanMtl| HNI | MCI |Sprint| AT&T | AT&T |Teleco|
37|Teleco| ---- | AT&T |Teleco| ---- |ATCCig| ---- |Telnet| ---- | ---- |
38| ---- | ---- | AT&T |Teleco| FDT |Hedges| TBQ |CanTor| MCI | ---- |
39| ---- | ---- | AT&T | EXF | ---- | MCI | ---- |Teleco| ---- |Americ|
40| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
41| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
42| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | TTH | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | ---- |
43| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AGN | AT&T | IDN | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
44| TXN | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | MCI | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
45| USL | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | ALN | ---- | MCI | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
46| ---- |CanNCO| AT&T |CanEQu| ---- |CanNWO| ALN | ICT | AT&T | ---- |
47| ---- | ALN | AT&T |Sprint| ---- |Teleco|Teleco| MCI |Alascm| ---- |
48| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- |Teleco|Teleco| C&W |Sprint|Sprint| TOM |
49| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
50| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
51| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
52| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T |Midco |
53| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | ALN | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
54| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T |Sprint| AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
55| CMA | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T |[Diry]| AT&T | ALN | AT&T | ---- |
56| ---- |CanNB | AT&T |CanNfl| ---- |CanNSP| ALN |CanWQu| ---- | ---- |
57| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | AMM | ---- | ---- |Telnet| ---- | LNS |
58| WES | ---- | AT&T |Teleco|Teleco| ---- |Action| LTQ |Action| LGT |
59| ---- | ---- | AT&T |Teleco|Teleco| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
60| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
61| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
62| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | NLD | AT&T | MCI | AT&T | ---- |
63| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | CQU | AT&T | AT&T | BUR |
64| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | CMA | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
65| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- |Teleco|Teleco| ---- |
66| ---- |CanAlb| AT&T |CanBC |Sprint|CanMan| MCI |CanSsk|CanTor|Sprint|
67| ---- | ---- | AT&T |Teleco|Teleco| ---- |Sprint| MCI | MCI | ---- |
68| ---- | ---- | AT&T | MTD | ---- | ---- | LGT | NTS | MCI | ---- |
69| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | MCI | ---- | ---- | NYC | PLG |
70| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
71| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
72| TGN | ---- | AT&T | ---- | RCI | SAN |Sprint| MCI |Teleco|Sprint|
73| ---- | ---- | AT&T |Sprint| ---- |Sprint|Sprint| MEC | MEC | ---- |
74| ---- | MIC | AT&T | EDS | ---- |Sprint| ---- |Teleco|Teleco|Teleco|
75| ---- | ---- | AT&T | MCI | TSH | SPR | ---- | TID | ---- | MCI |
76| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- |Alascm| MCI | MCI |Sprint| SNT | ---- |
77| GCN | SNT | AT&T | CTI | ---- | ---- |Sprint| MCI |Sprint|Teleco|
78|Teleco| ---- | AT&T | ALN |Allnet| SNH |(Futu)| ---- | ---- | TMU |
79| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | TID |Teleco| ---- |
80|Sprint| ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
81| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
82| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | THA | AT&T | MCI | AT&T |Sprint| AT&T |Sprint|
83| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | AT&T |Teleco|Teleco| ---- | Star |
84| ---- | AT&T | AT&T | AT&T | LDD | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | AT&T | ---- |
85| TKC | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | AT&T | AT&T | ---- | TLS | AT&T | ---- |
86| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ALN | TEN | ---- | MCI | ---- | SNT |Sprint|
87| ---- | ---- | AT&T | MCI | AT&T | ALN | MCI |Sprint| ALN | MCI |
88| NAS | NAS | AT&T | ---- |Sprint| AT&T | ALN | ETS | MCI | ---- |
89| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | ---- | TXN | ---- | CGI | C&W |
90| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
91| ---- | ---- |(Pagr)| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
92| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ALN | ---- | ---- | MCI |Sprint| CIS | ---- |
93| ---- | ---- | AT&T | MCI | ---- | ---- |R-Comm| MCI | ---- | ---- |
94| TSF | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
95| MCI |PhAmer| AT&T | ---- | ---- | MCI | ---- | ---- |[T-??]|[T-??]|
96| CNO | ---- | AT&T | SOC | ---- | ---- | C&W | ---- | TED | C&W |
97| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
98| ---- | ---- | AT&T | WUT | ---- | ---- | WUT | ---- | WUT | C&W |
99| ---- | ---- | AT&T | ---- | ---- | ---- | Valu | ---- | ---- | MCI |
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Exchanges - 800 Service - Appendix
Abbreviations of carriers/regions used in the table:
Action - Action Telecom Co.
ADG - Advantage Network, Inc.
AGN - AMRIGON
Alascm - ALASCOM
Allnet - Allnet Communication Services
Americ - AmeriCall Corporation (Calif.)
AMM - Access Long Distance
ARE - American Express TRS
AT&T - AT&T
ATCCig - ATC Cignal Communications
BUR - Burlington Tel.
C&W - Cable & Wireless Comm.
CanAlb - Telecom Canada/Alberta (403)
CanBC - Telecom Canada/British Columbia (604)
CanCO - Telecom Canada/Central Ontario (416)
CanEO - Telecom Canada/Eastern Ontario (613)
CanEQu - Telecom Canada/Eastern Quebec (418)
CanMan - Telecom Canada/Manitoba (204)
CanMtl - Telecom Canada/Montreal Area (514)
CanNB - Telecom Canada/New Brunswick (506)
CanNfl - Telecom Canada/Newfoundland (709)
CanNCO - Telecom Canada/North Central Ontario (705)
CanNSP - Telecom Canada/Nova Scotia, PEI (902)
CanNWO - Telecom Canada/NW Ontario (807)
CanSsk - Telecom Canada/Saskatchewan (306)
CanSWO - Telecom Canada/SW Ontario (519)
CanTor - Telecom Canada/Toronto Area (416)
CanWQu - Telecom Canada/Western Quebec (819)
CDC - ClayDesta Communications
CNO - COMTEL of New Orleans
COM - COM Systems
CQU - ConQuest Comm. Corp
CTI - Compu-Tel Inc.
DCT - Direct Communications, Inc.
Delta - Delta Communications, Inc.
EDS - Electronic Data Systems Corp.
ETS - Eastern Telephone Systems, Inc.
EXF - Execulines of Florida, Inc.
FDG - First Digital Network
FDN - Florida Digital Network
FDT - Friend Technologies
FST - First Data Resources
GCN - General Communications, Inc.
Hedges - Hedges Communications
HNI - Houston Network, Inc.
ITT - United States Transmission System
LDD - LDDS-II, Inc.
LDL - Long Distance for Less
LGT - LITEL
LNS - Lintel Systems
LSI - Long Distance Savers
LTQ - Long Distance for Less
MAL - MIDAMERICAN
MCI - MCI Telecommunications Corp.
MDE - Meade Associates
MEC - Mercury, Inc.
MIC - Microtel, Inc.
Midco - Midco Communications
MTD - Metromedia Long Distance
NLD - National Data Corp.
NTK - Network Telemanagement Svcs.
NTS - NTS Communications
ONC - OMNICALL, Inc.
ONE - One Call Communications, Inc.
PhAmer - Phone America
PHE - Phone Mail, Inc.
PLG - Pilgrim Telephone Co.
PRO - PROTO-COL
R-Comm - R-Comm
RCI - RCI Corporation
SAN - Satelco
SCH - Schneider Communications
SIR - Southern Interexchange Services
SLS - Southland Systems, Inc.
SNH - Sunshine Telephone Co.
SNT - SouthernNet, Inc.
SOC - State of California
Sprint - U.S. Telcom, Inc. (U.S. Sprint)
Star - STAR-LINE
TBQ - Telecable Corp.
TED - TeleDial America
Teleco - Teleconnect
Telnet - Telenet Comm. Corp.
TEN - Telesphere Network, Inc.
TET - Teltec Savings Communications Co.
TGN - Telemanagement Consult't Corp.
THA - Touch America
TID - TMC South Central Indiana
TKC - TK Communications, Inc.
TLS - TELE-SAV
TMU - Tel-America, Inc.
TOM - TMC of Montgomery
TSF - SOUTH-TEL
TSH - Tel-Share
TTH - Tele Tech, Inc.
TTU - Total-Tel USA
TXN - Tex-Net
USL - U.S. Link Long Distance
Valu - Valu-Line
WES - Westel
WUT - Western Union Telegraph Co.
Other abbreviations
(Futu) - for future assignment
(Pagr) - reserved for radio paging
[Diry] - Directory Assistance Exchange
[T-??] - reserved for testing
Notes on 800
------------
Where local telcos, such as Illinois Bell offer 800 service, they
purchase blocks of numbers from AT&T on prefixes assigned to AT&T. They
are free to purchase blocks of numbers from any carrier of their choice
however.
Often, exchanges of the form NN2 are used internally within an area code
or region, such as 552 or 772 in Saskatchewan, or for intra-state use.
Specific intra-state or intra-provincial uses are not mentioned in this
document.
The information was updated according to carriers accessible from Canada.
As far as can be determined, only the AT&T, MCI and Sprint 800 services
are accessible from Canada at present. However, 337 (assigned to First
Data Resources) seems to be connected to MCI. This could be due to the
purchase of some companies; the prefixes would then be assumed by the
buyer.
N0X/N1X prefixes for 800 service are starting to appear. The first widely
known one is 800 used by Sprint (as in 1 800 800 xxxx). This is the only
N(0/1)X prefix for 800 to be accessible from Canada at present.
---
POETRY CORNER
The Grappler - Essence
With the unquenchable thirst of an ocean
Death drinks of lifetimes in a flinch
I am but a cups worth of this
As meaningless as a glass of water
To know this is the mortal cross
we all must bear.
(C)1993 The Grappler
My Teddy Bear
Without my teddy bear, I cannot sleep.
I cannot breathe, or concentrate.
I cannot set my mind out straight,
but my teddy bear doesn't miss me.
Without my teddy bear, I cannot feel.
I play a game, I act in haste,
romantic thoughts are put to waste,
but my teddy bear doesn't miss me.
Without my teddy bear, I cannot see.
It's all pitch black, and in the day,
without a map, i've lost my way,
but my teddy bear doesn't miss me.
Without my teddy bear, I cannot smell.
There's no purfume, no sweet soft skin,
No hugs to be supported in,
but my teddy bear doesn't miss me.
Without my teddy bear, I cannot taste.
I cannot taste her loving kiss,
the interweaved celestial bliss,
but my teddy bear doesn't miss me.
My teddy bear, come back to me.
It sickens me to think you might,
alone and lost, be filled with fright,
and maybe, you might miss me.
(C)1993 Essence
Victim
Like ice, her cold heart controls her warm hands.
Inticing me to join her,
Inviting me to touch her,
She melts my heart but inside she is cruel.
My face her hands carressing,
My body, hers is blessing.
Intense her hatred runs right through her blood.
Her passion makes her sexy,
Her warm lips make her sexy.
I enter her, and let my heart breathe fire.
My fire, and love exhausted,
yet she has just molested,
Another Victim.
(C)1993 Essence
---
OFFICIAL [CiSSD] BAD-ASS BELLCORE GLOSSARY
Lister
The following I picked up in my travels on the Internet. I
rarely find a COMPREHENSIVE glossary like this one. Although it is
intended for Bellcore employees, it has obvious uses for social
engineering; or just for reference. All in all, it makes and interesting
read and I hope you benefit out of it..
A & B LEADS
Designation of leads derived from the midpoints of the two
pairs comprising a 4-wire circuit.
ABBREVIATED DIALING
Preprogramming of a caller's phone system or long distance
company's switch to recognize a 2- to 4-digit number as an
abbreviation for a frequently dialed phone number, and
automatically dial the whole number.
Synonym: Speed Dialing.
ACCESS CHARGE
Monies collected by local phone companies for use of their
circuits to originate and terminate long distance calls.
Can be per minute fees levied on long distance companies,
Subscriber Line Charges (SLCs) levied directly on regular
local lines, fixed monthly fees for special telco circuits
(ie. WAL, DAL,T-1), or Special Access Surcharge (SAS) on
special access circuits.
ACCESS LINE
A telephone circuit which connects a customer location to
a network switching center.
AIRLINE MILEAGE
Calculated point-to-point mileage between terminal
facilities.
ALL TRUNKS BUSY (ATB)
A single tone interrupted at a 120 ipm (impulses per
minute) rate to indicate all lines or trunks in a routing
group are busy.
ALTERNATE ROUTE
A secondary communications path used to reach a
destination if the primary path is unavailable.
ALTERNATE USE
The ability to switch communications facilities from one
type to another, i.e., voice to data, etc.
ALTERNATE VOICE DATA (AVD)
A single transmission facility which can be used for
either voice or data.
ANALOG SIGNAL
A signal in the form of a continuous varying physical
quantity, e.g., voltage which reflects variations in some
quantity, e.g., loudness in the human voice.
ANNUNCIATOR
An audible intercept device that states the condition or
restrictions associated with circuits or procedures.
ANSWER BACK
An electrical and/or visual indication to the calling or
sending end that the called or received station is on
the line.
ANSWER SUPERVISION
An electrical signal fed back up the line by the local
telephone company at the distant end of a long distance
call to indicate positively the call has been answered by
the called party. Tells billing equipment to start timing
the call.
AREA CODE
A three digit number identifying more than 150 geographic
areas of the United States and Canada which permits direct
distance dialing on the telephone system. A similar
global numbering plan has been established for
international subscriber dialing.
Synonym: Numbering Plan Area (NPA).
ATTENDANT POSITION
A telephone switchboard operator's position. It provides
either automatic (cordless) or manual (plug and jack)
operator controls for incoming and/or outgoing telephone
calls.
ATTENTUATION
A general term used to denote the decrease in power
between that transmitted and that received due to loss
through equipment, lines, or other transmission devices.
It is usually expressed as a ratio in dB (decibel).
AUDIBLE RINGING TONE
An audible signal heard by the calling party during the
ringing-interval.
AUTHORIZATION CODE
A 5- to 14-digit number entered using a touch-tone phone
to identify the caller as a customer of the long distance
service. Used primarily before Equal Access as a way to
verify the caller as a customer and bill calls.
AUTO ANSWER
A machine feature that allows a transmission control unit
or station to automatically respond to a call that it
receives.
AUTOMATIC CALL DISTRIBUTOR (ACD)
A switching system designed to queue and/or distribute a
large volume of incoming calls to a group of attendants to
the next available "answering" position.
AUTOMATIC DIALING UNIT
A device which is programmed with frequently called
numbers. The caller presses one to three digits and the
preprogrammed number is automatically dialed into the
phone circuit.
AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF OUTWARD DIALING (AIOD)
The ability of some centrex units to provide an itemized
breakdown of charges (including individual charges for
toll calls) for calls made by each telephone extension.
AUTOMATIC NUMBER IDENTIFICATION (ANI)
On long distance calls, the process by which the local
phone company passes a caller's local billing phone number
to his/her long distance company when a "1+" or "10-XXX"
call is made. With ANI a caller's long distance carrier
knows who (what phone number) to bill without requiring
the caller to enter any extra digits to be identified.
AUTOMATIC ROUTE SELECTION (ARS)
Synonym: Least Cost Routing
BAND
(1) The range of frequencies between two defined limits.
(2) In reference to WATS, one of the five specific
geographic areas as defined by the carrier.
Synonym: Bandwidth.
BANDWIDTH
see BAND.
BASEBAND
The total frequency band occupied by the aggregate of
all the voice and data signals used to modulate a radio
carrier.
BAUD
A unit of signaling speed. The speed in Baud is the number
of discrete conditions or signal elements per second. If
each signal event represents only one bit condition, then
Baud is the same as bits per second. Baud does not equal
bits per second.
BLOCKED CALLS
Attempted calls that are not connected because (1) all
lines to the central offices are in use; or (2) all
connecting paths through the PBX/switch are in use.
BREAK
A means of interrupting transmission, a momentary
interruption of a circuit.
BREAKEVEN POINT
Level of usage at which the total cost of a service with a
high fixed up-front monthly fee but low minute costs
becomes equal to the total cost of another service with
low (or zero) monthly fee but relatively high per minute
cost. At usage levels higher than breakeven, the service
with the high monthly fee is cheaper.
BROADBAND
A transmission facility having a bandwidth of greater than
20 kHz.
BUS
A heavy conductor, or group of conductors, to which
several units of the same type of equipment may be
connected.
BUSY
The condition in which facilities over which a call is to
be transmitted are already in use.
BUSY HOUR
The time of day when phone lines are most in demand.
BUSY TONE
A single tone that is interrupted at 60 ipm (impulses per
minute) to indicate that the terminal point of a call is
already in use.
BYPASS
The direct connection to customer-premises equipment by an
IC. This occurs when an IC connects its own facilities
(or facilities leased from a non-BOC entity) directly to
an end user's premises, circumventing the use of the BOC
network..
CARRIER
A long distance company which uses primarily its own
transmission facilities, as opposed to resellers which
lease or buy most or all transmission facilities from
carriers. Many people refer to any type of long distance
company, whether it has its own network or not, as a
carrier, so the term is not as restrictive as it used to
be.
CARRIER ACCESS CODE (CAC)
The sequence an end user dials to obtain access to the
switched services of a carrier. Carrier Access Codes for
Feature Group D are composed of five digits, in the form
10XXX, where XXX is the Carrier Identification Code.
CARRIER COMMON LINE CHARGE (CCLC)
A per minute charge paid by long distance companies to
local phone companies for the use of local public switched
networks at either or both ends of a long distance call.
This charge goes to pay part of the cost of telephone
poles, wires, etc.
CARRIER IDENTIFICATION CODE (CIC)
The three-digit number that uniquely identifies a carrier.
The Carrier Identification Code is indicated by XXX in the
Carrier Access Code. The same code applies to an
individual carrier throughout the area served by the North
American Numbering Plan.
CARRIER SYSTEM
A system for providing several communications channels
over a single path.
CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO
A high capacity land mobile radio system in which an
assigned frequency spectrum is divided into discrete
channels that are assigned to a cellular geographic
serving area.
CENTRAL OFFICE (CO)
With local telephone companies, the nearby building
containing the local telco switch which provides local
telephone service. Also the physical point where calls
enter the long distance network. Sometimes referred to as
Class 5 office, end office, or Local Dial Office.
CENTREX, CO
PBX Service provided by a switch located at the telephone
company central office.
CENTREX, CU
A variation on Centrex CO provided by a telephone company
maintained "Central Office" type switch located at the
customer's premises.
CHANNEL
A communications path via a carrier or microwave radio.
CIRCUIT
A path for the transmission of electromagnetic signals to
include all conditioning and signaling equipment.
Synonym: Facility.
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
A switching system that completes a dedicated transmission
path from sender to receiver at the time of transmission.
CISSD
An elite group of hackers and phreakers with the skills to
bring the h/p scene into the 21st century. Unlike other
more conventional groups, CiSSD holds revolutionary and
new ideas that bing a fresh new perspective the the h/p
community.
Synonym: HeLL Inc.
CLASS OF SERVICE/CLASS MARK (COS)
A subgrouping of telephone customers or users for the sake
of rate distinction or limitation of service.
COAXIAL CABLE
A cable with a solid outer shield, a space and then a
solid inner conductor. The electromagnetic wave travels
between the outer shield and the conductor. It can carry a
much higher band width than a wire pair.
CODEC
Coder-Decoder. Used to convert analog signals to digital
form for transmission over a digital median and back again
to the original analog form.
COMMON CARRIER
A government regulated private company that provides the
general public with telecommunications services and
facilities.
COMMON CHANNEL INTEROFFICE SIGNALING (CCIS)
A digital technology used by AT&T to enhance their
Integrated Services Digital Network. It uses a separate
data line to route interoffice signals to provide faster
call set-up and more efficient use of trunks.
COMMON CONTROL SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT (CCSA)
The use of carrier switches under a carrier's control as
part of a customer's private network. The carrier's
software controls and switches the customer's calls over
private lines the customer has rented. Control of the
switch and switching functions is done in common for all
users using the software and switching system.
CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
Equipment modifications or adjustments necessary to match
transmission levels and impedances and which equalize
transmission and delay to bring circuit losses, levels,
and distortion within established standards.
CONFIGURATION
The combination of long-distance services and/or equipment
that make up a communications system.
CONTROL UNIT (CU)
The central processor of a telephone switching device.
COST COMPONENT
The price of each type of long distance service and/or
equipment that constitutes a configuration.
CROSS CONNECTION
The wire connections running between terminals on the two
sides of a distribution frame, or between binding posts in
a terminal.
CROSS TALK
The unwanted energy (speech or tone) transferred from one
circuit to another circuit.
CUSTOMER ACCESS LINE CHARGE (CALC)
The FCC-imposed monthly surcharge added to all local lines
to recover a portion of the cost of telephone poles,
wires, etc., from end users. Before deregulation, a large
part of these costs were financed by long distance users
in the form of higher charges.
CUSTOMER OWNED AND MAINTAINED (COAM)
Customer provided communications apparatus and associated
wiring.
CUSTOMER PREMISE EQUIPMENT (CPE)
Telephone equipment, usually including wiring located
within the customer's part of a building.
CUT
To transfer a service from one facility to another.
CUT THROUGH
The establishment of a complete path for signaling and/or
audio communications.
DATA SET
A device which converts data into signals suitable for
transmission over communications lines.
DATA TERMINAL
A station in a system capable of sending and/or receiving
data signals.
DECIBEL (dB)
A unit measurement represented as a ratio of two voltages,
currents or powers and is used to measure transmission
loss or gain.
DEDICATED ACCESS LINE (DAL)
An analog special access line going from a caller's own
equipment directly to a long distance company's switch or
POP. Usually provided by a local telephone company. The
line may go through the local telco Central Office, but
the local telco does not switch calls on this line.
DELAY DIAL
A dialing configuration whereby local dial equipment will
wait until it receives the entire telephone number before
seizing a circuit to transmit the call.
DELTA MODULATION (DM)
A variant of pulse code modulation whereby a code
representing the difference between the amplitude of a
sample and the amplitude of the previous one is sent.
Operates well in the presence of noise, but requires a
wide frequency band.
DEMODULATION
The process of retrieving data from a modulated signal.
DIAL LEVEL
The selection of stations or services associated with a
PBX using a one to four digit code (e.g., dialing 9 for
access to outside dial tone).
DIAL PULSING
The transmitting of telephone address signals by
momentarily opening a DC circuit a number of times
corresponding to the decimal digit which is dialed.
DIAL REPEATING TIE LINE/DIAL REPEATING TIE TRUNK
A tie line arrangement which permits direct trunk to trunk
connections without use of the attendant.
DIAL SELECTIVE SIGNALING
A multipoint network in which the called party is selected
by a prearranged dialing code.
DIAL TONE
A tone indicating that automatic switching equipment is
ready to receive dial signals.
DIALING PLAN
A description of the dialing arrangements for customer use
on a network.
DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING (DDD)
A basic toll service that permits customers to dial their
own long distance call without the aid of an operator.
DIRECT INWARD DIALING (DID)
A PBX or CENTREX feature that allows a customer outside
the system to directly dial a station within the system.
DIRECT OUTWARD DIALING
A PBX or CENTREX feature that allows a station user to
gain direct access to an exchange network.
DROP
The portion of outside telephone plant which extends from
the telephone distribution cable to the subscriber's
premises.
DRY CIRCUIT
A circuit which transmits voice signals and carries no
direct current.
DUAL TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY (DTMF)
Also known as Touch-Tone. A type of signaling which emits
two distinct frequencies for each indicated digit.
DUPLEX
Simultaneous two-way independent transmission.
DUPLEX SIGNALING
A long-range bidirectional signaling method using paths
derived from transmission cable pairs. It is based on a
balanced and symmetrical circuit that is identical at both
ends. This circuit presents an E&M lead interface to
connecting circuits.
ECHO
A signal that has been reflected or otherwise returned
with sufficient magnitude and delay to be perceived by the
speaker.
ECHO RETURN LOSS (ERL)
The loss which must be in the echo path to reduce echo to
a tolerable amount.
ECHO SUPPRESSOR
A device which detects speech signals transmitted in
either direction on a four-wire circuit, and introduces
loss in the direction of transmission.
EITHER END HOP OFF (EEHO)
In private networks, a switch program that allows a call
destined for an off-net location to be placed into the
public network at either the closest switch to the
origination or to the destination. The choice is usually
by time of day. Uses either Head End Hop Off or Tail End
Hop Off.
ELECTRONIC KEY TELEPHONE SETS (EKTS)
A generic term indicating key telephones with built-in
microprocessors which allow access to PBX-like features as
well as access to multiple CO lines, using 2 to 4 pair
wiring.
ELECTRONIC SWITCH
Modern programmable switch (often denoted ESS, for
Electronic Switching System) used in most BOC telephone
companies, many independent telephone companies, and by
virtually all new long distance companies. Completely
solid state electronics, as opposed to older
electro-mechanical switches.
ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM (ESS)
Used as a station instrument on a PBX. Also a Bell System
term for electronic exchange switching equipment.
ELECTRONIC TANDEM NETWORK (ETN)
(1) A private network automatically and electronically
connecting the calling office to the called office through
Tandem-Tie Trunks. The network switches also function as
PBXs. (2) An AT&T product name. (3) Used as a generic term
for a PBX base network.
ENHANCED PRIVATE SWITCHED COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE (EPSCS)
A private network utilizing Bell provided equipment
located in the central office and dedicated to a specific
customer.
E&M LEADS
A pair of leads which carry signals between trunk
equipment and separate signaling equipment unit. The M
lead transmits battery or ground signals to the signaling
equipment, and the E lead receives open or ground signals
from the signaling equipment.
E&M SIGNALING
An arrangement whereby signaling between a trunk circuit
and an associated signaling unit is effected over two
leads providing full-time, 2-way, 2-level supervision.
ENTERPRISE NUMBER
A unique telephone exchange number that permits the called
party to be automatically billed for incoming calls.
EQUAL ACCESS
Reprogramming of Local Exchange Company (LEC) switches to
allow other long distance companies besides AT&T to be the
"1+" primary long distance company for users of long
distance (by creating a new type of Feature Group access
circuit, FGD). Also provides "10-XXX" dialing for
secondary and casual calling, generates true hardware
Answer Supervision when calls are terminated over FGD
circuits, and provides ANI (Automatic Number
Identification) on originating calls.
EQUALIZATION
The procedure of compensating for fluctuation in circuit
amplitude, delay, or distortion.
ERLANG
A unit of traffic intensity. One Erlang is the intensity
at which one traffic path would be continuously occupied,
e.g. one call per hour.
ERLANG B TABLE
A widely used table derived from a mathematical formula
which allows the determination of the traffic capacity of
a given group of circuits.
EXCHANGE
A telephone switching center.
EXCHANGE NETWORK FACILITIES FOR INTERSTATE ACCESS (ENFIA)
AT&T's pricing arrangement for local loops offered to OCCs
for connecting the OCC's network to the local telephone
company's central office.
EXTENDED AREA SERVICE (EAS)
Adding expanded local calling areas to a caller's basic
local calling area for a (generally) small additional
monthly fee. The EAS local calls can be either free
(after a small additional monthly fee is paid) or at a
cost of reduced per call charges.
FACILITIES
Typically refers to transmission lines or circuits, or
long distance services. A caller's facilities are the
circuits available to make calls.
FACSIMILE
The transmission of pictures, maps or other documents via
communications circuits using a device which scans the
original document, transforms the image into coded signals
and reproduces the original document at a distant point.
FEATURE GROUP A
Line-side originating and terminating LATA access for
which an originating subscriber dials an assigned
telephone number that connects to a specific IC. The IC
returns a tone to signal the caller to input additional
tone-generated digits of the called number.
FEATURE GROUP B
Trunk-side originating and terminating LATA access for
which an originating subscriber dials a 950-WXXX number
(where W=0,1 and XXX is the Carrier Access Code), which is
translated to a specified XXX carrier trunk group.
Optional rotary dial service and ANI may be available.
FEATURE GROUP C
Trunk-side LATA access for AT&T, generally, on a direct
basis between each EO and an AT&T switching system.
FEATURE GROUP D
Also referred to as "Equal Access," Feature Group D is
trunk-side LATA access affording call supervision to an
IC, a uniform access code (10XXX), optional calling-party
identification, recording of access-charge billing
details, and presubscription to a customer-specified IC.
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC)
The government agency established by the Communications
Act of 1934 which regulates the interstate communications
industry.
FIBER OPTICS
High speed transmission using light to send images (in
telecommunications: voice or data) through a flexible
bundle of glass fibers.
FOUR WIRE CIRCUITS
Circuits which use two separate one-way transmission paths
of two wires each, as opposed to regular local lines which
usually only have two wires to carry conversations in both
directions. One set of wires carries conversation in one
direction, the other in the opposite direction.
FREQUENCY
The number of complete cycles per unit of time.
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
The division of an available frequency range (bandwidth)
into various subdivisions, each having enough bandwidth to
carry one voice or data channel.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
The reaction of frequencies to the circuit components.
FULL DUPLEX
A circuit which allows transmission of a message in both
directions at the same time.
Synonym: 4-wire.
FULL PERIOD
Relates to private line service, which is rented for the
exclusive use of a single customer for an entire month.
FX (FOREIGN EXCHANGE) SERVICE
A service which allows a customer to appear to have a
local presence in a distant part of town or, a different
town altogether, by connecting his/her phone directly to a
local business line in a part of town with a different
exchange than his/her local calling area over a leased
private line, or to a local telco in a distant town
through long haul private lines purchased from a long
distance carrier.
GRADE OF SERVICE
The probability of a call being blocked by busy trunks,
expressed as a decimal fraction, and usually meaning the
busy-hour probability.
GROUP
12 circuits processed as a unit in a carrier system.
HALF DUPLEX
A circuit for transmitting or receiving signals in one
direction at a time.
HARDWIRE
To wire or cable directly between units of equipment.
HARMONIC
The full multiple of a base frequency.
HARMONIC DISTORTION
The ratio, expressed in decibels, of the power at the
fundamental frequency, to the power of a harmonic of that
fundamental.
HEAD END HOP OFF (HEHO)
A method of traffic engineering whereby calls are
completed by using long distance facilities directly off
the switch that serves that location.
HERTZ (Hz)
International standard unit of frequency. Replaces, and is
identical to, the order unit "Cycles-per-second."
HOMING
Returning to the starting position, as in a rotary
stepping switch.
HOOKSWITCH
The device on which the telephone receiver hangs or on
which a telephone handset hangs or rests when not in use.
The weight of the receiver or handset operates a switch
which opens the telephone circuit, leaving only the bell
connected to the line.
HOT-CUT
Virtually instantaneous replacement of one line with
another.
HYBRID
An electronic circuit which performs the wire conversions
necessary for the connection of a local loop with a long-
haul facility.
INTERCEPT
To stop a telephone call directed to an improper telephone
number, and redirect that call to an operator or a
recording.
INTERCONNECT
(1) The arrangement that permits the connection of
customer's telecommunications equipment to a
communications common carrier network. (2) The industry
name for manufacturers, excluding the Bell system, which
provide telephone equipment for the customer premises.
INTER-EXCHANGE MILEAGE (IXC)
The airline mileage between two cities.
Synonym: Long Haul Mileage.
INTEREXCHANGE PLANT
The facilities between the subscriber switching center and
another switching center.
INTERFACE
The junction or point of interconnection between two
systems or equipment having different characteristics.
INTERFERENCE
Any unwanted noise or crosstalk on a communications
circuit which acts to reduce the intelligibility of the
desired signal or speech.
INTER-MACHINE TRUNK (IMT)
A circuit which connects two automatic switching centers.
INTER-OFFICE TRUNK (IOT)
A direct trunk between local exchange offices.
INTERNATIONAL RECORD CARRIER (IRC)
Carriers providing international telecommunications
services, including voice, telex, and data communications.
INTERSTATE
Any connection made between two states.
INTRASTATE
Any connection made that remains within the boundaries of
a single state.
JITTER
Short term instability of the amplitude and/or phase of a
signal. Commonly called PHASE JITTER.
KEYSET
A telephone instrument having an appearance of two or more
telephone lines which can be accessed by depressing a
button (key) on the face of the set.
KEY SYSTEM
The equipment utilized to provide the features associated
with key sets, including keysets, multipair cable, key
service unit, distribution frames.
LEASED LINES
Any circuit or combination of circuits designated to be at
the exclusive disposal of a given subscriber.
Synonym: Private line; Full Period Line.
LEAST COST ROUTING (LCR)
A method of automatically selecting the least costly
facility for transmission of a call.
Synonym: Most Economical Route Selection (MERS);
Automatic Route Selection; Flexible Route Selection.
LEVEL
An expression of the relative signal strength at a point
in a communications circuit compared to a standard.
LOADING
A system for adding regularly spaced inductance units to a
circuit to improve its transmission characteristics.
LOCAL ACCESS AND TRANSPORT AREA (LATA)
A geographic area (called "exchange" or "exchange area" in
the MFJ) within each BOC's franchised area that has been
established by a BOC in accordance with the provisions of
the MFJ for the purpose of defining the territory within
which a BOC may offer its telecommunications services.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
Intraoffice communication system usually used to provide
data transmission in addition to voice transmission.
LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIER (LEC)
A local telephone company, either one of the Bell
Operating Companies or one of the 1400+ independent local
telephone companies.
LOCAL LOOP
The local connection between the end user and the Class 5
central office.
LONG HAUL
Circuits spanning considerable distances.
LOOP BACK
A method of performing transmission tests on a circuit not
requiring the assistance of personnel at the distant end.
LOOP SIGNALING
Any of the three signaling methods which use the metallic
loop formed by the trunk conductors and the terminating
equipment bridges.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)
The point where outside plant cables terminate and from
which they cross connect to terminal or central office
line equipment.
MAIN PBX
A PBX directly connected to a tandem switch via an access
trunk group.
MANUAL TIE LINE
A tie line which requires the assistance of an attendant
at both ends of the circuit in order to complete a call.
MASTER GROUP (MG)
240 circuits processed as a unit in a carrier system.
MESSAGE TELEPHONE SERVICE (MTS)
AT&T's tariffed pricing name for long distance telephone
calls.
MESSAGE UNIT (MU)
A local toll rate calling plan which is time and distance
sensitive.
MICROWAVE (M/W)
Radio transmission using very short lengths, corresponding
to a frequency of 1,000 megahertz or greater.
Synonym: Microwave Radio.
MICROWAVE RADIO
Synonym: Microwave.
MODEM
A device which modulates and demodulates signals on a
carrier frequency and allows the interface of digital
terminals with analog carrier systems.
MODIFIED FINAL JUDGEMENT (MFJ)
The agreement between the U.S. Department of Justice and
AT&T governing the breakup of the pre-Divestiture Bell
System into AT&T and 22 Bell Operating Companies and other
entities. On August 26, 1982, U.S. District Court Judge
Harold Greene accepted, with modifications, an
AT&T/Justice Department settlement terminating the
government's 1974 antitrust suit against AT&T. Judge
Greene's decree did away with the provisions of the 1956
consent decree that had kept AT&T out of competitive,
unregulated ventures.
MODULATION
Alterations in the characteristics of carrier waves.
Usually impressed on the amplitude and/or the frequency.
MONITORING DEVICE
Records data on calls placed through a company's telephone
system: number called, length of calls, calling location.
MOST ECONOMICAL ROUTE SELECTION (MERS)
Synonym: Least Cost Routing.
MULTIPLEXING
The act of combining a number of individual message
circuits for transmission over a common path. Two methods
are used: (1) frequency division, and (2) time division.
NETWORK
A collection of switches connected to one another by
transmission facilities.
NETWORK NUMBERING EXCHANGE (NXX)
The three digit location code representing the central
office. "N" may be any number between "2" and "9" and "X"
may be any number.
NETWORK TRUNKS
Circuits connecting switching centers.
NNX CODES
The 3-digit code used historically for local Exchange
Codes. "N" can be any number from 0 to 2, "X" can be any
digit. The current numbering plan allows for more
variation in assigning Exchange Codes, and under it
Exchange Codes are commonly referred to as "NXXs."
NODE
A major switching center of a network.
NON-BLOCKING
A switching network having a sufficient number of paths
such that a subscriber originating a call can always reach
any other idle subscriber without encountering a busy.
NUMBERING PLAN AREA (NPA)
A geographical division within which no two telephones
will have the same 7 digit number. "N" is any number
between "2" and "9"; "P" is always "1" or "0"; and "A" is
any number excluding "0". Commonly referred to as "area
code."
NXX CODES
The current general configuration for Exchange Codes
within each Area Code. See also: "NNX Codes"
OFFERED TRAFFIC
The number of call attempts in any specified period of
time.
OFF HOOK
The condition which results when a telephone is lifted
from its mounting, allowing the hookswitch to operate.
OFF-NETWORK ACCESS LINE (ONAL)
A local exchange (Feature Group access), Foreign Exchange,
or WATS line connecting both incoming and outgoing traffic
from a long distance company's network to the public
switched network. Generally a circuit leased by a long
distance carrier to be used by many customers not hooked
directly into the long distance carrier's network.
OFF NETWORK CALLING
Telephone calls through a private switching system and
transmission network which extend to the public telephone
system.
OFF PREMISES EXTENSION (OPX)
An extension telephone or keyset that is geographically
separated from its associated PBX.
ON HOOK
The condition which results when a telephone handset is
placed on its mounting, which causes the hook-switch to
open its contacts.
ON NETWORK CALLING
A term used to describe a call that originates and
terminates on a private network.
OPERATOR ASSISTED CALLS
Non-DDD calls requiring manual intervention.
ORIGINATING OFFICE
The central office that serves the calling party.
OTHER COMMON CARRIER (OCC)
A long distance company other than AT&T having many of its
own long distance circuits, either owned or leased. Some
people use OCC to refer to all AT&T long distance
competitors, including resellers, but this is not
technically correct.
OUT-OF-BAND
Any frequency outside the band used for voice frequencies.
OUT-OF-BAND SIGNALING
Use of narrow band filters to place the voice signal on a
carrier channel below 3,400 CPS, reserving the 3,400 -
3,700 CPS band for supervisory signals.
OVERBUILD
Adding radio capacity to a telecommunications network.
OVERFLOW
Switching equipment which operates when the traffic load
exceeds the capacity of the regular equipment.
PAD
A non-adjustable resistance network used to insert
transmission loss into a circuit.
PHASE JITTER
SEE Jitter
POINT OF PRESENCE (POP)
A physical location within a LATA at which an IC
establishes itself for the purpose of obtaining LATA
access and to which the BOC provides access services.
POINT-TO-POINT
A communications circuit between two terminations which
does not connect with a public telephone system.
PORT
Entrance or access point to a computer, multiplexor device
or network where signals may be supplied, extracted or
observed.
POSTAL TELEPHONE AND TELEPGRAPH (PTT)
Foreign government agencies responsible for regulating
communications.
PRIMARY AREA
A customer's local telphone calling area.
PRIMARY INTEREXCHANGE CARRIER (PIC)
The IC designated by a customer to provide inter-LATA
service automatically without requiring the customer to
dial an access code for that carrier.
PRIMARY ROUTING POINT
The switch designated as the control point for a longhaul
telephone call.
PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX)
A private phone system (switch) used by medium and large
companies which is connected to the public telephone
network (local telco) and performs a variety of in-house
routing and switching. User usually dial "9" to get
outside system to the local lines.
PRIVATE LINE (PL)
A full-time leased line directly connecting two points,
used soley by purchaser. The most common form is a tie
line connecting two pieces of a user's own phone equipment
- flat rate billing, not usage sensitive.
PRIVATE USE NETWORK
Two or more private line channels contracted for by a
customer and restricted for use by that customer only.
PUBLIC SWITCHED NETWORK (PSN)
The pre-Divestiture nationwide network maintained by AT&T
and the independent telephone companies which provides
nationwide, unrestricted telephone service.
PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISION (PUC)/PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (PSC)
The state commissions regulating intrastate
communications.
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
The form of modulation in which the information signals
are sampled at regular intervals and a series of pulses in
coded form are transmitted representing the amplitude of
the information signal at that time.
PULSE-LINK REPEATER
Connects one E&M signaling circuit directly to another.
PULSE MODULATION
The modulation of a series of pulses which represents
information - bearing signals. Typical methods involve
modifying the amplitude (PAM), width or duration (PWM) or
position (PPM). Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most
common modulation technique involved in telephone work.
PUSH BUTTON DIALING
Synonym: Dual Tone Multi-Frequency.
QUEUE
A temporary delay in providing service caused by the
inability of the system provided to handle the number of
messages or calls attempted.
RADIO COMMON CARRIER (RCC)
A communications common carrier that provides radio paging
and mobile telephone services to the public.
RATE CENTER
A specified geographic location used by the telephone
company to determine interchange mileage for rate
determination purposes.
REDUNDANCY
Duplicate equipment that is provided to minimize the
effect of failures or equipment breakdowns.
REGENERATION
The process of receiving distorted signal pulses and from
them recreating new pulses at the correct repetition rate,
pulse amplitude, and pulse width.
RE-HOMING
A major network change which involves moving customer
services from one switching center to another and
establishing the necessary trunking facilities to do so.
REMOTE ACCESS
The ability of transmission points to gain access to a
computer which is at a different location.
REPEATER
An electronic device used to amplify signals which have
become too weak.
REPEATING COIL
The telephone industry's term for a voice-frequency
transformer.
RESELLER
A long distance company that purchases large amounts of
transmission capacity or calls from other carriers and
resells it to smaller users.
RESTORATION
The re-establishment of service by rerouting, substitution
of component parts, or as otherwise determined.
RETARD COIL
A coil having a large inductance which retards sudden
changes of the current flowing through its winding.
RINGBACK TONE
Synonym: Audible Ringing Tone.
RINGDOWN
A circuit or method of signaling where the incoming signal
is actuated by alternating current over the circuit.
ROUTE DIVERSITY
Two (or more) private line channels (circuits) furnished
partially or entirely over two physically separate routes.
Serves to prevent total loss of service if one cable gets
cut or goes out.
ROUTE OPTIMIZATION
Synonym: Least Cost Routing.
ROTARY HUNT
An arrangement which allows calls placed to seek out an
idle circuit in a prearranged multi-circuit group and find
the next open line to establish a through circuit.
SATELLITE RELAY
An active or passive repeater in geosynchronous orbit
around the Earth which amplifies the signal it receives
before transmitting it back to earth.
SELECTIVE CALLING
The ability of a transmitting station to specify by the
use of assigned codes which of several stations is to
receive a message.
SERVICE AND EQUIPMENT RECORD
A list of equipment billed to customer by type, quantity,
monthly charge, location and billing dates.
SF SIGNALING (SINGLE-FREQUENCY)
A signaling system which uses a 2,600 Hz in-band signal on
the voice path. The tone is on in the idle condition,
pulsed for dialing, and off when the circuit is in use.
SHORT HAUL
Circuits designed for use over distances of 10-200 miles.
SIGNALING
The process of transferring information between two parts
of a telephone network to control the establishment of
communications between long distance carrier terminal
points, and customer equipment required for voice grade
dedicated circuits.
SIGNALING CONVERTER
A device with input and output signals that contain the
same information but employ different electrical systems
for transmitting that information. Used at the terminal
of a trunk to convert the equipment signals to the system
used on the trunk. Examples are: (1) ring down to SF,
(2) E&M to SF.
SIGNALING, IN-BAND
A type of signaling using an AC signal (usually 2,600 Hz)
within the normal voice band. This signal can be
transmitted from end to end of a long voice circuit
without an intermediate signaling equipment. Since the
signaling is audible, the signaling equipment must be
arranged for "tone on when idle" operation.
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Ratio of the signal power to the noise power in a
specified bandwidth, usually expressed in db.
SIMPLEX (SX) SIGNALING
A signaling path over a dry talking circuit which uses the
two sides of the circuit in parallel, derived by
connecting the midpoints of repeating coils or retardation
coils which are across the circuit.
SINGLE SIDEBAND RADIO (SSB)
A form of amplitude modulation of a radio signal in which
only one of the two sidebands is transmitted. Either of
the two sidebands may be transmitted, and the carrier may
be transmitted, reduced or suppressed.
SINGING
A continued whistle or howl in an amplified telephone
circuit. It occurs when the sum of the repeater gains
exceeds the sum of the circuit losses.
SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK (SDN)
A switched long distance service for very large users with
multiple locations. Instead of putting together their own
network, large users can get special usage rates for calls
made on regular long distance company switched long
distance services.
Synonym: Virtual Private Network.
SPECIAL GRADE NETWORK TRUNK
A trunk specially conditioned by providing amplitude and
delay equilization for the purpose of handling special
services such as medium-speed data (600 to 2400 BPS).
SPECIALIZED COMMON CARRIER (SCC)
Synonym: Other Common Carrier.
SPEED NUMBER
A one, three, or four digit number that replaces a seven
or ten digit telephone number. These numbers are
programmed into the switch in the carrier's office or in a
PBX.
STATION
Any customer location on a network capable of sending or
receiving messages or calls.
STATION MESSAGE DETAIL RECORDING (SMDR)
A computer generated report showing internal usage on a
telephone system. Usually including extension number,
trunk number used, phone number dialed, time of call,
duration and operator involvement.
STORE-AND-FORWARD
A technique in which a message is received from the
originator and held in storage until a circuit to the
addressee becomes available.
STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (SPC)
A system whereby the instructions are placed in the memory
of a commoncontrolled switching unit and to which it
refers while processing a call for instructions regarding
class marks, code conversions, routing, as well as for
trouble analysis.
SUPERGROUP (SG)
60 circuits processed as a unit in a carrier system.
SUPERMASTERGROUP (SMG)
600 circuits processed as a unit in a carrier system.
SUPERVISION
Synonym: Answer Supervision.
SUPERVISORY SIGNALS
A signal, such as "on-hook" or "off-hook," which indicates
whether a circuit or line is in use.
SWITCH
Equipment used to interconnect lines and trunks.
SWITCHED ACCESS
Connection between caller's phone system and switch of
chosen long distance carrier when a regular long distance
call using regular local lines is made. Also the
connection between the switch of caller's long distance
carrier in the distant city and the phone being called.
SWITCH HOOK
Synonym: Hookswitch.
SWITCHING
The operations involved in interconnecting circuits in
order to establish communications.
SWITCHING CENTER
A location at which telephone traffic, either local or
toll, is switched or connected from one circuit or line to
another.
SWITCHING OFFICE
A telephone company office which contains a switch.
T-1
24 voice channels digitized at 64,000 bps, combined into a
single 1.544 Mbps digital stream (8,000 bps signaling),
and carried over two pairs of regular copper telephone
wires. Used primarily by telephone companies until 1983.
Now used for dedicated local access to long distance
facilities, long-haul private lines, and for regular local
service. Today, most any 1.544 Mbps digital stream is
called T-1, regardless of its makeup or what the
transmission medium is.
T-CARRIER
A time-division, pulse-code modulation, voice carrier used
on exchange cable to provide short-haul trunks.
TAIL END HOP OFF (TEHO)
In a private network, a call which is carried over flat
rate facilities (Intermachine Trunks or IMT) to the
closest switch node to the destination of the call, and
then connected into the public network as a local call.
TANDEM
A switching arrangement in which the trunk from the
calling office is connected to a trunk to the called
office through an intermediate point.
TANDEM SWITCHING SYSTEM
Synonym: Tandem Tie Trunk Network.
TANDEM TIE TRUNK NETWORK (TTTN)
A serving arrangement which permits sequential connection
of tie trunks between PBX/CENTREX locations by utilizing
tandem operation.
TANDEM TRUNKING
Trunks which connect two or more switches together.
TARIFF
The published rates, regulations, and descriptions
governing the provisions of communications service.
TELCO
Local telephone company.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
The transmission of voice and/or data through a medium by
means of electrical impulses and includes all aspects of
transmitting information.
TELEGRAPH
A system employing the interruption of, or change in, the
polarity of DC current signaling to convey coded
information.
TELEPHONE
A device which converts acoustical (sound) energy into
electrical energy for transmission to a distant point.
TELETYPEWRITER
A machine used to transmit and/or receive communications
on printed page and/or tape.
TERMINAL
A point at which information can enter or leave a
communications network.
TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
Devices, apparatus and their associated interfaces used to
forward information to a local customer or distant
terminal.
TERMINATION
(1) An item that is connected to the terminal of a circuit
or equipment. (2) An impedance connected to the end of a
circuit being tested. (3)The points on a switching network
to which a trunk or line may be attached.
TIE-LINE
A private leased line linking two phones or phone systems
directly. Can ring distant phone automatically when
telephone is lifted from its mounting, or when a short
code is dialed.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
Equipment which enables the transmitting of a number of
signals over a single common path by transmitting them
sequentially at different instants of time.
TOLL CALL
Any call to a point outside the local service area.
TOLL CENTER
A central office where operators (human or mechanical) are
present to assist in completing incoming toll calls.
TOLL OFFICE
A center for the switching of toll calls.
TOLL PLANT
The facilities that connect toll offices throughout the
country.
TOLL RESTRICTION
A restriction in outgoing trunks which counts the first
three digits dialed and diverts calls to forbidden codes
either to a busy tone, to the operator, or to a recorded
announcement.
TOUCH-TONE ADAPTOR
A device that can be connected to a rotary dial telephone
to allow for DTMF signaling.
TRAFFIC
Calls being sent and received over a communications
network.
TRAFFIC MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEMS (TMRS)
A computer generated report showing usage information of
telephone systems. Usually this includes trunk
utilization, outages, queueing time, and the need for
additional common equipment.
TRAFFIC SERVICE POSITION SYSTEM (TSPS)
A toll switchboard position configured as a push button
console.
TRANSMISSION
The electrical transfer of a signal, message or other form
of data from one location to another without unacceptable
loss of information content due to attenuation,
distortion, or noise.
TRANSMISSION LEVEL
The level of power of a signal, normally 1,000 Hz, which
should be measured at a particular reference point.
TRANSMISSION SPEED
Number of pulses or bits transmitted in a given period of
time, usually expressed as Bits Per Second (BPS) or Words
Per Minute (WPM).
TRUNK
A telephone circuit or path between two switches, at least
one of which is usually a telephone company Central Office
or switching center. Regular local CO circuits are called
PBX trunks, because there is a switch at both ends of the
circuit.
TRUNK GROUP
An arrangement of communications channels into an
identical group.
TRUNK TYPE (TT)
Trunks that use the same type of equipment going to the
same terminating location.
TRUNK UTILIZATION REPORT (TUR)
A computer printout detailing the traffic use of a trunk.
TWO-WIRE CIRCUIT
(1) A channel for transmitting data in one direction at a
time. (2) A short distance channel using a single
send/receive pathway, usually 2 copper wires, connecting a
telephone to a switch.
TELETYPEWRITER EXCHANGE SERVICE (TWX)
A service whereby a customer's leased teletypewriter is
connected to a "TWX" switchboard and from there connected
over regular toll circuits to a teletypewriter of any U.S.
customer who subscribes to a similar service.
UNIFORM CALL DISTRIBUTOR (UCD)
A device located at the telephone office or in a PABX
which distributes incoming calls evenly among individuals.
UNIFORM SERVICE ORDER CODE (USOC)
The information in coded form for billing purposes by the
local telephone company pertaining to information on
service orders and service equipment records.
VALUE-ADDED NETWORK SERVICE (VANS)
A data transmission network which routes messages
according to available paths, assures that the message
will be received as it was sent, provides for user
security, high speed transmission and conferencing among
terminals.
VIA NET LOSS (VNL)
The lowest loss in dB at which a trunk facility can be
operated considering limitations of echo, crosstalk, noise
and singing.
VOICE CONNECTING ARRANGEMENT
An interface arrangement provided by the telephone company
to accomodate the connections of non-carrier provided
voice terminal equipment to the public switched telephone
network.
VOICE FREQUENCY (VF)
Any of the frequencies in the band 300-3,400 Hz which must
be transmitted to reproduce the voice with reasonable
fidelity.
VOICE GRADE
An access line suitable for voice, low-speed data,
facsimile, or telegraph service. Generally, it has a
frequency range of about 300-3000 Hz.
VOICE GRADE FACILITY (VGF)
A circuit designed to DDD network standards which is
suitable for voice, low-speed data, facsimile, or
telegraph service.
WIDE AREA TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE (WATS)
WATS permits customers to make (OUTWATS) or receive
(INWATS) long-distance calls and to have them billed on a
bulk rather than individual call basis. The service is
provided within selected service areas, or bands, by means
of special private access lines connected to the pubic
telephone network via WATS-equipped central offices. A
single access line permits inward or outward service, but
not both.
WIDEBAND
A term applied to facilities or circuits where bandwidths
are greater than that required for one voice channel.
WIRE CENTER
The physical structure that houses one or more central
office switching systems.
"0" or "0-"
Zero minus dialing. Allows a caller to dial zero and
nothing else to get the Operator.
"0+"
Zero plus dialing. An operator assisted long distance call
which is charged to the calling party.
"00+" or "00-"
Double zero dialing. Allows a caller to get an AT&T
Operator in areas in which dialing only one zero would
connect the caller with the local Operator because AT&T
has given Operators back to the local telephone company.
"1+" DIALING
The capability to dial "1" plus the long distance number
for calls withing the North American Numbering Plan area.
Intra-LATA calls are carried by the local telephone
company. Inter-LATA calls are carried by the caller's
primary carrier, or by AT&T if equal access has not come
to the caller's area yet.
"10-XXX" DIALING
The ability to send calls over a carrier other than a
caller's primary carrier by dialing "10-XXX" then "1+" the
long distance number, where "XXX" is the 3-digit Carrier
Code of the alternative long distance company (also called
a secondary carrier). Available only to Equal Access
customers.
800 SERVICE
The ability of a caller to dial a long distance telephone
number without incurring a charge for the call, which is
paid for by the party offering the 800 number.
Synonym: Inward WATS service.
900 SERVICE
Allows callers to receive information from the service
provider via a recorded audio message, which can range
from 60 seconds to a continuous live hookup, by calling a
900 number. This service can also be used to enable
callers to vote or "make a choice" by dialing one of two
900 numbers. 900 calls are typically billed to the caller
at $.50 for the first minute of any call and $.35 for each
additional minute.
976 NUMBERS
Service which allows callers to listen to recorded
messages such as horoscopes, 'adult' dialogue, stock
market or sports reports by calling 976-xxxx. The local
telephone company charges callers a fee which is split
between the local telephone company and the service
provider.
---
ERRATUM - CORRECTIONS FROM LAST ISSUE
Essence
Last issue got through the mill pretty well.. the errors were small
and misplaced, but a few notable errors should be taken into
consideration.
i. You Didn't Get Duped
You weren't actually given an imitation file if your filesize was
wrong.. the official distribution copies were screwed around in the
quality control phase, and there was a discrepancy in the official
distribution. Here are the reported, and actual file sizes in the
distribution copies.
REPORTED SIZE IN BYTES [119895]
ACTUAL SIZE IN BYTES [120034]
The byte size of the magazine is reported in every issue(except for
the first) so that we won't have multiple distribution errors as we did
with the first issue. It is a quality control measure. Of course, this
will not prevent imitation files from spreading. Anyone can fake a file
and adjust the file size. Zencor Technologies(tm) has threatened to
discredit us, and we feel they may potentially be a source of imitation
files. We will leave it up to the reader to determine if the magazine
lives up to the standards you have come to expect from CiSSD, and whether
it is therefore, a fake.
If you want to be sure to get the real deal every issue, you can
download the official distribution version from the internet site:
ftp 141.214.4.135 docs/zines/revival/rvlcissd.xxx
where 'xxx' is the issue number. ie: 'rvlcissd.003'. If you do not
have internet access, then check 'Getting Revival', near the beggining of
this magazine for distribution sites.
ii. Voice Mail BBS date was WACkO!
The projected date for the Voice Mail BBS was somewhat unrealistic.
Several CiSSD members, including myself, are undergoing geographical
repositioning at this time, which would make it impossible to run a
stable voice mail. This date has been corrected in this issue, to
September 1st 1993.
The FAX date, on the other hand, accurate to a week, and the fax
line is now active.
---
ADVERTISEMENT:
____________________________________________________________________
- REVIVAL: New Distribution Sites -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Revival magazine is looking for new distribution sites all over
the world. Requirements are not stringent. Any board with a positive
image, a few megs of hard-drive space, any hacking oriented message
base, and a knowledgable Sysop qualifies to be the first in its area.
Revival issue #4 is on its way, and we would like to set up sites
for distribution right away. Preffered sites are those who have
access to Internet, who can request revival from our internet site
automatically every other month.
To apply as a REVIVAL distribution site, write a message to
annon08ea@nyx.cs.du.edu, containing the password to an account by the
name 'REVIVAL'. For a faster response, phone The Downtown Militarized
Zone (+1 416 450 7087), and comment with your boards name and number,
as well as the password to the 'REVIVAL' account, or finally, you can
call voice to +1 416 417 0214, and have the same information handy.
____________________________________________________________________
- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
---
ZEN WHAT?
The Dope Man/Essence
Over the last few months, CiSSD has been having a problem with a
group named Zencor. We found it rather disturbing when we recieved
several apologies, for Zencor's misjudging our intent, and specially when
we stopped recieving threats from Zencor members, but all the quiet
seemed only to be a cover. Now they've gone and thrown the following
underground newsletter in our path. Mind you, they did TELL members not
to give it to us, but unfortunately, not all of their members are as
intellegent as their leader Zoth The Frog, and now we have a chance for
rebuttle. Oh and, shhhh.. don't tell Zencor!
Z> ZENCOR
Z> ======
Z>
Z> Progenerate Newletter Issue #1 : April 1993
Z> ===========================================
Y'know, that's mighty interesting Zoth. I clearly remember you
lecturing me on how our group was in it's infancy, and Zencor was
experienced. You told me about how Zencor was King of the Commodore 64
scene back in the day and we would die put up against a group with your
experience and knowledge. Hrmm.. Issue #1? Your first newsletter?.. Oh
that's because you used to teleport to group members houses right? Tsk
Tsk.. I'd hate to think you were telling a fib!
Z> CiSSD Group Exposed As CanTel Informants!
Z> -----------------------------------------
Z>
Z> The Canadian International Society Of Social Deviancy, composed of
Z> Dope Man, Terminator X, and Lister, has been exposed as a group bent
Z> on causing legal troubles for various underground societies, including
Z> ZENCOR.
Shoot! How'd you find out about this one? BTW: It's "Society FOR
Social Deviancy", but you don't have times to remember unimportant things
like that, Zoth A Frog.
Z> While Frog was in prison, members of ZENCOR (particularly ShortMan and
Z> Mystic Ruler) became friendly with these so-called hackers, and
Z> disclosed quite a bit of sensitive information to them.
While Frog was in prison? Oh yeah! I remember when you were in
Juvinile Hall having your asshole reamed*. BTW, you're group wasn't
exactly freindly with us, but they were as nice as you could expect
anyoine to be to their babysitter. Like you said Zoth A Frog, "They're a
bunch of fucking lamers, and you can babysit them if you want to". Sorry,
we're done babysitting for now.
Sensitive information? Since when was your Ex-Girlfreinds name
considered sensitive information? BTW: She's a wonderful person.. you
should take her out sometime!
Z> Suspicions on the part of high-level ZENCOR members lead to entry into
Z> the CiSSD VoiceMailBox.
Suspicions on the part of your high-level Zencor member(s)? Who are
they? I mean, I know there (is one)/(are some), but who are they, and
more importantly, why? By the way, you're the first person to ever
penetrate our voicemail box. I feel so raped. I'm sure you know the
feeling, fluffy.
Z> A number of messages were intercepted and recorded.
Congratulations. Which amazing Zencor brand phone did you use to do
it? The 'Super ZencordaPhone II'? What's the list price on that anyways?
$1580? Oh. Out of my budget, but since members pay to be in your group,
they get a 10% discount, right? How do I join?
Z> Amongst these were communications with a CanTel security
Z> officer. Apparantly this pig had apprehended CiSSD members (who were
Z> never overly adept at hacking activities) hacking VoiceMailBoxes for
Z> their own use.
... as opposed to for sale to the general public, like yours.
Z> There had been a deal arranged in which CiSSD members
Z> would inform the security officer (known as Bird Of Prey) of other
Z> hacker's activities in exchange for immunity. Frog extrapolates on
Z> this and theorizes, with supportive evidence that the thought-dead
Z> bunch of lamers (YAM) contracted CiSSD to "shut down rival groups".
Aha! And what supportive evidence would that be? Really! Please
write, and let me know.. more than likely this would be based on the same
supportive evidence that showed santa clause to deliver presents by
reindeer rather than via Federal Express.
Z> The following is a transcript of two of the most important messages
Z> intercepted:
In order to improve readability, I will title them for you.
Message #1:
Z> Dope Man, I havn't talked to you in a while, not that I'm sick of you
Z> or anything. I enjoy the conference calling that you guys do. You guys
Z> blend together, did you know that? Here's today's give and take.
Z> Here's my take and I'll give you my give after. I was talking to
Z> someone at Metro 55 division today, fraud, and someone has been
Z> hacking into some additional VMBs, nothing new, but this time leaving
Z> threatening messages to customers. On a tip from Bell Security they
Z> are going to the home of [SHORT MAN]. I don't know if your eyebrows
Z> have lifted or not, but it happens that this guy is also blind. It
Z> happens that this guy is hacking into US networks and has done about
Z> thirty-five thousand in fraud. [SHORT MAN] is going to be in a lot of
Z> shit, the guys in the US want to prosecute. Mabye you want to chat
Z> with him a bit. That's between you and I. I'm gonna give you the VMB
Z> and the password to SATAN and STAR. The conversations you will hear
Z> are the result of me taking back their VMBs, much like I did with you
Z> guys, but these guys aren't as trusting. These guys are on the heavy
Z> metal/drug end from what I can tell.
Now quickly, before we go on, lets take some time to organize our
minds. What did Bird of Prey say in this message?
GIVE TAKE
---- ----
- Password to a random Drugee's - Request for us to talk to
Voice Mail System. Short Man regarding his phone
hacking.
Shall we go on now then? Good.
Message #2:
Z> Bird Of Prey. Gotta like that. Satan has won the award for the
Z> stupidest non-paying subscriber ever at CanTel. So we've had to rub
Z> him out of the VMB hacking community for good. I was up till 1 last
Z> night, all he did was complain, calling me OPP, Rent-A-Cop, and I
Z> offered many times to do something and he kept saying "What's your
Z> game?". Well, he's toast, so goodbye. The total was about twenty-eight
Z> VMBs.
Now let's summarize this message. Bird Of Prey wipes out the VMB's
belonging to some hackers because they wouldn't accept the new ones he
was trying to give them, and he had to go to bed.
Z> Disgusting, isn't it?
Oh, I'd say! Gawd forbid he should get some sleep! (?!)
Z> Now then, what is ZENCOR going to do about it?
Z> The following plan has been enacted:
Z>
Z> 1) The RCMP has been dispatched to shut down all pirate CiSSD BBS
Z> systems, with ZENCOR-obtained file and user lists, recorded
Z> conversations and other evidence. All CiSSD computer equipment will
Z> be confiscated and a number of criminal charges will be laid.
Oh good! Call the police! That's what we should have done, but
you're the smarter hacking group.. only you would think of bringing the
Canadian equivelant of the FBI into it!
Only shutting down the CiSSD pirate systems? Oh! BTW, which ones
were those again? If you could let me know, we'll shut them down for
you.
Also, seing as you're so adept to taking down Pirate BBS's, I'm sure
that you'll have a great time getting access to any in the next little
while.
Z> 2) CanTel management has been informed of their "double-agent". Bird
Z> Of Prey will lose his fucking job.
Well, actually, it's not a fucking job, but coincidentally, it's
rather close to yonge street. Either way, the fucking jobs are best out
on jarvis.. oh.. and watch me shiver as I take you seriously. Unlike you,
Bird of Prey still has a job.
Z> 3) Other groups have been informed of CiSSD's plans to harm them.
Which would explain why they've been posting in our network so much
recently. I await their revenge. BTW: Are these the plans you've
SPECULATED we have to harm other groups? Or are these the ones I keep
hidden in the cookie jar, underneath the section carefully labeled
'DOUBLE FUDGE' in red ink?
Z> 4) Everyone involved in or connected with CiSSD has been successfully
Z> CN/Aed and all their personal information is on file.
Successfully? Wow! I'm impressed. I was beggining to think you
didn't know how to speak to an operator in english.
Z> 5) All ZENCOR systems to which CiSSD has any knowledge has been shut
Z> down completely.
Actually, no. Would you like a list?
Z> Furthermore, there will be NO FURTHER fraternization with CiSSD. Frog
Z> warned everyone about this sort of thing!
Frog this, frog that. Apparently, frog is a schizophrenic,
constantly reffering to himself in the third person, but I won't
complain.. as long as _Zoth A Frog_ doesn't fraternize with me, I'm
happy. Oh wait, did you want the last word? Here you go:
Z> Furthermore, there will be NO FURTHER fraternization with CiSSD. Frog
Z> warned everyone about this sort of thing!
_Notes:_
(+) Texts based on pre-release version of newsletter. Release version
was not avaliable at time of editing.
(*) See USENet Sex FAQ
---
CiSSD MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
With a large resurganse in CiSSD activities, we have decided to
begin accepting some members through an application process. Our commune
is not yet large enough to accept the masses without rebellion, but is
open enough to accept those with ideas similar to our own, and open
minded enough to publish comment from those who are opposed to us. Please
write to annon08ea@nyx.cs.du.edu, and I will publish your comments, and
respond to 'letters to the editor.'
If you are seriously interested in becoming a CiSSD member, you can
download the CiSSD application from any CiSSD Headquarters BBS, and
upload the completed form, FAX(NEW!) the form to the CiSSD fax line, or
send the completed form E-Mail to annon08ea@nyx.cs.du.edu.
In addition to members, CiSSD will honour those who have special
achievements, members, or non members alike. If you know someone you
believe to deserve CiSSD recognition, please write to the same
address(annon08ea@nyx.cs.du.edu), leave a message on our voice mail, or
fax us information on why this person deserves special recognition.
NOTICE: richfair@eastern.com, mentioned in last issue, has ceased to
exist. The problem may be temporary, but the site is not reliable. Any
letters, or work that was sent to richfair@eastern.com last month was
lost. Many Apologies. Please use Lister's address
(annon08ea@nyx.cs.du.edu) until our mail problems are rectified.
---
[CiSSD] CONTACT ADDRESSES
The Downtown Militarized Zone BBS
(416) 450 7087 Sysop - The Dope Man
Revival Distribution Site
[CiSSD] WHQ/HeLL
The Revolutionary Front BBS
(416) 936 6663 Sysop - Lister
Revival Distribution Site
[CiSSD]/HeLL/cDc
CiSSD Voice Mail Canada
(416) 417 0214 Users - Essence - The Dope Man - Lister
NEW! - CiSSD Fax Line - (416) 250 5264
c/o The Dictator
CiSSD Voice Mail BBS - Projected for September 1 1993 (Canada Day)
(Projected date changed due to geograhical difficulties)
Lister - annon08ea@nyx.cs.du.edu
---
ADVERTISMENT:
______/\___/\X__ /\______ ___________ _______/\ /\____/\
\ ____/ __/ /_/ / / / / _\ /__ _//_/ / ____/
/ _ / / / // / /\ / / /\ / __/ / _/ // / _ /
/ \_/ /__ _ / |/ / / |/ / _/ / / _ / \_/
\____/_____X_// /_____/ /_____/ _/ / _/__// /\____/
\/ \/ \/ \/
____________________________________________________________________
- D A M N E D -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Echo of the Damned is currently looking for Nodes in North
America [1:2773/NPA.0], and internationally where english is spoken on
Bulletin Board Systems [CoutryCode:2773/Node.0].
Echo of the Damned is dedicated towards the free flow of
information, and productivity in the h/p scene.
To apply as an Echo of the Damned node, please leave a voice
message, containing your bulletin boards name and telephone number, as
well as the password to an account named 'EOTD STAFF', at
+1 416 417 0214.
____________________________________________________________________
- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
---
LAST WORDS FROM THE EDITOR
Essence/TX
I pushed my luck long enough. It was only a few weeks, but my
parents got sick and tired. When sleeping at home becomes an optional
extra, you definately have family problems. Interestingly enough, I
enjoyed being out on my own. I relied on my parents for food every few
days when I needed it; and if I was exhausted from overactivity, and
unable to sleep in -5c degree weather, I still had a bed at home where I
could sleep but I rathered not to. I was sick of being at home. I was
sick of my two parent, boy and girl child, middle class family. I hated
the american dream.
The dream was never quite what the stories tell you. Whenever I
showed my love for someone else, they were unresponsive. I gather, I too
was unresponsive when someone loved me. Whenever there was an argument, I
was reason and my mother, or my sister was emotion. My dad and I never
fight. He too is reasonable. He too argues with my mother. They should
never have stayed together, as respectively they are 'bad logic', and
'bad love'.
Had they only loosened the noose a little, and let me be me, instead
of someone they were moulding me into, I might still want to be with
them; I might still care. But they didn't and I don't. They reach for me,
and I break their hearts. I don't have time for them, I need to get out
and be with my freinds.
Had they only seen what I was feeling, heard what I was saying,
known what I knew, we could still be the american dream. Sometimes, to
really love someone, you have to let them go. I guess, they were only
dreaming. Maybe next time round, they'll listen closer.
CREDITS
The Dope Man Repeat contributor, and CiSSD President. There's no
CiSSD/HeLL business like .. Show Business.
Lister Interpersonal relations and repeat contributor. If
CiSSD/HeLL you like his articles, send him some Vodka.
The Dictator Repeat offender, who feels that political revolt is
CiSSD payment enough for his writings.
The Grappler Spreading diatribes to and fro, he's progressing from
CiSSD the imaginary world of C=64, that so many of us hated
to leave behind when we grew up.
Kryten Contributor who attends many CiSSD meetings for the
Independant free pizza. Gusto's *SUCKS* when it's cold.
City-TV Thanks for making our release weekend enjoyable. Drop
Chum by anytime!
Essence/TX Editor. See you next issue.
CiSSD
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THE CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL DEVIANCY (C) 1993/94
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