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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) E. Rosen
Request for Comments: 6074 B. Davie
Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems, Inc.
ISSN: 2070-1721 V. Radoaca
Alcatel-Lucent
W. Luo
January 2011
Provisioning, Auto-Discovery, and Signaling
in Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs)
Abstract
Provider Provisioned Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs) may
have different "provisioning models", i.e., models for what
information needs to be configured in what entities. Once
configured, the provisioning information is distributed by a
"discovery process". When the discovery process is complete, a
signaling protocol is automatically invoked to set up the mesh of
pseudowires (PWs) that form the (virtual) backbone of the L2VPN.
This document specifies a number of L2VPN provisioning models, and
further specifies the semantic structure of the endpoint identifiers
required by each model. It discusses the distribution of these
identifiers by the discovery process, especially when discovery is
based on the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It then specifies how
the endpoint identifiers are carried in the two signaling protocols
that are used to set up PWs, the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP),
and the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3 (L2TPv3).
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6074.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6074 L2VPN Signaling January 2011
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6074 L2VPN Signaling January 2011
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Signaling Protocol Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Endpoint Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Creating a Single Bidirectional Pseudowire . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Attachment Identifiers and Forwarders . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. Individual Point-to-Point Pseudowires . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1. Provisioning Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1.1. Double-Sided Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1.2. Single-Sided Provisioning with Discovery . . . . . 9
3.1.2. Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2. Virtual Private LAN Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1. Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.2. Auto-Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.2.1. BGP-Based Auto-Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.3. Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.4. Pseudowires as VPLS Attachment Circuits . . . . . . . 15
3.3. Colored Pools: Full Mesh of Point-to-Point Pseudowires . . 15
3.3.1. Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2. Auto-Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.2.1. BGP-Based Auto-Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.3. Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4. Colored Pools: Partial Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5. Distributed VPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5.1. Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5.2. Provisioning and Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.3. Non-Distributed VPLS as a Sub-Case . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.4. Splicing and the Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. Inter-AS Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1. Multihop EBGP Redistribution of L2VPN NLRIs . . . . . . . 24
4.2. EBGP Redistribution of L2VPN NLRIs with Multi-Segment
Pseudowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3. Inter-Provider Application of Distributed VPLS
Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4. RT and RD Assignment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7. BGP-AD and VPLS-BGP Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
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1. Introduction
[RFC4664] describes a number of different ways in which sets of
pseudowires may be combined together into "Provider Provisioned Layer
2 VPNs" (L2 PPVPNs, or L2VPNs), resulting in a number of different
kinds of L2VPN. Different kinds of L2VPN may have different
"provisioning models", i.e., different models for what information
needs to be configured in what entities. Once configured, the
provisioning information is distributed by a "discovery process", and
once the information is discovered, the signaling protocol is
automatically invoked to set up the required pseudowires. The
semantics of the endpoint identifiers that the signaling protocol
uses for a particular type of L2VPN are determined by the
provisioning model. That is, different kinds of L2VPN, with
different provisioning models, require different kinds of endpoint
identifiers. This document specifies a number of L2VPN provisioning
models and specifies the semantic structure of the endpoint
identifiers required for each provisioning model.
Either LDP (as specified in [RFC5036] and extended in [RFC4447]) or
L2TP version 3 (as specified in [RFC3931] and extended in [RFC4667])
can be used as signaling protocols to set up and maintain PWs
[RFC3985]. Any protocol that sets up connections must provide a way
for each endpoint of the connection to identify the other; each PW
signaling protocol thus provides a way to identify the PW endpoints.
Since each signaling protocol needs to support all the different
kinds of L2VPN and provisioning models, the signaling protocol must
have a very general way of representing endpoint identifiers, and it
is necessary to specify rules for encoding each particular kind of
endpoint identifier into the relevant fields of each signaling
protocol. This document specifies how to encode the endpoint
identifiers of each provisioning model into the LDP and L2TPv3
signaling protocols.
We make free use of terminology from [RFC3985], [RFC4026], [RFC4664],
and [RFC5659] -- in particular, the terms "Attachment Circuit",
"pseudowire", "PE" (provider edge), "CE" (customer edge), and "multi-
segment pseudowire".
Section 2 provides an overview of the relevant aspects of [RFC4447]
and [RFC4667].
Section 3 details various provisioning models and relates them to the
signaling process and to the discovery process. The way in which the
signaling mechanisms can be integrated with BGP-based auto-discovery
is covered in some detail.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
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Section 4 explains how the procedures for discovery and signaling can
be applied in a multi-AS environment and outlines several options for
the establishment of multi-AS L2VPNs.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]
2. Signaling Protocol Framework
2.1. Endpoint Identification
Per [RFC4664], a pseudowire can be thought of as a relationship
between a pair of "Forwarders". In simple instances of Virtual
Private Wire Service (VPWS), a Forwarder binds a pseudowire to a
single Attachment Circuit, such that frames received on the one are
sent on the other, and vice versa. In Virtual Private LAN Service
(VPLS), a Forwarder binds a set of pseudowires to a set of Attachment
Circuits; when a frame is received from any member of that set, a MAC
(Media Access Control) address table is consulted (and various 802.1d
procedures executed) to determine the member or members of that set
on which the frame is to be transmitted. In more complex scenarios,
Forwarders may bind PWs to PWs, thereby "splicing" two PWs together;
this is needed, e.g., to support distributed VPLS and some inter-AS
scenarios.
In simple VPWS, where a Forwarder binds exactly one PW to exactly one
Attachment Circuit, a Forwarder can be identified by identifying its
Attachment Circuit. In simple VPLS, a Forwarder can be identified by
identifying its PE device and its VPN.
To set up a PW between a pair of Forwarders, the signaling protocol
must allow the Forwarder at one endpoint to identify the Forwarder at
the other. In [RFC4447], the term "Attachment Identifier", or "AI",
is used to refer to a quantity whose purpose is to identify a
Forwarder. In [RFC4667], the term "Forwarder Identifier" is used for
the same purpose. In the context of this document, "Attachment
Identifier" and "Forwarder Identifier" are used interchangeably.
[RFC4447] specifies two Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) elements
that can be used when setting up pseudowires, the PWid FEC element,
and the Generalized ID FEC element. The PWid FEC element carries
only one Forwarder identifier; it can be thus be used only when both
forwarders have the same identifier, and when that identifier can be
coded as a 32-bit quantity. The Generalized ID FEC element carries
two Forwarder identifiers, one for each of the two Forwarders being
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
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connected. Each identifier is known as an Attachment Identifier, and
a signaling message carries both a "Source Attachment Identifier"
(SAI) and a "Target Attachment Identifier" (TAI).
The Generalized ID FEC element also provides some additional
structuring of the identifiers. It is assumed that the SAI and TAI
will sometimes have a common part, called the "Attachment Group
Identifier" (AGI), such that the SAI and TAI can each be thought of
as the concatenation of the AGI with an "Attachment Individual
Identifier" (AII). So the pair of identifiers is encoded into three
fields: AGI, Source AII (SAII), and Target AII (TAII). The SAI is
the concatenation of the AGI and the SAII, while the TAI is the
concatenation of the AGI and the TAII.
Similarly, [RFC4667] allows using one or two Forwarder Identifiers to
set up pseudowires. If only the target Forwarder Identifier is used
in L2TP signaling messages, both the source and target Forwarders are
assumed to have the same value. If both the source and target
Forwarder Identifiers are carried in L2TP signaling messages, each
Forwarder uses a locally significant identifier value.
The Forwarder Identifier in [RFC4667] is an equivalent term to
Attachment Identifier in [RFC4447]. A Forwarder Identifier also
consists of an Attachment Group Identifier and an Attachment
Individual Identifier. Unlike the Generalized ID FEC element, the
AGI and AII are carried in distinct L2TP Attribute-Value Pairs
(AVPs). The AGI is encoded in the AGI AVP, and the SAII and TAII are
encoded in the Local End ID AVP and the Remote End ID AVP,
respectively. The source Forwarder Identifier is the concatenation
of the AGI and SAII, while the target Forwarder Identifier is the
concatenation of the AGI and TAII.
In applications that group sets of PWs into "Layer 2 Virtual Private
Networks", the AGI can be thought of as a "VPN Identifier".
It should be noted that while different forwarders support different
applications, the type of application (e.g., VPLS vs. VPWS) cannot
necessarily be inferred from the forwarders' identifiers. A router
receiving a signaling message with a particular TAI will have to be
able to determine which of its local forwarders is identified by that
TAI, and to determine the application provided by that forwarder.
But other nodes may not be able to infer the application simply by
inspection of the signaling messages.
In this document, some further structure of the AGI and AII is
proposed for certain L2VPN applications. We note that [RFC4447]
defines a TLV structure for AGI and AII fields. Thus, an operator
who chooses to use the AII structure defined here could also make use
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
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of different AGI or AII types if he also wanted to use a different
structure for these identifiers for some other application. For
example, the long prefix type of [RFC5003] could be used to enable
the communication of administrative information, perhaps combined
with information learned during auto-discovery.
2.2. Creating a Single Bidirectional Pseudowire
In any form of LDP-based signaling, each PW endpoint must initiate
the creation of a unidirectional LSP. A PW is a pair of such LSPs.
In most of the L2VPN provisioning models, the two endpoints of a
given PW can simultaneously initiate the signaling for it. They must
therefore have some way of determining when a given pair of LSPs are
intended to be associated together as a single PW.
The way in which this association is done is different for the
various different L2VPN services and provisioning models. The
details appear in later sections.
L2TP signaling inherently establishes a bidirectional session that
carries a PW between two PW endpoints. The two endpoints can also
simultaneously initiate the signaling for a given PW. It is possible
that two PWs can be established for a pair of Forwarders.
In order to avoid setting up duplicated pseudowires between two
Forwarders, each PE must be able to independently detect such a
pseudowire tie. The procedures of detecting a pseudowire tie are
described in [RFC4667].
2.3. Attachment Identifiers and Forwarders
Every Forwarder in a PE must be associated with an Attachment
Identifier (AI), either through configuration or through some
algorithm. The Attachment Identifier must be unique in the context
of the PE router in which the Forwarder resides. The combination
<PE router, AI> must be globally unique.
As specified in [RFC4447], the Attachment Identifier may consist of
an Attachment Group Identifier (AGI) plus an Attachment Individual
Identifier (AII). In the context of this document, an AGI may be
thought of as a VPN-ID, or some attribute that is shared by all the
Attachment Circuits that are allowed to be connected.
It is sometimes helpful to consider a set of attachment circuits at a
single PE to belong to a common "pool". For example, a set of
attachment circuits that connect a single CE to a given PE may be
considered a pool. The use of pools is described in detail in
Section 3.3.
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The details for how to construct the AGI and AII fields identifying
the pseudowire endpoints in particular provisioning models are
discussed later in this document.
We can now consider an LSP for one direction of a pseudowire to be
identified by:
o <PE1, <AGI, AII1>, PE2, <AGI, AII2>>
and the LSP in the opposite direction of the pseudowire will be
identified by:
o <PE2, <AGI, AII2>, PE1, <AGI, AII1>>
A pseudowire is a pair of such LSPs. In the case of using L2TP
signaling, these refer to the two directions of an L2TP session.
When a signaling message is sent from PE1 to PE2, and PE1 needs to
refer to an Attachment Identifier that has been configured on one of
its own Attachment Circuits (or pools), the Attachment Identifier is
called a "Source Attachment Identifier". If PE1 needs to refer to an
Attachment Identifier that has been configured on one of PE2's
Attachment Circuits (or pools), the Attachment Identifier is called a
"Target Attachment Identifier". (So an SAI at one endpoint is a TAI
at the remote endpoint, and vice versa.)
In the signaling protocol, we define encodings for the following
three fields:
o Attachment Group Identifier (AGI)
o Source Attachment Individual Identifier (SAII)
o Target Attachment Individual Identifier (TAII)
If the AGI is non-null, then the SAI consists of the AGI together
with the SAII, and the TAI consists of the TAII together with the
AGI. If the AGI is null, then the SAII and TAII are the SAI and TAI,
respectively.
The intention is that the PE that receives an LDP Label Mapping
message or an L2TP Incoming Call Request (ICRQ) message containing a
TAI will be able to map that TAI uniquely to one of its Attachment
Circuits (or pools). The way in which a PE maps a TAI to an
Attachment Circuit (or pool) should be a local matter (including the
choice of whether to use some or all of the bytes in the TAI for the
mapping). So as far as the signaling procedures are concerned, the
TAI is really just an arbitrary string of bytes, a "cookie".
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3. Applications
In this section, we specify the way in which the pseudowire signaling
using the notion of source and target Forwarder is applied for a
number of different applications. For some of the applications, we
specify the way in which different provisioning models can be used.
However, this is not meant to be an exhaustive list of the
applications, or an exhaustive list of the provisioning models that
can be applied to each application.
3.1. Individual Point-to-Point Pseudowires
The signaling specified in this document can be used to set up
individually provisioned point-to-point pseudowires. In this
application, each Forwarder binds a single PW to a single Attachment
Circuit. Each PE must be provisioned with the necessary set of
Attachment Circuits, and then certain parameters must be provisioned
for each Attachment Circuit.
3.1.1. Provisioning Models
3.1.1.1. Double-Sided Provisioning
In this model, the Attachment Circuit must be provisioned with a
local name, a remote PE address, and a remote name. During
signaling, the local name is sent as the SAII, the remote name as the
TAII, and the AGI is null. If two Attachment Circuits are to be
connected by a PW, the local name of each must be the remote name of
the other.
Note that if the local name and the remote name are the same, the
PWid FEC element can be used instead of the Generalized ID FEC
element in the LDP-based signaling.
With L2TP signaling, the local name is sent in Local End ID AVP, and
the remote name in Remote End ID AVP. The AGI AVP is optional. If
present, it contains a zero-length AGI value. If the local name and
the remote name are the same, Local End ID AVP can be omitted from
L2TP signaling messages.
3.1.1.2. Single-Sided Provisioning with Discovery
In this model, each Attachment Circuit must be provisioned with a
local name. The local name consists of a VPN-ID (signaled as the
AGI) and an Attachment Individual Identifier that is unique relative
to the AGI. If two Attachment Circuits are to be connected by a PW,
only one of them needs to be provisioned with a remote name (which of
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course is the local name of the other Attachment Circuit). Neither
needs to be provisioned with the address of the remote PE, but both
must have the same VPN-ID.
As part of an auto-discovery procedure, each PE advertises its
<VPN-id, local AII> pairs. Each PE compares its local <VPN-id,
remote AII> pairs with the <VPN-id, local AII> pairs advertised by
the other PEs. If PE1 has a local <VPN-id, remote AII> pair with
value <V, fred>, and PE2 has a local <VPN-id, local AII> pair with
value <V, fred>, PE1 will thus be able to discover that it needs to
connect to PE2. When signaling, it will use "fred" as the TAII, and
will use V as the AGI. PE1's local name for the Attachment Circuit
is sent as the SAII.
The primary benefit of this provisioning model when compared to
Double-Sided Provisioning is that it enables one to move an
Attachment Circuit from one PE to another without having to
reconfigure the remote endpoint. However, compared to the approach
described in Section 3.3 below, it imposes a greater burden on the
discovery mechanism, because each Attachment Circuit's name must be
advertised individually (i.e., there is no aggregation of Attachment
Circuit names in this simple scheme).
3.1.2. Signaling
The LDP-based signaling follows the procedures specified in
[RFC4447]. That is, one PE (PE1) sends a Label Mapping message to
another PE (PE2) to establish an LSP in one direction. If that
message is processed successfully, and there is not yet an LSP for
the pseudowire in the opposite (PE1->PE2) direction, then PE2 sends a
Label Mapping message to PE1.
In addition to the procedures of [RFC4447], when a PE receives a
Label Mapping message, and the TAI identifies a particular Attachment
Circuit that is configured to be bound to a point-to-point PW, then
the following checks must be made.
If the Attachment Circuit is already bound to a pseudowire (including
the case where only one of the two LSPs currently exists), and the
remote endpoint is not PE1, then PE2 sends a Label Release message to
PE1, with a Status Code meaning "Attachment Circuit bound to
different PE", and the processing of the Mapping message is complete.
If the Attachment Circuit is already bound to a pseudowire (including
the case where only one of the two LSPs currently exists), but the AI
at PE1 is different than that specified in the AGI/SAII fields of the
Mapping message then PE2 sends a Label Release message to PE1, with a
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Status Code meaning "Attachment Circuit bound to different remote
Attachment Circuit", and the processing of the Mapping message is
complete.
Similarly, with the L2TP-based signaling, when a PE receives an ICRQ
message, and the TAI identifies a particular Attachment Circuit that
is configured to be bound to a point-to-point PW, it performs the
following checks.
If the Attachment Circuit is already bound to a pseudowire, and the
remote endpoint is not PE1, then PE2 sends a Call Disconnect Notify
(CDN) message to PE1, with a Status Code meaning "Attachment Circuit
bound to different PE", and the processing of the ICRQ message is
complete.
If the Attachment Circuit is already bound to a pseudowire, but the
pseudowire is bound to a Forwarder on PE1 with the AI different than
that specified in the SAI fields of the ICRQ message, then PE2 sends
a CDN message to PE1, with a Status Code meaning "Attachment Circuit
bound to different remote Attachment Circuit", and the processing of
the ICRQ message is complete.
These errors could occur as the result of misconfigurations.
3.2. Virtual Private LAN Service
In the VPLS application [RFC4762], the Attachment Circuits can be
thought of as LAN interfaces that attach to "virtual LAN switches",
or, in the terminology of [RFC4664], "Virtual Switching Instances"
(VSIs). Each Forwarder is a VSI that attaches to a number of PWs and
a number of Attachment Circuits. The VPLS service requires that a
single pseudowire be created between each pair of VSIs that are in
the same VPLS. Each PE device may have multiple VSIs, where each VSI
belongs to a different VPLS.
3.2.1. Provisioning
Each VPLS must have a globally unique identifier, which in [RFC4762]
is referred to as the VPLS identifier (or VPLS-id). Every VSI must
be configured with the VPLS-id of the VPLS to which it belongs.
Each VSI must also have a unique identifier, which we call a VSI-ID.
This can be formed automatically by concatenating its VPLS-id with an
IP address of its PE router. (Note that the PE address here is used
only as a form of unique identifier; a service provider could choose
to use some other numbering scheme if that was desired, as long as
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each VSI is assigned an identifier that is unique within the VPLS
instance. See Section 4.4 for a discussion of the assignment of
identifiers in the case of multiple providers.)
3.2.2. Auto-Discovery
3.2.2.1. BGP-Based Auto-Discovery
This section specifies how BGP can be used to discover the
information necessary to build VPLS instances.
When BGP-based auto-discovery is used for VPLS, the AFI/SAFI (Address
Family Identifier / Subsequent Address Family Identifier) [RFC4760]
will be:
o An AFI (25) for L2VPN. (This is the same for all L2VPN schemes.)
o A SAFI (65) specifically for an L2VPN service whose pseudowires
are set up using the procedures described in the current document.
See Section 6 for further discussion of AFI/SAFI assignment.
In order to use BGP-based auto-discovery, there must be at least one
globally unique identifier associated with a VPLS, and each such
identifier must be encodable as an 8-byte Route Distinguisher (RD).
Any method of assigning one or more unique identifiers to a VPLS and
encoding each of them as an RD (using the encoding techniques of
[RFC4364]) will do.
Each VSI needs to have a unique identifier that is encodable as a BGP
Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI). This is formed by
prepending the RD (from the previous paragraph) to an IP address of
the PE containing the VSI. Note that the role of this address is
simply as a readily available unique identifier for the VSIs within a
VPN; it does not need to be globally routable, but it must be unique
within the VPLS instance. An alternate scheme to assign unique
identifiers to each VSI within a VPLS instance (e.g., numbering the
VSIs of a single VPN from 1 to n) could be used if desired.
When using the procedures described in this document, it is necessary
to assign a single, globally unique VPLS-id to each VPLS instance
[RFC4762]. This VPLS-id must be encodable as a BGP Extended
Community [RFC4360]. As described in Section 6, two Extended
Community subtypes are defined by this document for this purpose.
The Extended Community MUST be transitive.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
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The first Extended Community subtype is a Two-octet AS Specific
Extended Community. The second Extended Community subtype is an IPv4
Address Specific Extended Community. The encoding of such
Communities is defined in [RFC4360]. These encodings ensure that a
service provider can allocate a VPLS-id without risk of collision
with another provider. However, note that coordination of VPLS-ids
among providers is necessary for inter-provider L2VPNs, as described
in Section 4.4.
Each VSI also needs to be associated with one or more Route Target
(RT) Extended Communities. These control the distribution of the
NLRI, and hence will control the formation of the overlay topology of
pseudowires that constitutes a particular VPLS.
Auto-discovery proceeds by having each PE distribute, via BGP, the
NLRI for each of its VSIs, with itself as the BGP next hop, and with
the appropriate RT for each such NLRI. Typically, each PE would be a
client of a small set of BGP route reflectors, which would
redistribute this information to the other clients.
If a PE receives a BGP update from which any of the elements
specified above is absent, the update should be ignored.
If a PE has a VSI with a particular RT, it can then import all the
NLRIs that have that same RT, and from the BGP next hop attribute of
these NLRI it will learn the IP addresses of the other PE routers
which have VSIs with the same RT. The considerations in Section
4.3.3 of [RFC4364] on the use of route reflectors apply.
If a particular VPLS is meant to be a single fully connected LAN, all
its VSIs will have the same RT, in which case the RT could be (though
it need not be) an encoding of the VPN-id. A VSI can be placed in
multiple VPLSes by assigning it multiple RTs.
Note that hierarchical VPLS can be set up by assigning multiple RTs
to some of the VSIs; the RT mechanism allows one to have complete
control over the pseudowire overlay that constitutes the VPLS
topology.
If Distributed VPLS (described in Section 3.5) is deployed, only the
Network-facing PEs (N-PEs) participate in BGP-based auto-discovery.
This means that an N-PE would need to advertise reachability to each
of the VSIs that it supports, including those located in User-facing
PEs (U-PEs) to which it is connected. To create a unique identifier
for each such VSI, an IP address of each U-PE combined with the RD
for the VPLS instance could be used.
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In summary, the BGP advertisement for a particular VSI at a given PE
will contain:
o an NLRI of AFI = L2VPN, SAFI = VPLS, encoded as RD:PE_addr
o a BGP next hop equal to the loopback address of the PE
o an Extended Community Attribute containing the VPLS-id
o an Extended Community Attribute containing one or more RTs.
See Section 6 for discussion of the AFI and SAFI values. The format
for the NLRI encoding is:
+------------------------------------+
| Length (2 octets) |
+------------------------------------+
| Route Distinguisher (8 octets) |
+------------------------------------+
| PE_addr (4 octets) |
+------------------------------------+
Note that this advertisement is quite similar to the NLRI format
defined in [RFC4761], the main difference being that [RFC4761] also
includes a label block in the NLRI. Interoperability between the
VPLS scheme defined here and that defined in [RFC4761] is beyond the
scope of this document.
3.2.3. Signaling
It is necessary to create Attachment Identifiers that identify the
VSIs. In the preceding section, a VSI-ID was encoded as RD:PE_addr,
and the VPLS-id was carried in a BGP Extended Community. For
signaling purposes, this information is encoded as follows. We
encode the VPLS-id in the AGI field, and place the PE_addr (or, more
precisely, the VSI-ID that was contained in the NLRI in BGP, minus
the RD) in the TAII field. The combination of AGI and TAII is
sufficient to fully specify the VSI to which this pseudowire is to be
connected, in both single AS and inter-AS environments. The SAII
MUST be set to the PE_addr of the sending PE (or, more precisely, the
VSI-ID, without the RD, of the VSI associated with this VPLS in the
sending PE) to enable signaling of the reverse half of the PW if
needed.
The structure of the AGI and AII fields for the Generalized ID FEC in
LDP is defined in [RFC4447]. The AGI field in this case consists of
a Type of 1, a length field of value 8, and the 8 bytes of the
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VPLS-id. The AIIs consist of a Type of 1, a length field of value 4,
followed by the 4-byte PE address (or other 4-byte identifier). See
Section 6 for discussion of the AGI and AII Type assignment.
The encoding of the AGI and AII in L2TP is specified in [RFC4667].
Note that it is not possible using this technique to set up more than
one PW per pair of VSIs.
3.2.4. Pseudowires as VPLS Attachment Circuits
It is also possible using this technique to set up a PW that attaches
at one endpoint to a VSI, but at the other endpoint only to an
Attachment Circuit. There may be more than one PW terminating on a
given VSI, which must somehow be distinguished, so each PW must have
an SAII that is unique relative to the VSI-ID.
3.3. Colored Pools: Full Mesh of Point-to-Point Pseudowires
The "Colored Pools" model of operation provides an automated way to
deliver VPWS. In this model, each PE may contain several pools of
Attachment Circuits, each pool associated with a particular VPN. A
PE may contain multiple pools per VPN, as each pool may correspond to
a particular CE device. It may be desired to create one pseudowire
between each pair of pools that are in the same VPN; the result would
be to create a full mesh of CE-CE Virtual Circuits for each VPN.
3.3.1. Provisioning
Each pool is configured, and associated with:
o a set of Attachment Circuits;
o a "color", which can be thought of as a VPN-id of some sort;
o a relative pool identifier, which is unique relative to the color.
[Note: depending on the technology used for Attachment Circuits
(ACs), it may or may not be necessary to provision these circuits as
well. For example, if the ACs are frame relay circuits, there may be
some separate provisioning system to set up such circuits.
Alternatively, "provisioning" an AC may be as simple as allocating an
unused VLAN ID on an interface and communicating the choice to the
customer. These issues are independent of the procedures described
in this document.]
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The pool identifier and color, taken together, constitute a globally
unique identifier for the pool. Thus, if there are n pools of a
given color, their pool identifiers can be (though they do not need
to be) the numbers 1-n.
The semantics are that a pseudowire will be created between every
pair of pools that have the same color, where each such pseudowire
will be bound to one Attachment Circuit from each of the two pools.
If each pool is a set of Attachment Circuits leading to a single CE
device, then the Layer 2 connectivity among the CEs is controlled by
the way the colors are assigned to the pools. To create a full mesh,
the "color" would just be a VPN-id.
Optionally, a particular Attachment Circuit may be configured with
the relative pool identifier of a remote pool. Then, that Attachment
Circuit would be bound to a particular pseudowire only if that
pseudowire's remote endpoint is the pool with that relative pool
identifier. With this option, the same pairs of Attachment Circuits
will always be bound via pseudowires.
3.3.2. Auto-Discovery
3.3.2.1. BGP-Based Auto-Discovery
This section specifies how BGP can be used to discover the
information necessary to build VPWS instances.
When BGP-based auto-discovery is used for VPWS, the AFI/SAFI will be:
o An AFI specified by IANA for L2VPN. (This is the same for all
L2VPN schemes.)
o A SAFI specified by IANA specifically for an L2VPN service whose
pseudowires are set up using the procedures described in the
current document.
See Section 6 for further discussion of AFI/SAFI assignment.
In order to use BGP-based auto-discovery, there must be one or more
unique identifiers associated with a particular VPWS instance. Each
identifier must be encodable as an RD (Route Distinguisher). The
globally unique identifier of a pool must be encodable as NLRI; the
pool identifier, which we define to be a 4-byte quantity, is appended
to the RD to create the NLRI.
When using the procedures described in this document, it is necessary
to assign a single, globally unique identifier to each VPWS instance.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
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This identifier must be encodable as a BGP Extended Community
[RFC4360]. As described in Section 6, two Extended Community
subtypes are defined by this document for this purpose. The Extended
Community MUST be transitive.
The first Extended Community subtype is a Two-octet AS Specific
Extended Community. The second Extended Community subtype is an IPv4
Address Specific Extended Community. The encoding of such
Communities is defined in [RFC4360]. These encodings ensure that a
service provider can allocate a VPWS identifier without risk of
collision with another provider. However, note that co-ordination of
VPWS identifiers among providers is necessary for inter-provider
L2VPNs, as described in Section 4.4.
Each pool must also be associated with an RT (route target), which
may also be an encoding of the color. If the desired topology is a
full mesh of pseudowires, all pools may have the same RT. See
Section 3.4 for a discussion of other topologies.
Auto-discovery proceeds by having each PE distribute, via BGP, the
NLRI for each of its pools, with itself as the BGP next hop, and with
the RT that encodes the pool's color. If a given PE has a pool with
a particular color (RT), it must receive, via BGP, all NLRI with that
same color (RT). Typically, each PE would be a client of a small set
of BGP route reflectors, which would redistribute this information to
the other clients.
If a PE receives a BGP update from which any of the elements
specified above is absent, the update should be ignored.
If a PE has a pool with a particular color, it can then receive all
the NLRI that have that same color, and from the BGP next hop
attribute of these NLRI will learn the IP addresses of the other PE
routers that have pools switches with the same color. It also learns
the unique identifier of each such remote pool, as this is encoded in
the NLRI. The remote pool's relative identifier can be extracted
from the NLRI and used in the signaling, as specified below.
In summary, the BGP advertisement for a particular pool of attachment
circuits at a given PE will contain:
o an NLRI of AFI = L2VPN, SAFI = VPLS, encoded as RD:pool_num;
o a BGP next hop equal to the loopback address of the PE;
o an Extended Community Attribute containing the VPWS identifier;
o an Extended Community Attribute containing one or more RTs.
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See Section 6 for discussion of the AFI and SAFI values.
3.3.3. Signaling
The LDP-based signaling follows the procedures specified in
[RFC4447]. That is, one PE (PE1) sends a Label Mapping message to
another PE (PE2) to establish an LSP in one direction. The address
of PE2 is the next-hop address learned via BGP as described above.
If the message is processed successfully, and there is not yet an LSP
for the pseudowire in the opposite (PE1->PE2) direction, then PE2
sends a Label Mapping message to PE1. Similarly, the L2TPv3-based
signaling follows the procedures of [RFC4667]. Additional details on
the use of these signaling protocols follow.
When a PE sends a Label Mapping message or an ICRQ message to set up
a PW between two pools, it encodes the VPWS identifier (as
distributed in the Extended Community Attribute by BGP) as the AGI,
the local pool's relative identifier as the SAII, and the remote
pool's relative identifier as the TAII.
The structure of the AGI and AII fields for the Generalized ID FEC in
LDP is defined in [RFC4447]. The AGI field in this case consists of
a Type of 1, a length field of value 8, and the 8 bytes of the VPWS
identifier. The TAII consists of a Type of 1, a length field of
value 4, followed by the 4-byte remote pool number. The SAII
consists of a Type of 1, a length field of value 4, followed by the
4-byte local pool number. See Section 6 for discussion of the AGI
and AII Type assignment. Note that the VPLS and VPWS procedures
defined in this document can make use of the same AGI Type (1) and
the same AII Type (1).
The encoding of the AGI and AII in L2TP is specified in [RFC4667].
When PE2 receives a Label Mapping message or an ICRQ message from
PE1, and the TAI identifies a pool, and there is already a pseudowire
connecting an Attachment Circuit in that pool to an Attachment
Circuit at PE1, and the AI at PE1 of that pseudowire is the same as
the SAI of the Label Mapping or ICRQ message, then PE2 sends a Label
Release or CDN message to PE1, with a Status Code meaning "Attachment
Circuit already bound to remote Attachment Circuit". This prevents
the creation of multiple pseudowires between a given pair of pools.
Note that the signaling itself only identifies the remote pool to
which the pseudowire is to lead, not the remote Attachment Circuit
that is to be bound to the pseudowire. However, the remote PE may
examine the SAII field to determine which Attachment Circuit should
be bound to the pseudowire.
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3.4. Colored Pools: Partial Mesh
The procedures for creating a partial mesh of pseudowires among a set
of colored pools are substantially the same as those for creating a
full mesh, with the following exceptions:
o Each pool is optionally configured with a set of "import RTs" and
"export RTs";
o During BGP-based auto-discovery, the pool color is still encoded
in the RD, but if the pool is configured with a set of "export
RTs", these are encoded in the RTs of the BGP Update messages
INSTEAD of the color;
o If a pool has a particular "import RT" value X, it will create a
PW to every other pool that has X as one of its "export RTs". The
signaling messages and procedures themselves are as in
Section 3.3.3.
As a simple example, consider the task of building a hub-and-spoke
topology with a single hub. One pool, the "hub" pool, is configured
with an export RT of RT_hub and an import RT of RT_spoke. All other
pools (the spokes) are configured with an export RT of RT_spoke and
an import RT of RT_hub. Thus, the hub pool will connect to the
spokes, and vice-versa, but the spoke pools will not connect to each
other.
3.5. Distributed VPLS
In Distributed VPLS ([RFC4664]), the VPLS functionality of a PE
router is divided among two systems: a U-PE and an N-PE. The U-PE
sits between the user and the N-PE. VSI functionality (e.g., MAC
address learning and bridging) is performed on the U-PE. A number of
U-PEs attach to an N-PE. For each VPLS supported by a U-PE, the U-PE
maintains a pseudowire to each of the other U-PEs in the same VPLS.
However, the U-PEs do not maintain signaling control connections with
each other. Rather, each U-PE has only a single signaling
connection, to its N-PE. In essence, each U-PE-to-U-PE pseudowire is
composed of three pseudowires spliced together: one from U-PE to
N-PE, one from N-PE to N-PE, and one from N-PE to U-PE. In the
terminology of [RFC5659], the N-PEs perform the pseudowire switching
function to establish multi-segment PWs from U-PE to U-PE.
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Consider, for example, the following topology:
U-PE A-----| |----U-PE C
| |
| |
N-PE E--------N-PE F
| |
| |
U-PE B-----| |-----U-PE D
where the four U-PEs are in a common VPLS. We now illustrate how PWs
get spliced together in the above topology in order to establish the
necessary PWs from U-PE A to the other U-PEs.
There are three PWs from A to E. Call these A-E/1, A-E/2, and A-E/3.
In order to connect A properly to the other U-PEs, there must be two
PWs from E to F (call these E-F/1 and E-F/2), one PW from E to B
(E-B/1), one from F to C (F-C/1), and one from F to D (F-D/1).
The N-PEs must then splice these pseudowires together to get the
equivalent of what the non-distributed VPLS signaling mechanism would
provide:
o PW from A to B: A-E/1 gets spliced to E-B/1.
o PW from A to C: A-E/2 gets spliced to E-F/1 gets spliced to F-C/1.
o PW from A to D: A-E/3 gets spliced to E-F/2 gets spliced to F-D/1.
It doesn't matter which PWs get spliced together, as long as the
result is one from A to each of B, C, and D.
Similarly, there are additional PWs that must get spliced together to
properly interconnect U-PE B with U-PEs C and D, and to interconnect
U-PE C with U-PE D.
The following figure illustrates the PWs from A to C and from B to D.
For clarity of the figure, the other four PWs are not shown.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
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splicing points
| |
V V
A-C PW <-----><-----------><------>
U-PE A-----| |----U-PE C
| |
| |
N-PE E--------N-PE F
| |
| |
U-PE B-----| |-----U-PE D
B-D PW <-----><-----------><------>
^ ^
| |
splicing points
One can see that distributed VPLS does not reduce the number of
pseudowires per U-PE, but it does reduce the number of control
connections per U-PE. Whether this is worthwhile depends, of course,
on what the bottleneck is.
3.5.1. Signaling
The signaling to support Distributed VPLS can be done with the
mechanisms described in this document. However, the procedures for
VPLS (Section 3.2.3) need some additional machinery to ensure that
the appropriate number of PWs are established between the various
N-PEs and U-PEs, and among the N-PEs.
At a given N-PE, the directly attached U-PEs in a given VPLS can be
numbered from 1 to n. This number identifies the U-PE relative to a
particular VPN-id and a particular N-PE. (That is, to uniquely
identify the U-PE, the N-PE, the VPN-id, and the U-PE number must be
known.)
As a result of configuration/discovery, each U-PE must be given a
list of <j, IP address> pairs. Each element in this list tells the
U-PE to set up j PWs to the specified IP address. When the U-PE
signals to the N-PE, it sets the AGI to the proper-VPN-id, and sets
the SAII to the PW number, and sets the TAII to null.
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In the above example, U-PE A would be told <3, E>, telling it to set
up 3 PWs to E. When signaling, A would set the AGI to the proper
VPN-id, and would set the SAII to 1, 2, or 3, depending on which of
the three PWs it is signaling.
As a result of configuration/discovery, each N-PE must be given the
following information for each VPLS:
o A "Local" list: {<j, IP address>}, where each element tells it to
set up j PWs to the locally attached U-PE at the specified
address. The number of elements in this list will be n, the
number of locally attached U-PEs in this VPLS. In the above
example, E would be given the local list: {<3, A>, <3, B>},
telling it to set up 3 PWs to A and 3 to B.
o A local numbering, relative to the particular VPLS and the
particular N-PE, of its U-PEs. In the above example, E could be
told that U-PE A is 1, and U-PE B is 2.
o A "Remote" list: {<IP address, k>}, telling it to set up k PWs,
for each U-PE, to the specified IP address. Each of these IP
addresses identifies an N-PE, and k specifies the number of U-PEs
at the N-PE that are in the VPLS. In the above example, E would
be given the remote list: {<2, F>}. Since N-PE E has 2 U-PEs,
this tells it to set up 4 PWs to N-PE F, 2 for each of its E's
U-PEs.
The signaling of a PW from N-PE to U-PE is based on the local list
and the local numbering of U-PEs. When signaling a particular PW
from an N-PE to a U-PE, the AGI is set to the proper VPN-id, and SAII
is set to null, and the TAII is set to the PW number (relative to
that particular VPLS and U-PE). In the above example, when E signals
to A, it would set the TAII to be 1, 2, or 3, respectively, for the 3
PWs it must set up to A. It would similarly signal 3 PWs to B.
The LSP signaled from U-PE to N-PE is associated with an LSP from
N-PE to U-PE in the usual manner. A PW between a U-PE and an N-PE is
known as a "U-PW".
The signaling of the appropriate set of PWs from N-PE to N-PE is
based on the remote list. The PWs between the N-PEs can all be
considered equivalent. As long as the correct total number of PWs
are established, the N-PEs can splice these PWs to appropriate U-PWs.
The signaling of the correct number of PWs from N-PE to N-PE is based
on the remote list. The remote list specifies the number of PWs to
set up, per local U-PE, to a particular remote N-PE.
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When signaling a particular PW from an N-PE to an N-PE, the AGI is
set to the appropriate VPN-id. The TAII identifies the remote N-PE,
as in the non-distributed case, i.e., it contains an IP address of
the remote N-PE. If there are n such PWs, they are distinguished by
the setting of the SAII. In order to allow multiple different SAII
values in a single VPLS, the sending N-PE needs to have as many VSI-
IDs as it has U-PEs. As noted above in Section 3.2.2, this may be
achieved by using an IP address of each attached U-PE, for example.
A PW between two N-PEs is known as an "N-PW".
Each U-PW must be "spliced" to an N-PW. This is based on the remote
list. If the remote list contains an element <i, F>, then i U-PWs
from each local U-PE must be spliced to i N-PWs from the remote N-PE
F. It does not matter which U-PWs are spliced to which N-PWs, as
long as this constraint is met.
If an N-PE has more than one local U-PE for a given VPLS, it must
also ensure that a U-PW from each such U-PE is spliced to a U-PW from
each of the other U-PEs.
3.5.2. Provisioning and Discovery
Every N-PE must be provisioned with the set of VPLS instances it
supports, a VPN-id for each one, and a list of local U-PEs for each
such VPLS. As part of the discovery procedure, the N-PE advertises
the number of U-PEs for each VPLS. See Section 3.2.2 for details.
Auto-discovery (e.g., BGP-based) can be used to discover all the
other N-PEs in the VPLS, and for each, the number of U-PEs local to
that N-PE. From this, one can compute the total number of U-PEs in
the VPLS. This information is sufficient to enable one to compute
the local list and the remote list for each N-PE.
3.5.3. Non-Distributed VPLS as a Sub-Case
A PE that is providing "non-distributed VPLS" (i.e., a PE that
performs both the U-PE and N-PE functions) can interoperate with
N-PE/U-PE pairs that are providing distributed VPLS. The "non-
distributed PE" simply advertises, in the discovery procedure, that
it has one local U-PE per VPLS. And of course, the non-distributed
PE does no PW switching.
If every PE in a VPLS is providing non-distributed VPLS, and thus
every PE is advertising itself as an N-PE with one local U-PE, the
resultant signaling is exactly the same as that specified in
Section 3.2.3 above.
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3.5.4. Splicing and the Data Plane
Splicing two PWs together is quite straightforward in the MPLS data
plane, as moving a packet from one PW directly to another is just a
'label replace' operation on the PW label. When a PW consists of two
or more PWs spliced together, it is assumed that the data will go to
the node where the splicing is being done, i.e., that the data path
will pass through the nodes that participate in PW signaling.
Further details on splicing are discussed in [RFC6073].
4. Inter-AS Operation
The provisioning, auto-discovery, and signaling mechanisms described
above can all be applied in an inter-AS environment. As in
[RFC4364], there are a number of options for inter-AS operation.
4.1. Multihop EBGP Redistribution of L2VPN NLRIs
This option is most like option (c) in [RFC4364]. That is, we use
multihop External BGP (EBGP) redistribution of L2VPN NLRIs between
source and destination ASes, with EBGP redistribution of labeled IPv4
or IPv6 routes from AS to neighboring AS.
An Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) must maintain labeled IPv4
/32 (or IPv6 /128) routes to the PE routers within its AS. It uses
EBGP to distribute these routes to other ASes, and sets itself as the
BGP next hop for these routes. ASBRs in any transit ASes will also
have to use EBGP to pass along the labeled /32 (or /128) routes.
This results in the creation of a set of label switched paths from
all ingress PE routers to all egress PE routers. Now, PE routers in
different ASes can establish multi-hop EBGP connections to each other
and can exchange L2VPN NLRIs over those connections. Following such
exchanges, a pair of PEs in different ASes could establish an LDP
session to signal PWs between each other.
For VPLS, the BGP advertisement and PW signaling are exactly as
described in Section 3.2. As a result of the multihop EBGP session
that exists between source and destination AS, the PEs in one AS that
have VSIs of a certain VPLS will discover the PEs in another AS that
have VSIs of the same VPLS. These PEs will then be able to establish
the appropriate PW signaling protocol session and establish the full
mesh of VSI-VSI pseudowires to build the VPLS as described in
Section 3.2.3.
For VPWS, the BGP advertisement and PW signaling are exactly as
described in Section 3.3. As a result of the multihop EBGP session
that exists between source and destination AS, the PEs in one AS that
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have pools of a certain color (VPN) will discover PEs in another AS
that have pools of the same color. These PEs will then be able to
establish the appropriate PW signaling protocol session and establish
the full mesh of pseudowires as described in Section 3.2.3. A
partial mesh can similarly be established using the procedures of
Section 3.4.
As in Layer 3 VPNs, building an L2VPN that spans the networks of more
than one provider requires some co-ordination in the use of RTs and
RDs. This subject is discussed in more detail in Section 4.4.
4.2. EBGP Redistribution of L2VPN NLRIs with Multi-Segment Pseudowires
A possible drawback of the approach of the previous section is that
it creates PW signaling sessions among all the PEs of a given L2VPN
(VPLS or VPWS). This means a potentially large number of LDP or
L2TPv3 sessions will cross the AS boundary and that these sessions
connect to many devices within an AS. In the case where the ASes
belong to different providers, one might imagine that providers would
like to have fewer signaling sessions crossing the AS boundary and
that the entities that terminate the sessions could be restricted to
a smaller set of devices. Furthermore, by forcing the LDP or L2TPv3
signaling sessions to terminate on a small set of ASBRs, a provider
could use standard authentication procedures on a small set of inter-
provider sessions. These concerns motivate the approach described
here.
[RFC6073] describes an approach to "switching" packets from one
pseudowire to another at a particular node. This approach allows an
end-to-end, multi-segment pseudowire to be constructed out of several
pseudowire segments, without maintaining an end-to-end control
connection. We can use this approach to produce an inter-AS solution
that more closely resembles option (b) in [RFC4364].
In this model, we use EBGP redistribution of L2VPN NLRI from AS to
neighboring AS. First, the PE routers use Internal BGP (IBGP) to
redistribute L2VPN NLRI either to an ASBR, or to a route reflector of
which an ASBR is a client. The ASBR then uses EBGP to redistribute
those L2VPN NLRI to an ASBR in another AS, which in turn distributes
them to the PE routers in that AS, or perhaps to another ASBR which
in turn distributes them, and so on.
In this case, a PE can learn the address of an ASBR through which it
could reach another PE to which it wishes to establish a PW. That
is, a local PE will receive a BGP advertisement containing L2VPN NLRI
corresponding to an L2VPN instance in which the local PE has some
attached members. The BGP next-hop for that L2VPN NLRI will be an
ASBR of the local AS. Then, rather than building a control
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connection all the way to the remote PE, it builds one only to the
ASBR. A pseudowire segment can now be established from the PE to the
ASBR. The ASBR in turn can establish a PW to the ASBR of the next
AS, and splice that PW to the PW from the PE as described in
Section 3.5.4 and [RFC6073]. Repeating the process at each ASBR
leads to a sequence of PW segments that, when spliced together,
connect the two PEs.
Note that in the approach just described, the local PE may never
learn the IP address of the remote PE. It learns the L2VPN NLRI
advertised by the remote PE, which need not contain the remote PE
address, and it learns the IP address of the ASBR that is the BGP
next hop for that NLRI.
When this approach is used for VPLS, or for full-mesh VPWS, it leads
to a full mesh of pseudowires among the PEs, just as in the previous
section, but it does not require a full mesh of control connections
(LDP or L2TPv3 sessions). Instead, the control connections within a
single AS run among all the PEs of that AS and the ASBRs of the AS.
A single control connection between the ASBRs of adjacent ASes can be
used to support however many AS-to-AS pseudowire segments are needed.
Note that the procedures described here will result in the splicing
points (PW Switching PEs (S-PEs) in the terminology of [RFC5659])
being co-located with the ASBRs. It is of course possible to have
multiple ASBR-ASBR connections between a given pair of ASes. In this
case, a given PE could choose among the available ASBRs based on a
range of criteria, such as IGP metric, local configuration, etc.,
analogous to choosing an exit point in normal IP routing. The use of
multiple ASBRs would lead to greater resiliency (at the timescale of
BGP routing convergence) since a PE could select a new ASBR in the
event of the failure of the one currently in use.
As in layer 3 VPNs, building an L2VPN that spans the networks of more
than one provider requires some co-ordination in the use of RTs and
RDs. This subject is discussed in more detail in Section 4.4.
4.3. Inter-Provider Application of Distributed VPLS Signaling
An alternative approach to inter-provider VPLS can be derived from
the Distributed VPLS approach described above. Consider the
following topology:
PE A --- Network 1 ----- Border ----- Border ----- Network 2 --- PE B
Router 12 Router 21 |
|
PE C
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where A, B, and C are PEs in a common VPLS, but Networks 1 and 2 are
networks of different service providers. Border Router 12 is Network
1's border router to network 2, and Border Router 21 is Network 2's
border router to Network 1. We suppose further that the PEs are not
"distributed", i.e, that each provides both the U-PE and N-PE
functions.
In this topology, one needs two inter-provider pseudowires: A-B and
A-C.
Suppose a service provider decides, for whatever reason, that it does
not want each of its PEs to have a control connection to any PEs in
the other network. Rather, it wants the inter-provider control
connections to run only between the two border routers.
This can be achieved using the techniques of Section 3.5, where the
PEs behave like U-PEs, and the BRs behave like N-PEs. In the example
topology, PE A would behave like a U-PE that is locally attached to
BR12; PEs B and C would be have like U-PEs that are locally attached
to BR21; and the two BRs would behave like N-PEs.
As a result, the PW from A to B would consist of three segments:
A-BR12, BR12-BR21, and BR21-B. The border routers would have to
splice the corresponding segments together.
This requires the PEs within a VPLS to be numbered from 1-n (relative
to that VPLS) within a given network.
4.4. RT and RD Assignment Considerations
We note that, in order for any of the inter-AS procedures described
above to work correctly, the two ASes must use RTs and RDs
consistently, just as in Layer 3 VPNs [RFC4364]. The structure of
RTs and RDs is such that there is not a great risk of accidental
collisions. The main challenge is that it is necessary for the
operator of one AS to know what RT or RTs have been chosen in another
AS for any VPN that has sites in both ASes. As in Layer 3 VPNs,
there are many ways to make this work, but all require some co-
operation among the providers. For example, provider A may tag all
the NLRI for a given VPN with a single RT, say RT_A, and provider B
can then configure the PEs that connect to sites of that VPN to
import NLRI that contains that RT. Provider B can choose a different
RT, RT_B, tag all NLRI for this VPN with that RT, and then provider A
can import NLRI with that RT at the appropriate PEs. However, this
does require both providers to communicate their choice of RTs for
each VPN. Alternatively, both providers could agree to use a common
RT for a given VPN. In any case, communication of RTs between the
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providers is essential. As in Layer 3 VPNs, providers may configure
RT filtering to ensure that only coordinated RT values are allowed
across the AS boundary.
Note that a single VPN identifier (carried in a BGP Extended
Community) is required for each VPLS or VPWS instance. The encoding
rules for these identifiers [RFC4360] ensure that collisions do not
occur with other providers. However, for a single VPLS or VPWS
instance that spans the networks of two or more providers, one
provider will need to allocate the identifier and communicate this
choice to the other provider(s), who must use the same value for
sites in the same VPLS or VPWS instance.
5. Security Considerations
This document describes a number of different L2VPN provisioning
models, and specifies the endpoint identifiers that are required to
support each of the provisioning models. It also specifies how those
endpoint identifiers are mapped into fields of auto-discovery
protocols and signaling protocols.
The security considerations related to the signaling protocols are
discussed in the relevant protocol specifications ([RFC5036],
[RFC4447], [RFC3931], and [RFC4667]).
The security considerations related to BGP-based auto-discovery,
including inter-AS issues, are discussed in [RFC4364]. L2VPNs that
use BGP-based auto-discovery may automate setup of security
mechanisms as well. Specification of automated security mechanisms
are outside the scope of this document, but are recommended as a
future work item.
The security considerations related to the particular kind of L2VPN
service being supported are discussed in [RFC4664], [RFC4665], and
[RFC4762].
The way in which endpoint identifiers are mapped into protocol fields
does not create any additional security issues.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA has assigned an AFI and a SAFI for L2VPN NLRI. Both the AFI and
SAFI are the same as the values assigned for [RFC4761]. That is, the
AFI is 25 (L2VPN) and the SAFI is 65 (already allocated for VPLS).
The same AFI and SAFI are used for both VPLS and VPWS auto-discovery
as described in this document.
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[RFC4446] defines registries for "Attachment Group Identifier (AGI)
Type" and "Attachment Individual Identifier (AII) Type". Type 1 in
each registry has been assigned to the AGI and AII formats defined in
this document.
IANA has assigned two new LDP status codes. IANA already maintains a
registry of name "STATUS CODE NAME SPACE" defined by [RFC5036]. The
following values have been assigned:
0x00000030 Attachment Circuit bound to different PE
0x0000002D Attachment Circuit bound to different remote Attachment
Circuit
Two new L2TP Result Codes have been registered for the CDN message.
IANA already maintains a registry of L2TP Result Code Values for the
CDN message, defined by [RFC3438]. The following values have been
assigned:
27: Attachment Circuit bound to different PE
28: Attachment Circuit bound to different remote Attachment Circuit
[RFC4360] defines a registry entitled "Two-octet AS Specific Extended
Community". IANA has assigned a value in this registry from the
"transitive" range (0x0000-0x00FF). The value is as follows:
o 0x000A Two-octet AS specific Layer 2 VPN Identifier
[RFC4360] defines a registry entitled "IPv4 Address Specific Extended
Community". IANA has assigned a value in this registry from the
"transitive" range (0x0100-0x01FF). The value is as follows:
o 0x010A Layer 2 VPN Identifier
7. BGP-AD and VPLS-BGP Interoperability
Both BGP-AD and VPLS-BGP [RFC4761] use the same AFI/SAFI. In order
for both BGP-AD and VPLS-BGP to co-exist, the NLRI length must be
used as a demultiplexer.
The BGP-AD NLRI has an NLRI length of 12 bytes, containing only an
8-byte RD and a 4-byte VSI-ID. VPLS-BGP [RFC4761] uses a 17-byte
NLRI length. Therefore, implementations of BGP-AD must ignore NLRI
that are greater than 12 bytes.
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8. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Dan Tappan, Ted Qian, Ali Sajassi, Skip Booth, Luca
Martini, Dave McDysan, Francois Le Faucheur, Russ Gardo, Keyur Patel,
Sam Henderson, and Matthew Bocci for their comments, criticisms, and
helpful suggestions.
Thanks to Tissa Senevirathne, Hamid Ould-Brahim, and Yakov Rekhter
for discussing the auto-discovery issues.
Thanks to Vach Kompella for a continuing discussion of the proper
semantics of the generalized identifiers.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3438] Townsley, W., "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Considerations
Update", BCP 68, RFC 3438, December 2002.
[RFC3931] Lau, J., Townsley, M., and I. Goyret, "Layer Two Tunneling
Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC 3931, March 2005.
[RFC4360] Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended
Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, February 2006.
[RFC4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.
[RFC4447] Martini, L., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T., and G.
Heron, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the Label
Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 4447, April 2006.
[RFC4667] Luo, W., "Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN)
Extensions for Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)",
RFC 4667, September 2006.
[RFC4760] Bates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D., and Y. Rekhter,
"Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC 4760,
January 2007.
[RFC5036] Andersson, L., Minei, I., and B. Thomas, "LDP
Specification", RFC 5036, October 2007.
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 6074 L2VPN Signaling January 2011
[RFC6073] Martini, L., Metz, C., Nadeau, T., Bocci, M., and M.
Aissaoui, "Segmented Pseudowire", RFC 6073, January 2011.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC3985] Bryant, S. and P. Pate, "Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-
Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985, March 2005.
[RFC4026] Andersson, L. and T. Madsen, "Provider Provisioned Virtual
Private Network (VPN) Terminology", RFC 4026, March 2005.
[RFC4446] Martini, L., "IANA Allocations for Pseudowire Edge to Edge
Emulation (PWE3)", BCP 116, RFC 4446, April 2006.
[RFC4664] Andersson, L. and E. Rosen, "Framework for Layer 2 Virtual
Private Networks (L2VPNs)", RFC 4664, September 2006.
[RFC4665] Augustyn, W. and Y. Serbest, "Service Requirements for
Layer 2 Provider-Provisioned Virtual Private Networks",
RFC 4665, September 2006.
[RFC4761] Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Virtual Private LAN Service
(VPLS) Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and Signaling",
RFC 4761, January 2007.
[RFC4762] Lasserre, M. and V. Kompella, "Virtual Private LAN Service
(VPLS) Using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Signaling",
RFC 4762, January 2007.
[RFC5003] Metz, C., Martini, L., Balus, F., and J. Sugimoto,
"Attachment Individual Identifier (AII) Types for
Aggregation", RFC 5003, September 2007.
[RFC5659] Bocci, M. and S. Bryant, "An Architecture for Multi-
Segment Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge", RFC 5659,
October 2009.
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Authors' Addresses
Eric Rosen
Cisco Systems, Inc.
1414 Mass. Ave.
Boxborough, MA 01719
USA
EMail: erosen@cisco.com
Bruce Davie
Cisco Systems, Inc.
1414 Mass. Ave.
Boxborough, MA 01719
USA
EMail: bsd@cisco.com
Vasile Radoaca
Alcatel-Lucent
Think Park Tower 6F
2-1-1 Osaki, Tokyo, 141-6006
Japan
EMail: vasile.radoaca@alcatel-lucent.com
Wei Luo
EMail: luo@weiluo.net
Rosen, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]