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Keywords: notations, dtmf, dual tone multifrequency, telephony, e-mail addresses, urls, integrated messaging, 3gpp
Network Working Group C. Allocchio
Request for Comments: 3601 GARR-Italy
Category: Standards Track September 2003
Text String Notation for Dial Sequences and
Global Switched Telephone Network (GSTN) / E.164 Addresses
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo describes the full set of notations needed to represent a
text string in a Dial Sequence. A Dial Sequence is normally composed
of Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) elements, plus separators and
additional "actions" (such as "wait for dialtone", "pause for N
secs", etc.) which could be needed to successfully establish the
connection with the target service: this includes the cases where
subaddresses or DTMF menu navigation apply.
1. Introduction
Since the very first devices interacting with GSTN services appeared,
a need for a unique text string representation of commonly called
telephone numbers, and more generally DTMF sequences and actions, was
foreseen.
This memo describes the full text string representation method. This
specification was explicitly created to provide an easy, unique and
complete reference which MUST be used by all other specifications
needing a text string representation for a Dial Sequence.
The specification was collected directly from Dial Sequence
definitions which are already described in existing Standard Track
specifications (such as [6] [7] [8] [9]), and is fully synchronized
with them. Full compatibility is thus assured, and as a consequence,
this specification results in a compendium of existing definitions.
Allocchio Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
This notation is a fully compatible compendium of existing notations,
and should be used in all specifications needing a text string
representation of a Dial Sequence.
Although the commonly called "telephone numbers" are normally used to
generate a Dial Sequence when establishing a connection, the full
abstract E.164 addresses [2], i.e., the universal addressing on the
Global Switched Telephone Network (GSTN), have further elements which
cannot be dialled. Thus abstract E.164 addresses cannot be fully
converted into a Dial Sequence or fully represented using this
notation.
1.1. Terminology and Syntax conventions
In this document the formal definitions are described using ABNF
syntax, as defined in [3]. This memo also uses some of the "CORE
DEFINITIONS" defined in "APPENDIX A - CORE" of that document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [4].
The following terms are also defined in this document:
Dial Sequence:
a series of DTMF elements and human or device "actions";
phone-string:
a text representation of a Dial Sequence;
GSTN address: a commonly called "telephone number" on the GSTN,
i.e., a diallable subset of an E.164 abstract address or any
private numbering schema diallable address;
gstn-phone:
a text representation of a GSTN address;
subaddr-string:
a text representation of a GSTN subaddress (which includes ISDN
subaddresses [2] and T.33 subaddresses [5]);
post-dial:
a text representation of a post dialling sequence.
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
2. The "Dial Sequence" definition
The possible elements composing a Dial Sequence can vary from a
minimum number, up to a really large and complex collection: in fact,
the sequences already needed to dial a gstn-phone, which is a subset
of the generic Dial Sequence, well represents this variety and
complexity of cases.
In particular, a Dial Sequence is composed by:
- "DTMF elements": normally available as "keys" on numeric keypads
of dialling devices;
- "actions": normally performed by the agent (human or device)
composing the Dial Sequence;
- "separators": used only to improve human readability of a Dial
Sequence.
2.1. The "phone-string" definition
The text representation of the Dial Sequence elements is defined in
the phone-string specification:
phone-string = 1*( DTMF / pause / tonewait / written-sep )
DTMF = ( DIGIT / "#" / "*" / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" )
; special DTMF codes like "*", "#", "A", "B",
; "C", "D" are defined in [1].
; Important Note: these elements only apply for
; alphabetic strings used in DTMF operations.
; They are NOT applicable for the alphabetic
; characters that are mapped to digits on phone
; keypads in some countries.
pause = "p"
tonewait = "w"
written-sep = ( "-" / "." )
Note:
DTMF are the "DTMF elements", pause and tonewait are the "actions"
and written-sep are the "separators".
The "pause" and "tonewait" elements interpretation of the phone-
string depends on the specific devices and implementation using the
specification. Thus their exact meaning is not mandated in this
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
document. The next section provides some examples drawn from common
practice. Both "pause" and "tonewait" are case insensitive.
Implementation of "pause" and "tonewait":
- one instance of a "pause" SHOULD be interpreted as a pause of
one second between the preceding and succeeding dial string
elements;
- a "tonewait" SHOULD be interpreted as a pause that will last
until the calling party hears a dial tone or another indication
that more dial string characters may be processed. An off-hook
indication MAY also be interpreted as this kind of indication
(meaning that the audio channel has been opened to the
receiving party);
- because these characters are not a part of the GSTN subscriber
address (telephone number) per se, any dial string characters
that succeed either a "pause" or "tonewait" SHOULD be sent
using DTMF signalling.
The use of written-sep elements is allowed in order to improve human
readability of the phone-string. The written-sep are elements which
can be placed between dial elements, such as digits etc. Any
occurrences of written-sep elements in a phone-string MUST NOT result
in any action. Conformant implementations MAY drop or insert
written-sep into the phone-string they handle.
The phone-string definition is used in the following sections to
explicitly describe the encoding of some specific subcases where it
applies.
3. The "gstn-phone" definition
In order to access a GSTN address, a human or a device must perform a
Dial Sequence. Thus, a GSTN address can be represented using the
phone-string elements. In particular, diallable E.164 numeric
addresses [2] represent a limited subset of all possible GSTN
addresses, while the complete complex case needs a full encoding
schema, as it also includes a local or private addressing schema.
In order to describe this distinction and provide anyhow a complete
encoding schema, the following definition of "gstn-phone" is
provided:
gstn-phone = ( global-phone / local-phone )
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
3.1. The "global-phone" definition
The purpose of the global-phone element is to represent diallable
E.164 numeric addresses. As such, it uses a subset of a phone-string
definition only.
The syntax for a global-phone element is as follows:
global-phone = "+" 1*( DIGIT / written-sep )
Any other dialling schemes MUST NOT use the leading "+" defined here.
The "+" sign is strictly reserved for the standard "global-phone"
syntax, and, even if not specifically part of the phone-string
definition, it is needed to uniquely label a global-phone.
3.2. The "local-phone" definition
The local-phone element is intended to represent the set of possible
cases where the global-phone numbering schema does not apply. Given
the different and complex conventions currently being used in the
GSTN system, the local-phone definition supports a large number of
elements.
The detailed syntax for local-phone elements is as follows:
local-phone = [ exit-code ] dial-number
local-phone =/ exit-code [ dial-number ]
exit-code = phone-string
; this will include elements such as the digit to
; access outside line, the long distance carrier
; access code, the access password to the service,
; etc...
dial-number = phone-string
; this is in many cases composed of different elements
; such as the local phone number, the area code
; (if needed), the international country code
; (if needed), etc...
Notes:
The "+" character is reserved for use in a global-phone and MUST
NOT be used in a local-phone string;
Please note that a local-phone string MUST NOT be a null string,
i.e., at least an exit-code, or a dial-number or both MUST be
present.
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
4. The "subaddr-string" definition
In GSTN service, there are cases where a subaddress is required to
specify the final destination. To specify these subaddresses, a Dial
Sequence is also used, and thus the "subaddr-string" can be encoded
as:
subaddr-string = phone-string
Note:
Within actual uses of subaddresses, some specific services can
limit the possible set of phone-string elements allowed. In
particular, there are ISDN subaddresses [2] [8], which restrict
the phone-string elements to 1*( DIGIT / written-sep ) and service
specific subaddresses, like the fax service T.33 subaddress [5]
[7], which restrict phone-string elements to 1*( DIGIT ).
5. The "post-dial" definition
In some cases, after the connection with the destination GSTN device
has been established, a further dialling sequence is required to
access further services. A typical example is an automated menu-
driven service using DTMF sequences. These cases may be represented
using the "post-dial" definition below:
post-dial = phone-string
6. Examples
In order to clarify the specification we present, here are a limited
set of examples. Please note that all the examples are for
illustration purposes only.
A GSTN address in Italy, dialled from U.S.A., using local-phone,
without written-sep:
01139040226338
A GSTN address in Germany, using global-phone and written-sep ".":
+49.81.7856345
A GSTN address in U.S.A. using global-phone and written-sep "-":
+1-202-455-7622
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
A post-dial sequence, pausing, dialling 1, waiting for dial tone,
dialling 7005393, waiting again for dial tone and dialling 373; note
the use of four "p" elements (pppp) to specify a longer initial
pause:
pppp1w7005393w373
A Dial Sequence in Italy (long distance call), using local-phone,
with exit-code "9", long distance access "0", area code "40", pause
"p" and written-sep ".":
9p040p22.63.38
A Dial Sequence using exit-code "0", a wait for dial tone, local-
phone for an International "800" toll-free number dialled from
Belgium (international prefix "00"), and a post-dial sequence to
access a voice mailbox with userID "334422" and Personal
Identification Number (PIN) code "1234":
0w00800-39380023pp334422p1234
7. Conclusions
This proposal creates a full standard text encoding for Dial
Sequences, including GSTN and diallable E.164 addresses, and thus
provides a unique common representation method both for standard
protocols and applications.
Some definitions, like these corresponding to an alias of the generic
phone-string element, are somewhat a theoretical distinction; however
they are useful to provide a more subtle distinction, allowing other
specifications to be more exact in a consistent way.
The proposal is consistent with existing standard specifications.
8. Security Considerations
This document specifies a means to represent Dial Sequences, which
could include GSTN addresses and private codes sequences, like
Personal Identification Numbers, to access special services. As
these text strings could be transmitted without encoding inside
protocols or applications services, this could allow unauthorized
people to gain access to these codes. Users SHOULD be provided
methods to prevent this disclosure, like code encryption, or
masquerading techniques: out-of-band communication of authorization
information or use of encrypted data in special fields are the
available non-standard techniques.
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
9. Collected ABNF Syntax
In this section we provide a summary of ABNF specifications.
phone-string = 1*( DTMF / pause / tonewait / written-sep )
DTMF = ( DIGIT / "#" / "*" / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" )
written-sep = ( "-" / "." )
pause = "p"
tonewait = "w"
gstn-phone = ( global-phone / local-phone )
global-phone = "+" 1*( DIGIT / written-sep )
local-phone = [ exit-code ] dial-number
local-phone =/ exit-code [ dial-number ]
exit-code = phone-string
dial-number = phone-string
subaddr-string = phone-string
post-dial = phone-string
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[1] ETSI I-ETS 300,380 - Universal Personal Telecommunication (UPT):
Access Devices Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) sender for
acoustical coupling to the microphone of a handset telephone
(March 1995).
[2] ITU E.164 - The International Public Telecommunication Numbering
Plan E.164/I.331 (May 1997).
[3] Crocker, D. Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
[5] ITU T.33 - Facsimile routing utilizing the subaddress;
recommendation T.33 (July, 1996).
10.2. Informative References
[6] Allocchio, C., "Minimal GSTN address format in Internet Mail",
RFC 3191, October 2001.
[7] Allocchio, C., "Minimal FAX address format in Internet Mail", RFC
3192, October 2001.
[8] Allocchio, C., "GSTN Address Element Extensions in E-mail
Services", RFC 2846, June 2000.
[9] Vaha-Sipila, A., "URLs for Telephone Calls", RFC 2806, April
2000.
11. Author's Address
Claudio Allocchio
GARR
c/o Sincrotrone Trieste
SS 14 Km 163.5 Basovizza
I 34012 Trieste
Italy
Phone: +39 040 3758523
Fax: +39 040 3758565
X.400: C=it;A=garr;P=garr;S=Allocchio;G=Claudio;
EMail: Claudio.Allocchio@garr.it
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RFC 3601 Dial Sequences and GSTN / E.164 Addresses September 2003
12. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
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kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Allocchio Standards Track [Page 10]