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Keywords: address sharing, CGN, service continuity, service availability, user-generated content, address-sharing issues, DS-Lite, service delivery in CGN contexts
Independent Submission X. Deng
Request for Comments: 7393
Category: Informational M. Boucadair
ISSN: 2070-1721 France Telecom
Q. Zhao
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
J. Huang
C. Zhou
Huawei Technologies
November 2014
Using the Port Control Protocol (PCP) to Update Dynamic DNS
Abstract
This document focuses on the problems encountered when using dynamic
DNS in address-sharing contexts (e.g., Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) and
Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4
Servers (NAT64)) during IPv6 transition. Both issues and possible
solutions are documented in this memo.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other
RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at
its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7393.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Scope and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Solution Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Locate a Service Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Create Explicit Mappings for Incoming Connections . . . . 5
2.3. Detect Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Some Deployment Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Reference Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. For Web Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3. For Non-web Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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1. Introduction
1.1. Problem Statement
Dynamic DNS (DDNS) is a widely deployed service to facilitate hosting
servers (e.g., access to a webcam, HTTP server, FTP server, etc.) at
customers' premises. There are a number of providers that offer a
DDNS service, working in a client and server mode, which mostly use
web-form-based communication. DDNS clients are generally implemented
in the user's router or computer; once changes are detected to its
assigned IP address, an update message is automatically sent to the
DDNS server. The communication between the DDNS client and the DDNS
server is not standardized, varying from one provider to another,
although a few standard web-based methods of updating have emerged
over time.
In address-sharing contexts, well-known port numbers (e.g., port 80)
won't be available for every user [RFC6269]. As such, the DDNS
client will have to register the IP address and/or the external
port(s) on which the service is listening. Also, the DDNS client has
to report any change of this IP address and/or the external port(s).
It will also require the ability to configure corresponding port
forwarding on Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) [RFC6888] devices so that
incoming communications initiated from the Internet can be routed to
the appropriate server behind the CGN.
Issues encountered in address sharing are documented in [RFC6269].
This document focuses on the problems encountered when using dynamic
DNS in address-sharing contexts (e.g., DS-Lite [RFC6333] and NAT64
[RFC6146]). The main challenges are listed below:
Announce and discover an alternate service port: The DDNS service
must be able to maintain an alternative port number instead of the
default port number.
Allow for incoming connections: Appropriate means to instantiate
port mappings in the address-sharing device must be supported.
Detect changes and trigger DDNS updates: The DDNS client must be
triggered by the change of the external IP address and the port
number. Concretely, upon change of the external IP address (and/
or external port number), the DDNS client must refresh the DNS
records; otherwise, the server won't be reachable from outside.
This issue is exacerbated in the DS-Lite context because no public
IPv4 address is assigned to the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE).
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1.2. Scope and Goals
This document describes some candidate solutions to resolve the
aforementioned issues with a particular focus on DS-Lite. These
solutions may also be valid for other address-sharing schemes.
This document sketches deployment considerations based on the Port
Control Protocol (PCP) [RFC6887]. Note that DDNS may be considered
as an implementation of the rendezvous service mentioned in
[RFC6887].
Indeed, after creating an explicit mapping for incoming connections
using PCP, it is necessary to inform remote hosts about the IP
address, protocol, and port number for the incoming connection to
reach the services hosted behind a DS-Lite CGN. This is usually done
in an application-specific manner. For example, a machine hosting a
game server might use a rendezvous server specific to that game (or
specific to that game developer), a SIP phone would use a SIP proxy,
a client using DNS-Based Service Discovery [RFC6763] would use DNS
Update [RFC2136][RFC3007], etc. PCP does not provide this rendezvous
function.
The rendezvous function may support IPv4, IPv6, or both. Depending
on that support and the application's support of IPv4 or IPv6, the
PCP client may need an IPv4 mapping, an IPv6 mapping, or both. An
example illustrating how the DDNS server may implement such a service
notification functionality if necessary is provided in Section 3.
This document does not specify any protocol extension but instead
focuses on the elaboration of the problem space and illustrates how
existing tools can be reused to solve the problem for some deployment
contexts. Particularly, this document requires no changes to PCP or
dynamic updates in the standard domain name system [RFC2136]; rather,
it is an operational document to make the current DDNS service
providers aware of the impacts and issues that IPv6 transitioning and
IPv4 address sharing will bring to them, and it gives solutions to
address the forthcoming issues. The current DDNS service providers
usually employ a web-based form to maintain DDNS service registration
and updates.
Generic deployment considerations for DS-Lite, including Basic
Bridging BroadBand (B4) remote management and IPv4 connectivity
check, can be found in [RFC6908]. This document complements
[RFC6908] with deployment considerations related to rendezvous
service maintenance. Additional PCP-related deployment
considerations are available at [PCP-DEPLOYMENT].
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Solutions relying on DNS-Based Service Discovery [RFC6763] or Apple's
Back to My Mac (BTMM) Service [RFC6281] are not considered in this
document. Moreover, this document does not assume that DDNS service
relies on [RFC2136].
IPv4 addresses used in the examples are derived from the IPv4 block
reserved for documentation in [RFC6890]. DNS name examples follow
[RFC2606].
2. Solution Space
2.1. Locate a Service Port
As listed below, at least two solutions can be used to associate a
port number with a service:
1. Use service URIs (e.g., FTP, SIP, HTTP) that embed an explicit
port number. Indeed, the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
defined in [RFC3986] allows the port number to be carried in the
syntax (e.g., mydomain.example:15687).
2. Use SRV records [RFC2782]. Unfortunately, the majority of
browsers do not support this record type.
The DDNS client and DDNS server are to be updated so that an
alternate port number is signaled and stored by the DDNS server.
Requesting remote hosts will be then notified with the IP address and
port number to reach the server.
2.2. Create Explicit Mappings for Incoming Connections
PCP is used to install the appropriate mapping(s) in the CGN so that
incoming packets can be delivered to the appropriate server.
2.3. Detect Changes
In a network as described in Figure 1, a DDNS client/PCP client can
be running on either a CPE or the host that is hosting some services
itself. There are several possible ways to address the problems
stated in Section 1.1:
1. If the DDNS client is enabled, the host periodically issues
(e.g., 60 minutes) PCP MAP requests (e.g., messages 1 and 2 in
Figure 1) with short lifetimes (e.g., 30s) for the purpose of
inquiring an external IP address and setting. If the purpose is
to detect any change to the external port, the host must issue a
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PCP mapping to install for the internal server. Upon change of
the external IP address, the DDNS client updates the records
accordingly (e.g., message 3 in Figure 1).
2. If the DDNS client is enabled, it checks the local mapping table
maintained by the PCP client. This process is repeated
periodically (e.g., 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes). If there
is no PCP mapping created by the PCP client, it issues a PCP MAP
request (e.g., messages 1 and 2 in Figure 1) for the purpose of
inquiring an external IP address and setting up port forwarding
mappings for incoming connections. Upon change of the external
IP address, the DDNS client updates the records in the DDNS
server, e.g., message 3 in Figure 1.
+-----------------+
| DDNS Server |
+-----------------+
^
|
|3. DDNS updates
| (if any)
|
+---------------+ +-----------------+
|DDNS Client |1. PCP MAP request | CGN/PCP Server |
|PCP Client/IWF |------------------->| (PCP mapping for|80:8080+------+
|on CPE or |2. PCP MAP response | port forwarding)|<------|Client|
|the host itself|<-------------------| | +------+
| |3. DDNS updates | |
| | (if any) | |
| |------------------->| |
+---------------+ +-----------------+
IWF = Internetworking Function
Figure 1: Flow Chart
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3. Some Deployment Solutions
3.1. Reference Topology
Figure 2 illustrates the topology used for the deployment solutions
elaborated in the following subsections.
+--------------+ +--------+ +---------+ +--------+ +-------+
| Service | | DDNS | | CGN/ | | PCP | |Servers|
| User |---| Server|----| PCP |---| Client |---| |
| | | | | Server | | /DDNS | | |
| | | | | | | Client | | |
+--------------+ +--------+ +---------+ +--------+ +-------+
A user DDNS Server AFTR B4(CPE) A host
from Internet behind B4
Figure 2: Implementation Topology
Figure 2 involves the following entities:
o Servers: Refers to the servers that are deployed in the DS-Lite
network, or more generally, an IP address-sharing environment.
They are usually running on a host that has been assigned with a
private IPv4 address. Having created a proper mapping via PCP in
the Address Family Transition Router (AFTR), these services have
been made available to Internet users. The services may provide
web, FTP, SIP, and other services though these may not be able to
be seen as using a well-known port from the outside anymore, in
the IP address-sharing context.
o B4(CPE): An endpoint of an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel [RFC6333]. A PCP
client together with a DDNS client are running on it. After a PCP
client establishes a mapping on the AFTR, an end user may register
its domain name and its external IPv4 address plus port number to
its DDNS service provider (DDNS server), manually or automatically
by a DDNS client. Later, likewise, end users may manually
announce or let the DDNS client automatically announce IP address
and/or port changes to the DDNS server.
o AFTR: Responsible for maintaining mappings between an IPv6
address, the internal IPv4 address plus internal port, and the
external IPv4 address plus port [RFC6333].
o DDNS server: Maintains a table that associates a registered domain
name and a registered host's external IPv4 address/port number
pair. When being notified of IP address and port number changes
from a DDNS client, the DDNS server announces the updates to DNS
servers on behalf of the end user. [RFC2136] and [RFC3007] may be
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used by DDNS servers to send updates to DNS servers. In many
current practices, a DDNS service provider usually announces its
own IP address as the registered domain names of end users. When
HTTP requests reach the DDNS server, they may employ URL
Forwarding or HTTP 301 redirection to redirect the request to a
proper registered end user by looking up the maintained link
table.
o Service users: Refers to users who want to access services behind
an IP address-sharing network. They issue standard DNS requests
to locate the services, which will lead them to a DDNS server,
provided that the requested services have been registered to a
DDNS service provider. The DDNS server will then handle the rest
in the same way as described before.
3.2. For Web Service
Current DDNS server implementations typically assume that the end
servers host web servers on the default 80 port. In the DS-Lite
context, they will have to take into account that external ports
assigned by the AFTR may be any number other than 80, in order to
maintain proper mapping between domain names and the external IP plus
port. If a proper mapping is maintained, the HTTP request would be
redirected to the AFTR, which serves the specific end host that is
running the servers.
Figure 3 depicts how messages are handled in order to be delivered to
the right server.
Web Visitor DDNS Server AFTR B4(CPE) Web Server
behind B4
| HTTP GET* | | | |
|---------------------->| | | |
| ip_DDNS_server |------------->| | |
| | HTTP 301 | | |
| |<-------------| | |
| HTTP GET* ip_aftr:8001 | | |
|------------------------------------->| |
| | HTTP GET* ip_websrv:8000 |
| |------------------------->|
| | |
| HTTP response | HTTP response |
|<-------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| | |
Figure 3: HTTP Service Messages
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When a web user sends out an HTTP GET message to the DDNS server
after a standard DNS query, the DDNS server redirects the request to
a registered web server, in this case, by responding with an HTTP 301
message. Then, the HTTP GET message will be sent out to the AFTR,
which will in turn find the proper hosts behind it. For simplicity,
messages among AFTR, B4, and the web server behind B4 are not shown
completely; for communications among those nodes, refer to [RFC6333].
3.3. For Non-web Service
For non-web services, as mentioned in Section 2, other means will be
needed to inform the users about the service information.
[RFC6763] includes an example of a DNS-based solution that allows an
application running in the end user's device to retrieve service-
related information via DNS SRV/TXT records and list available
services. In a scenario where such an application is not applicable,
the following provides another solution for a third party, e.g., a
DDNS service provider, to disclose services to Internet users.
A web portal can be used to list available services. A DDNS server
maintains a web portal for each user's Fully Qualified Domain Name
(FQDN), which provides service links to users. Figure 4 assumes
"websrv.example.com" is a user's FQDN provided by a DDNS service
provider.
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+-------------+ +-------------+ +----------+ Internet +-------+
|DDNS Client /| |DDNS Server /| |DNS Server| |Visitor|
| Web Server | | Web Portal | | | | |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +----------+ +-------+
| register | | |
|<------------------>| | |
| websrv.example.com | update DNS | |
| 192.0.2.1:2000 | <-------------> | |
| |websrv.example.com| |
| | portal's IP | |
| +-------------+ | |
| |update portal| | |
| +-------------+ | DNS resolve for |
| | | <----------------> |
| | | websrv.example.com |
| | | get portal's IP |
| | | |
| | visit portal of websrv.example.com |
| | <-----------------------------------> |
| | | |
| visit http://192.0.2.1:2000 |
| <--------------------------------------------------------->|
| | | |
Figure 4: Update Web Portal
The DDNS client registers the server's information to the DDNS
server, including the public IP address and port obtained via PCP,
the user's FQDN, and other necessary information. The DDNS server
also behaves as a portal server; it registers its IP address, port
number, and the user's FQDN to the DNS system so that visitors can
access the web portal.
A DDNS server also maintains a web portal for each user's FQDN and
updates the portal according to registered information from the DDNS
client. When a visitor accesses "websrv.example.com", a DNS query
will resolve the portal server's address and port number, and the
visitor will see the portal and the available services.
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+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Portal: websrv.example.com |
| |
| Service1: web server |
| Link: http://192.0.2.1:2000 |
| |
| Service2: video |
| Link: rtsp://192.0.2.1:8080/test.sdp |
| |
| ...... |
| |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 5: An Example of a Web Portal
As shown in Figure 5, the web portal shows the service URLs that are
available to be accessed. Multiple services are accessible per a
user's FQDN.
Some applications that are not HTTP based can also be delivered using
this solution. When a user clicks on a link, the registered
application in the client OS will be invoked to handle the link. How
this can be achieved is out of the scope of this document.
4. Security Considerations
This document does not introduce a new protocol, nor does it specify
protocol extensions. Security-related considerations related to PCP
[RFC6887] and DS-Lite [RFC6333] should be taken into account.
The protocol between the DDNS client and DDNS server is proprietary
in most cases; some extensions may be necessary, which is up to the
DDNS operators. These operators should enforce security-related
policies in order to keep illegitimate users from altering records
installed by legitimate users or installing fake records that would
attract illegitimate traffic. Means to protect the DDNS server
against Denial of Service (DoS) should be enabled. Note that these
considerations are not specific to address-sharing contexts but are
valid for DDNS services in general.
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5. References
5.1. Normative References
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
3986, January 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6333>.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887, April
2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6887>.
5.2. Informative References
[PCP-DEPLOYMENT]
Boucadair, M., "Port Control Protocol (PCP) Deployment
Models", Work in Progress, draft-boucadair-pcp-deployment-
cases-03, July 2014.
[RFC2136] Vixie, P., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
"Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
RFC 2136, April 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2136>.
[RFC2606] Eastlake, D. and A. Panitz, "Reserved Top Level DNS
Names", BCP 32, RFC 2606, June 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2606>.
[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
February 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2782>.
[RFC3007] Wellington, B., "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic
Update", RFC 3007, November 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3007>.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.
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[RFC6269] Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P.
Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269, June
2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6269>.
[RFC6281] Cheshire, S., Zhu, Z., Wakikawa, R., and L. Zhang,
"Understanding Apple's Back to My Mac (BTMM) Service", RFC
6281, June 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6281>.
[RFC6763] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
Discovery", RFC 6763, February 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6763>.
[RFC6888] Perreault, S., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa, A.,
and H. Ashida, "Common Requirements for Carrier-Grade NATs
(CGNs)", BCP 127, RFC 6888, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6888>.
[RFC6890] Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., Bonica, R., and B. Haberman,
"Special-Purpose IP Address Registries", BCP 153, RFC
6890, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6890>.
[RFC6908] Lee, Y., Maglione, R., Williams, C., Jacquenet, C., and M.
Boucadair, "Deployment Considerations for Dual-Stack
Lite", RFC 6908, March 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6908>.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Stuart Cheshire for bringing up DNS-Based Service Discovery
(SD) and [RFC6281], which covers a DNS-based SD scenario and gives an
example of how the application is a means for a solution to address
dynamic DNS updates; in this case, Apple's BTMM can be achieved.
Many thanks to D. Wing, D. Thaler, and J. Abley for their comments.
Contributors
The following individuals contributed text to the document:
Xiaohong Huang
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
EMail: huangxh@bupt.edu.cn
Yan Ma
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
EMail: mayan@bupt.edu.cn
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Authors' Addresses
Xiaohong Deng
EMail: dxhbupt@gmail.com
Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom
Rennes 35000
France
EMail: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Qin Zhao
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
China
EMail: zhaoqin.bupt@gmail.com
James Huang
Huawei Technologies
China
EMail: james.huang@huawei.com
Cathy Zhou
Huawei Technologies
China
EMail: cathy.zhou@huawei.com
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