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Keywords: [--------|p], internet protocol version 6, link-local address, stateless autoconfiguration
Network Working Group G. Montenegro
Request for Comments: 4944 Microsoft Corporation
Category: Standards Track N. Kushalnagar
Intel Corp
J. Hui
D. Culler
Arch Rock Corp
September 2007
Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes the frame format for transmission of IPv6
packets and the method of forming IPv6 link-local addresses and
statelessly autoconfigured addresses on IEEE 802.15.4 networks.
Additional specifications include a simple header compression scheme
using shared context and provisions for packet delivery in IEEE
802.15.4 meshes.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terms Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. IEEE 802.15.4 Mode for IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Addressing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Maximum Transmission Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. LoWPAN Adaptation Layer and Frame Format . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. Dispatch Type and Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. Mesh Addressing Type and Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3. Fragmentation Type and Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. IPv6 Link Local Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Unicast Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. Multicast Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Header Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.1. Encoding of IPv6 Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10.2. Encoding of UDP Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10.3. Non-Compressed Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10.3.1. Non-Compressed IPv6 Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10.3.2. Non-Compressed and Partially Compressed UDP Fields . 21
11. Frame Delivery in a Link-Layer Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
11.1. LoWPAN Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
14. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix A. Alternatives for Delivery of Frames in a Mesh . . . . 28
1. Introduction
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard [ieee802.15.4] targets low-power personal
area networks. This document defines the frame format for
transmission of IPv6 [RFC2460] packets as well as the formation of
IPv6 link-local addresses and statelessly autoconfigured addresses on
top of IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Since IPv6 requires support of packet
sizes much larger than the largest IEEE 802.15.4 frame size, an
adaptation layer is defined. This document also defines mechanisms
for header compression required to make IPv6 practical on IEEE
802.15.4 networks, and the provisions required for packet delivery in
IEEE 802.15.4 meshes. However, a full specification of mesh routing
(the specific protocol used, the interactions with neighbor
discovery, etc) is out of the scope of this document.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
1.1. Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
1.2. Terms Used
AES: Advanced Encryption Scheme
CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
FFD: Full Function Device
GTS: Guaranteed Time Service
MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit
MAC: Media Access Control
PAN: Personal Area Network
RFD: Reduced Function Device
2. IEEE 802.15.4 Mode for IP
IEEE 802.15.4 defines four types of frames: beacon frames, MAC
command frames, acknowledgement frames, and data frames. IPv6
packets MUST be carried on data frames. Data frames may optionally
request that they be acknowledged. In keeping with [RFC3819], it is
recommended that IPv6 packets be carried in frames for which
acknowledgements are requested so as to aid link-layer recovery.
IEEE 802.15.4 networks can either be nonbeacon-enabled or beacon-
enabled [ieee802.15.4]. The latter is an optional mode in which
devices are synchronized by a so-called coordinator's beacons. This
allows the use of superframes within which a contention-free
Guaranteed Time Service (GTS) is possible. This document does not
require that IEEE networks run in beacon-enabled mode. In nonbeacon-
enabled networks, data frames (including those carrying IPv6 packets)
are sent via the contention-based channel access method of unslotted
CSMA/CA.
In nonbeacon-enabled networks, beacons are not used for
synchronization. However, they are still useful for link-layer
device discovery to aid in association and disassociation events.
This document recommends that beacons be configured so as to aid
these functions. A further recommendation is for these events to be
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
available at the IPv6 layer to aid in detecting network attachment, a
problem being worked on at the IETF at the time of this writing.
The specification allows for frames in which either the source or
destination addresses (or both) are elided. The mechanisms defined
in this document require that both source and destination addresses
be included in the IEEE 802.15.4 frame header. The source or
destination PAN ID fields may also be included.
3. Addressing Modes
IEEE 802.15.4 defines several addressing modes: it allows the use of
either IEEE 64-bit extended addresses or (after an association event)
16-bit addresses unique within the PAN [ieee802.15.4]. This document
supports both 64-bit extended addresses, and 16-bit short addresses.
For use within 6LoWPANs, this document imposes additional constraints
(beyond those imposed by IEEE 802.15.4) on the format of the 16-bit
short addresses, as specified in Section 12. Short addresses being
transient in nature, a word of caution is in order: since they are
doled out by the PAN coordinator function during an association
event, their validity and uniqueness is limited by the lifetime of
that association. This can be cut short by the expiration of the
association or simply by any mishap occurring to the PAN coordinator.
Because of the scalability issues posed by such a centralized
allocation and single point of failure at the PAN coordinator,
deployers should carefully weigh the tradeoffs (and implement the
necessary mechanisms) of growing such networks based on short
addresses. Of course, IEEE 64-bit extended addresses may not suffer
from these drawbacks, but still share the remaining scalability
issues concerning routing, discovery, configuration, etc.
This document assumes that a PAN maps to a specific IPv6 link. This
complies with the recommendation that shared networks support link-
layer subnet [RFC3819] broadcast. Strictly speaking, it is multicast
not broadcast that exists in IPv6. However, multicast is not
supported natively in IEEE 802.15.4. Hence, IPv6 level multicast
packets MUST be carried as link-layer broadcast frames in IEEE
802.15.4 networks. This MUST be done such that the broadcast frames
are only heeded by devices within the specific PAN of the link in
question. As per Section 7.5.6.2 in [ieee802.15.4], this is
accomplished as follows:
1. A destination PAN identifier is included in the frame, and it
MUST match the PAN ID of the link in question.
2. A short destination address is included in the frame, and it MUST
match the broadcast address (0xffff).
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
Additionally, support for mapping of IPv6 multicast addresses per
Section 9 MUST only be used in a mesh configuration. A full
specification of such functionality is out of the scope of this
document.
As usual, hosts learn IPv6 prefixes via router advertisements as per
[RFC4861].
4. Maximum Transmission Unit
The MTU size for IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 is 1280 octets.
However, a full IPv6 packet does not fit in an IEEE 802.15.4 frame.
802.15.4 protocol data units have different sizes depending on how
much overhead is present [ieee802.15.4]. Starting from a maximum
physical layer packet size of 127 octets (aMaxPHYPacketSize) and a
maximum frame overhead of 25 (aMaxFrameOverhead), the resultant
maximum frame size at the media access control layer is 102 octets.
Link-layer security imposes further overhead, which in the maximum
case (21 octets of overhead in the AES-CCM-128 case, versus 9 and 13
for AES-CCM-32 and AES-CCM-64, respectively) leaves only 81 octets
available. This is obviously far below the minimum IPv6 packet size
of 1280 octets, and in keeping with Section 5 of the IPv6
specification [RFC2460], a fragmention and reassembly adaptation
layer must be provided at the layer below IP. Such a layer is
defined below in Section 5.
Furthermore, since the IPv6 header is 40 octets long, this leaves
only 41 octets for upper-layer protocols, like UDP. The latter uses
8 octets in the header which leaves only 33 octets for application
data. Additionally, as pointed out above, there is a need for a
fragmentation and reassembly layer, which will use even more octets.
The above considerations lead to the following two observations:
1. The adaptation layer must be provided to comply with the IPv6
requirements of a minimum MTU. However, it is expected that (a)
most applications of IEEE 802.15.4 will not use such large
packets, and (b) small application payloads in conjunction with
the proper header compression will produce packets that fit
within a single IEEE 802.15.4 frame. The justification for this
adaptation layer is not just for IPv6 compliance, as it is quite
likely that the packet sizes produced by certain application
exchanges (e.g., configuration or provisioning) may require a
small number of fragments.
2. Even though the above space calculation shows the worst-case
scenario, it does point out the fact that header compression is
compelling to the point of almost being unavoidable. Since we
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
expect that most (if not all) applications of IP over IEEE
802.15.4 will make use of header compression, it is defined below
in Section 10.
5. LoWPAN Adaptation Layer and Frame Format
The encapsulation formats defined in this section (subsequently
referred to as the "LoWPAN encapsulation") are the payload in the
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol data unit (PDU). The LoWPAN payload
(e.g., an IPv6 packet) follows this encapsulation header.
All LoWPAN encapsulated datagrams transported over IEEE 802.15.4 are
prefixed by an encapsulation header stack. Each header in the header
stack contains a header type followed by zero or more header fields.
Whereas in an IPv6 header the stack would contain, in the following
order, addressing, hop-by-hop options, routing, fragmentation,
destination options, and finally payload [RFC2460]; in a LoWPAN
header, the analogous header sequence is mesh (L2) addressing, hop-
by-hop options (including L2 broadcast/multicast), fragmentation, and
finally payload. These examples show typical header stacks that may
be used in a LoWPAN network.
A LoWPAN encapsulated IPv6 datagram:
+---------------+-------------+---------+
| IPv6 Dispatch | IPv6 Header | Payload |
+---------------+-------------+---------+
A LoWPAN encapsulated LOWPAN_HC1 compressed IPv6 datagram:
+--------------+------------+---------+
| HC1 Dispatch | HC1 Header | Payload |
+--------------+------------+---------+
A LoWPAN encapsulated LOWPAN_HC1 compressed IPv6 datagram that
requires mesh addressing:
+-----------+-------------+--------------+------------+---------+
| Mesh Type | Mesh Header | HC1 Dispatch | HC1 Header | Payload |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+------------+---------+
A LoWPAN encapsulated LOWPAN_HC1 compressed IPv6 datagram that
requires fragmentation:
+-----------+-------------+--------------+------------+---------+
| Frag Type | Frag Header | HC1 Dispatch | HC1 Header | Payload |
+-----------+-------------+--------------+------------+---------+
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
A LoWPAN encapsulated LOWPAN_HC1 compressed IPv6 datagram that
requires both mesh addressing and fragmentation:
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
| M Typ | M Hdr | F Typ | F Hdr | HC1 Dsp | HC1 Hdr | Payload |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
A LoWPAN encapsulated LOWPAN_HC1 compressed IPv6 datagram that
requires both mesh addressing and a broadcast header to support mesh
broadcast/multicast:
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
| M Typ | M Hdr | B Dsp | B Hdr | HC1 Dsp | HC1 Hdr | Payload |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+---------+
When more than one LoWPAN header is used in the same packet, they
MUST appear in the following order:
Mesh Addressing Header
Broadcast Header
Fragmentation Header
All protocol datagrams (e.g., IPv6, compressed IPv6 headers, etc.)
SHALL be preceded by one of the valid LoWPAN encapsulation headers,
examples of which are given above. This permits uniform software
treatment of datagrams without regard to the mode of their
transmission.
The definition of LoWPAN headers, other than mesh addressing and
fragmentation, consists of the dispatch value, the definition of the
header fields that follow, and their ordering constraints relative to
all other headers. Although the header stack structure provides a
mechanism to address future demands on the LoWPAN adaptation layer,
it is not intended to provided general purpose extensibility. This
format document specifies a small set of header types using the
header stack for clarity, compactness, and orthogonality.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
5.1. Dispatch Type and Header
The dispatch type is defined by a zero bit as the first bit and a one
bit as the second bit. The dispatch type and header are shown here:
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 1| Dispatch | type-specific header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Dispatch 6-bit selector. Identifies the type of header
immediately following the Dispatch Header.
type-specific header A header determined by the Dispatch Header.
Figure 1: Dispatch Type and Header
The dispatch value may be treated as an unstructured namespace. Only
a few symbols are required to represent current LoWPAN functionality.
Although some additional savings could be achieved by encoding
additional functionality into the dispatch byte, these measures would
tend to constrain the ability to address future alternatives.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
Pattern Header Type
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 00 xxxxxx | NALP - Not a LoWPAN frame |
| 01 000001 | IPv6 - Uncompressed IPv6 Addresses |
| 01 000010 | LOWPAN_HC1 - LOWPAN_HC1 compressed IPv6 |
| 01 000011 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| ... | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 01 001111 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 01 010000 | LOWPAN_BC0 - LOWPAN_BC0 broadcast |
| 01 010001 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| ... | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 01 111110 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 01 111111 | ESC - Additional Dispatch byte follows |
| 10 xxxxxx | MESH - Mesh Header |
| 11 000xxx | FRAG1 - Fragmentation Header (first) |
| 11 001000 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| ... | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 11 011111 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 11 100xxx | FRAGN - Fragmentation Header (subsequent)|
| 11 101000 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| ... | reserved - Reserved for future use |
| 11 111111 | reserved - Reserved for future use |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+
Figure 2: Dispatch Value Bit Pattern
NALP: Specifies that the following bits are not a part of the LoWPAN
encapsulation, and any LoWPAN node that encounters a dispatch
value of 00xxxxxx shall discard the packet. Other non-LoWPAN
protocols that wish to coexist with LoWPAN nodes should include a
byte matching this pattern immediately following the 802.15.4.
header.
IPv6: Specifies that the following header is an uncompressed IPv6
header [RFC2460].
LOWPAN_HC1: Specifies that the following header is a LOWPAN_HC1
compressed IPv6 header. This header format is defined in
Figure 9.
LOWPAN_BC0: Specifies that the following header is a LOWPAN_BC0
header for mesh broadcast/multicast support and is described in
Section 11.1.
ESC: Specifies that the following header is a single 8-bit field for
the Dispatch value. It allows support for Dispatch values larger
than 127.
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
5.2. Mesh Addressing Type and Header
The mesh type is defined by a one bit and zero bit as the first two
bits. The mesh type and header are shown here:
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 0|V|F|HopsLft| originator address, final address
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Mesh Addressing Type and Header
Field definitions are as follows:
V: This 1-bit field SHALL be zero if the Originator (or "Very first")
Address is an IEEE extended 64-bit address (EUI-64), or 1 if it is
a short 16-bit addresses.
F: This 1-bit field SHALL be zero if the Final Destination Address is
an IEEE extended 64-bit address (EUI-64), or 1 if it is a short
16-bit addresses.
Hops Left: This 4-bit field SHALL be decremented by each forwarding
node before sending this packet towards its next hop. The packet
is not forwarded any further if Hops Left is decremented to zero.
The value 0xF is reserved and signifies an 8-bit Deep Hops Left
field immediately following, and allows a source node to specify a
hop limit greater than 14 hops.
Originator Address: This is the link-layer address of the
Originator.
Final Destination Address: This is the link-layer address of the
Final Destination.
Note that the 'V' and 'F' bits allow for a mix of 16 and 64-bit
addresses. This is useful at least to allow for mesh layer
"broadcast", as 802.15.4 broadcast addresses are defined as 16-bit
short addresses.
A further discussion of frame delivery within a mesh is in
Section 11.
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
5.3. Fragmentation Type and Header
If an entire payload (e.g., IPv6) datagram fits within a single
802.15.4 frame, it is unfragmented and the LoWPAN encapsulation
should not contain a fragmentation header. If the datagram does not
fit within a single IEEE 802.15.4 frame, it SHALL be broken into link
fragments. As the fragment offset can only express multiples of
eight bytes, all link fragments for a datagram except the last one
MUST be multiples of eight bytes in length. The first link fragment
SHALL contain the first fragment header as defined below.
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 1 0 0 0| datagram_size | datagram_tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: First Fragment
The second and subsequent link fragments (up to and including the
last) SHALL contain a fragmentation header that conforms to the
format shown below.
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 1 1 0 0| datagram_size | datagram_tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|datagram_offset|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: Subsequent Fragments
datagram_size: This 11-bit field encodes the size of the entire IP
packet before link-layer fragmentation (but after IP layer
fragmentation). The value of datagram_size SHALL be the same for
all link-layer fragments of an IP packet. For IPv6, this SHALL be
40 octets (the size of the uncompressed IPv6 header) more than the
value of Payload Length in the IPv6 header [RFC2460] of the
packet. Note that this packet may already be fragmented by hosts
involved in the communication, i.e., this field needs to encode a
maximum length of 1280 octets (the IEEE 802.15.4 link MTU, as
defined in this document).
NOTE: This field does not need to be in every packet, as one could
send it with the first fragment and elide it subsequently.
However, including it in every link fragment eases the task of
reassembly in the event that a second (or subsequent) link
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
fragment arrives before the first. In this case, the guarantee of
learning the datagram_size as soon as any of the fragments arrives
tells the receiver how much buffer space to set aside as it waits
for the rest of the fragments. The format above trades off
simplicity for efficiency.
datagram_tag: The value of datagram_tag (datagram tag) SHALL be the
same for all link fragments of a payload (e.g., IPv6) datagram.
The sender SHALL increment datagram_tag for successive, fragmented
datagrams. The incremented value of datagram_tag SHALL wrap from
65535 back to zero. This field is 16 bits long, and its initial
value is not defined.
datagram_offset: This field is present only in the second and
subsequent link fragments and SHALL specify the offset, in
increments of 8 octets, of the fragment from the beginning of the
payload datagram. The first octet of the datagram (e.g., the
start of the IPv6 header) has an offset of zero; the implicit
value of datagram_offset in the first link fragment is zero. This
field is 8 bits long.
The recipient of link fragments SHALL use (1) the sender's 802.15.4
source address (or the Originator Address if a Mesh Addressing field
is present), (2) the destination's 802.15.4 address (or the Final
Destination address if a Mesh Addressing field is present), (3)
datagram_size, and (4) datagram_tag to identify all the link
fragments that belong to a given datagram.
Upon receipt of a link fragment, the recipient starts constructing
the original unfragmented packet whose size is datagram_size. It
uses the datagram_offset field to determine the location of the
individual fragments within the original unfragmented packet. For
example, it may place the data payload (except the encapsulation
header) within a payload datagram reassembly buffer at the location
specified by datagram_offset. The size of the reassembly buffer
SHALL be determined from datagram_size.
If a link fragment that overlaps another fragment is received, as
identified above, and differs in either the size or datagram_offset
of the overlapped fragment, the fragment(s) already accumulated in
the reassembly buffer SHALL be discarded. A fresh reassembly may be
commenced with the most recently received link fragment. Fragment
overlap is determined by the combination of datagram_offset from the
encapsulation header and "Frame Length" from the 802.15.4 Physical
Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) packet header.
Upon detection of a IEEE 802.15.4 Disassociation event, fragment
recipients MUST discard all link fragments of all partially
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
reassembled payload datagrams, and fragment senders MUST discard all
not yet transmitted link fragments of all partially transmitted
payload (e.g., IPv6) datagrams. Similarly, when a node first
receives a fragment with a given datagram_tag, it starts a reassembly
timer. When this time expires, if the entire packet has not been
reassembled, the existing fragments MUST be discarded and the
reassembly state MUST be flushed. The reassembly timeout MUST be set
to a maximum of 60 seconds (this is also the timeout in the IPv6
reassembly procedure [RFC2460]).
6. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
This section defines how to obtain an IPv6 interface identifier.
The Interface Identifier [RFC4291] for an IEEE 802.15.4 interface may
be based on the EUI-64 identifier [EUI64] assigned to the IEEE
802.15.4 device. In this case, the Interface Identifier is formed
from the EUI-64 according to the "IPv6 over Ethernet" specification
[RFC2464].
All 802.15.4 devices have an IEEE EUI-64 address, but 16-bit short
addresses (Section 3 and Section 12) are also possible. In these
cases, a "pseudo 48-bit address" is formed as follows. First, the
left-most 32 bits are formed by concatenating 16 zero bits to the 16-
bit PAN ID (alternatively, if no PAN ID is known, 16 zero bits may be
used). This produces a 32-bit field as follows:
16_bit_PAN:16_zero_bits
Then, these 32 bits are concatenated with the 16-bit short address.
This produces a 48-bit address as follows:
32_bits_as_specified_previously:16_bit_short_address
The interface identifier is formed from this 48-bit address as per
the "IPv6 over Ethernet" specification [RFC2464]. However, in the
resultant interface identifier, the "Universal/Local" (U/L) bit SHALL
be set to zero in keeping with the fact that this is not a globally
unique value. For either address format, all zero addresses MUST NOT
be used.
A different MAC address set manually or by software MAY be used to
derive the Interface Identifier. If such a MAC address is used, its
global uniqueness property should be reflected in the value of the
U/L bit.
An IPv6 address prefix used for stateless autoconfiguration [RFC4862]
of an IEEE 802.15.4 interface MUST have a length of 64 bits.
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7. IPv6 Link Local Address
The IPv6 link-local address [RFC4291] for an IEEE 802.15.4 interface
is formed by appending the Interface Identifier, as defined above, to
the prefix FE80::/64.
10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
+----------+-----------------------+----------------------------+
|1111111010| (zeros) | Interface Identifier |
+----------+-----------------------+----------------------------+
Figure 6
8. Unicast Address Mapping
The address resolution procedure for mapping IPv6 non-multicast
addresses into IEEE 802.15.4 link-layer addresses follows the general
description in Section 7.2 of [RFC4861], unless otherwise specified.
The Source/Target Link-layer Address option has the following forms
when the link layer is IEEE 802.15.4 and the addresses are EUI-64 or
16-bit short addresses, respectively.
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- IEEE 802.15.4 -+
| EUI-64 |
+- -+
| |
+- Address -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- Padding -+
| |
+- (all zeros) -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length=1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 16-bit short Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- Padding -+
| (all zeros) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7
Option fields:
Type:
1: for Source Link-layer address.
2: for Target Link-layer address.
Length: This is the length of this option (including the type and
length fields) in units of 8 octets. The value of this field is 2
if using EUI-64 addresses, or 1 if using 16-bit short addresses.
IEEE 802.15.4 Address: The 64-bit IEEE 802.15.4 address, or the 16-
bit short address (as per the format in Section 9), in canonical
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bit order. This is the address the interface currently responds
to. This address may be different from the built-in address used
to derive the Interface Identifier, because of privacy or security
(e.g., of neighbor discovery) considerations.
9. Multicast Address Mapping
The functionality in this section MUST only be used in a mesh-enabled
LoWPAN. An IPv6 packet with a multicast destination address (DST),
consisting of the sixteen octets DST[1] through DST[16], is
transmitted to the following 802.15.4 16-bit multicast address:
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 0 0|DST[15]* | DST[16] |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8
Here, DST[15]* refers to the last 5 bits in octet DST[15], that is,
bits 3-7 within DST[15]. The initial 3-bit pattern of "100" follows
the 16-bit address format for multicast addresses (Section 12).
This allows for multicast support within 6LoWPAN networks, but the
full specification of such support is out of the scope of this
document. Example mechanisms are: flooding, controlled flooding,
unicasting to the PAN coordinator, etc. It is expected that this
would be specified by the different mesh routing mechanisms.
10. Header Compression
There is much published and in-progress standardization work on
header compression. Nevertheless, header compression for IPv6 over
IEEE 802.15.4 has differing constraints summarized as follows:
Existing work assumes that there are many flows between any two
devices. Here, we assume a very simple and low-context flavor of
header compression. Whereas this works independently of flows
(potentially several), it does not use any context specific to any
flow. Thus, it cannot achieve as much compression as schemes that
build a separate context for each flow to be compressed.
Given the very limited packet sizes, it is highly desirable to
integrate layer 2 with layer 3 compression, something
traditionally not done (although now changing due to the ROHC
(RObust Header Compression) working group).
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It is expected that IEEE 802.15.4 devices will be deployed in
multi-hop networks. However, header compression in a mesh departs
from the usual point-to-point link scenario in which the
compressor and decompressor are in direct and exclusive
communication with each other. In an IEEE 802.15.4 network, it is
highly desirable for a device to be able to send header compressed
packets via any of its neighbors, with as little preliminary
context-building as possible.
Any new packet formats required by header compression reuse the basic
packet formats defined in Section 5 by using different dispatch
values.
Header compression may result in alignment not falling on an octet
boundary. Since hardware typically cannot transmit data in units
less than an octet, padding must be used. Padding is done as
follows: First, the entire series of contiguous compressed headers is
laid out (this document only defines IPv6 and UDP header compression
schemes, but others may be defined elsewhere). Then, zero bits
SHOULD be added as appropriate to align to an octet boundary. This
counteracts any potential misalignment caused by header compression,
so subsequent fields (e.g., non-compressed headers or data payloads)
start on an octet boundary and follow as usual.
10.1. Encoding of IPv6 Header Fields
By virtue of having joined the same 6LoWPAN network, devices share
some state. This makes it possible to compress headers without
explicitly building any compression context state. Therefore,
6LoWPAN header compression does not keep any flow state; instead, it
relies on information pertaining to the entire link. The following
IPv6 header values are expected to be common on 6LoWPAN networks, so
the HC1 header has been constructed to efficiently compress them from
the onset: Version is IPv6; both IPv6 source and destination
addresses are link local; the IPv6 interface identifiers (bottom 64
bits) for the source or destination addresses can be inferred from
the layer two source and destination addresses (of course, this is
only possible for interface identifiers derived from an underlying
802.15.4 MAC address); the packet length can be inferred either from
layer two ("Frame Length" in the IEEE 802.15.4 PPDU) or from the
"datagram_size" field in the fragment header (if present); both the
Traffic Class and the Flow Label are zero; and the Next Header is
UDP, ICMP or TCP. The only field in the IPv6 header that always
needs to be carried in full is the Hop Limit (8 bits). Depending on
how closely the packet matches this common case, different fields may
not be compressible thus needing to be carried "in-line" as well
(Section 10.3.1). This common IPv6 header (as mentioned above) can
be compressed to 2 octets (1 octet for the HC1 encoding and 1 octet
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for the Hop Limit), instead of 40 octets. Such a packet is
compressible via the LOWPAN_HC1 format by using a Dispatch value of
LOWPAN_HC1 followed by a LOWPAN_HC1 header "HC1 encoding" field (8
bits) to encode the different combinations as shown below. This
header may be preceded by a fragmentation header, which may be
preceded by a mesh header.
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HC1 encoding | Non-Compressed fields follow...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: LOWPAN_HC1 (common compressed header encoding)
As can be seen below (bit 7), an HC2 encoding may follow an HC1
octet. In this case, the non-compressed fields follow the HC2
encoding field (Section 10.3).
The address fields encoded by "HC1 encoding" are interpreted as
follows:
PI: Prefix carried in-line (Section 10.3.1).
PC: Prefix compressed (link-local prefix assumed).
II: Interface identifier carried in-line (Section 10.3.1).
IC: Interface identifier elided (derivable from the corresponding
link-layer address). If applied to the interface identifier of
either the source or destination address when routing in a mesh
(Section 11), the corresponding link-layer address is that
found in the "Mesh Addressing" field (Section 5.2).
The "HC1 encoding" is shown below (starting with bit 0 and ending at
bit 7):
IPv6 source address (bits 0 and 1):
00: PI, II
01: PI, IC
10: PC, II
11: PC, IC
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IPv6 destination address (bits 2 and 3):
00: PI, II
01: PI, IC
10: PC, II
11: PC, IC
Traffic Class and Flow Label (bit 4):
0: not compressed; full 8 bits for Traffic Class and 20 bits
for Flow Label are sent
1: Traffic Class and Flow Label are zero
Next Header (bits 5 and 6):
00: not compressed; full 8 bits are sent
01: UDP
10: ICMP
11: TCP
HC2 encoding(bit 7):
0: No more header compression bits
1: HC1 encoding immediately followed by more header compression
bits per HC2 encoding format. Bits 5 and 6 determine which
of the possible HC2 encodings apply (e.g., UDP, ICMP, or TCP
encodings).
10.2. Encoding of UDP Header Fields
Bits 5 and 6 of the LOWPAN_HC1 allows compressing the Next Header
field in the IPv6 header (for UDP, TCP, and ICMP). Further
compression of each of these protocol headers is also possible. This
section explains how the UDP header itself may be compressed. The
HC2 encoding in this section is the HC_UDP encoding, and it only
applies if bits 5 and 6 in HC1 indicate that the protocol that
follows the IPv6 header is UDP. The HC_UDP encoding (Figure 10)
allows compressing the following fields in the UDP header: source
port, destination port, and length. The UDP header's checksum field
is not compressed and is therefore carried in full. The scheme
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defined below allows compressing the UDP header to 4 octets instead
of the original 8 octets.
The only UDP header field whose value may be deduced from information
available elsewhere is the Length. The other fields must be carried
in-line either in full or in a partially compressed manner
(Section 10.3.2).
1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|HC_UDP encoding| Fields carried in-line follow...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: HC_UDP (UDP common compressed header encoding)
The "HC_UDP encoding" for UDP is shown below (starting with bit 0 and
ending at bit 7):
UDP source port (bit 0):
0: Not compressed, carried "in-line" (Section 10.3.2)
1: Compressed to 4 bits. The actual 16-bit source port is
obtained by calculating: P + short_port value. The value of
P is the number 61616 (0xF0B0). The short_port is expressed
as a 4-bit value which is carried "in-line" (Section 10.3.2)
UDP destination port (bit 1):
0: Not compressed, carried "in-line" (Section 10.3.2)
1: Compressed to 4 bits. The actual 16-bit destination port is
obtained by calculating: P + short_port value. The value of
P is the number 61616 (0xF0B0). The short_port is expressed
as a 4-bit value which is carried "in-line" (Section 10.3.2)
Length (bit 2):
0: not compressed, carried "in-line" (Section 10.3.2)
1: compressed, length computed from IPv6 header length
information. The value of the UDP length field is equal to
the Payload Length from the IPv6 header, minus the length of
any extension headers present between the IPv6 header and
the UDP header.
Reserved (bit 3 through 7)
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10.3. Non-Compressed Fields
10.3.1. Non-Compressed IPv6 Fields
This scheme allows the IPv6 header to be compressed to different
degrees. Hence, instead of the entire (standard) IPv6 header, only
non-compressed fields need to be sent. The subsequent header (as
specified by the Next Header field in the original IPv6 header)
immediately follows the IPv6 non-compressed fields.
Uncompressed IPv6 addressing is described by a dispatch type
containing an IPv6 dispatch value followed by the uncompressed IPv6
header. This dispatch type may be preceded by additional LoWPAN
headers.
The non-compressed IPv6 field that MUST be always present is the Hop
Limit (8 bits). This field MUST always follow the encoding fields
(e.g., "HC1 encoding" as shown in Figure 9), perhaps including other
future encoding fields). Other non-compressed fields MUST follow the
Hop Limit as implied by the "HC1 encoding" in the exact same order as
shown above (Section 10.1): source address prefix (64 bits) and/or
interface identifier (64 bits), destination address prefix (64 bits)
and/or interface identifier (64 bits), Traffic Class (8 bits), Flow
Label (20 bits) and Next Header (8 bits). The actual next header
(e.g., UDP, TCP, ICMP, etc) follows the non-compressed fields.
10.3.2. Non-Compressed and Partially Compressed UDP Fields
This scheme allows the UDP header to be compressed to different
degrees. Hence, instead of the entire (standard) UDP header, only
non-compressed or partially compressed fields need to be sent.
The non-compressed or partially compressed fields in the UDP header
MUST always follow the IPv6 header and any of its associated in-line
fields. Any UDP header in-line fields present MUST appear in the
same order as the corresponding fields appear in a normal UDP header
[RFC0768], e.g., source port, destination port, length, and checksum.
If either the source or destination ports are in "short_port"
notation (as indicated in the compressed UDP header), then instead of
taking 16 bits, the inline port numbers take 4 bits.
11. Frame Delivery in a Link-Layer Mesh
Even though 802.15.4 networks are expected to commonly use mesh
routing, the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 specification [ieee802.15.4] does not
define such capability. In such cases, Full Function Devices (FFDs)
run an ad hoc or mesh routing protocol to populate their routing
tables (outside the scope of this document). In such mesh scenarios,
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two devices do not require direct reachability in order to
communicate. Of these devices, the sender is known as the
"Originator", and the receiver is known as the "Final Destination".
An originator device may use other intermediate devices as forwarders
towards the final destination. In order to achieve such frame
delivery using unicast, it is necessary to include the link-layer
addresses of the originator and final destinations, in addition to
the hop-by-hop source and destination.
This section defines how to effect delivery of layer 2 frames in a
mesh, given a target "Final Destination" link-layer address.
Mesh delivery is enabled by including a Mesh Addressing header prior
to any other headers of the LoWPAN encapsulation (Section 5), an
unfragmented and fragmented header; a full-blown IPv6 header; or a
compressed IPv6 header as per Section 10 or any others defined
elsewhere.
If a node wishes to use a default mesh forwarder to deliver a packet
(i.e., because it does not have direct reachability to the
destination), it MUST include a Mesh Addressing header with the
originator's link-layer address set to its own, and the final
destination's link-layer address set to the packet's ultimate
destination. It sets the source address in the 802.15.4 header to
its own link-layer address, and puts the forwarder's link-layer
address in the 802.15.4 header's destination address field. Finally,
it transmits the packet.
Similarly, if a node receives a frame with a Mesh Addressing header,
it must look at the Mesh Addressing header's "Final Destination"
field to determine the real destination. If the node is itself the
final destination, it consumes the packet as per normal delivery. If
it is not the final destination, the device then reduces the "Hops
Left" field, and if the result is zero, discards the packet.
Otherwise, the node consults its link-layer routing table, determines
what the next hop towards the final destination should be, and puts
that address in the destination address field of the 802.15.4 header.
Finally, the node changes the source address in the 802.15.4 header
to its own link-layer address and transmits the packet.
Whereas a node must participate in a mesh routing protocol to be a
forwarder, no such requirement exists for simply using mesh
forwarding. Only "Full Function Devices" (FFDs) are expected to
participate as routers in a mesh. "Reduced Function Devices" (RFDs)
limit themselves to discovering FFDs and using them for all their
forwarding, in a manner similar to how IP hosts typically use default
routers to forward all their off-link traffic. For an RFD using mesh
delivery, the "forwarder" is always the appropriate FFD.
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11.1. LoWPAN Broadcast
Additional mesh routing functionality is encoded using a routing
header immediately following the Mesh header. In particular, a
broadcast header consists of a LOWPAN_BC0 dispatch followed by a
sequence number field. The sequence number is used to detect
duplicate packets (and hopefully suppress them).
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|1|LOWPAN_BC0 |Sequence Number|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: Broadcast Header
Field definitions are as follows:
Sequence Number: This 8-bit field SHALL be incremented by the
originator whenever it sends a new mesh broadcast or multicast
packet. Full specification of how to handle this field is out of
the scope of this document.
Further implications of such mesh-layer broadcast, e.g., whether it
maps to a controlled flooding mechanism or its role in, say, topology
discovery, is out of the scope of this document.
Additional mesh routing capabilities, such as specifying the mesh
routing protocol, source routing, and so on may be expressed by
defining additional routing headers that precede the fragmentation or
addressing header in the header stack. The full specification of
such mesh routing capabilities are out of the scope of this document.
12. IANA Considerations
This document creates two new IANA registries, as discussed below.
Future assignments in these registries are to be coordinated via IANA
under the policy of "Specification Required" [RFC2434]. It is
expected that this policy will allow for other (non-IETF)
organizations to more easily obtain assignments.
This document creates a new IANA registry for the Dispatch type field
shown in the header definitions in Section 5. This document defines
the values IPv6, LOWPAN_HC1 header compression, BC0 broadcast and two
escape patterns (NALP to indicate not a LOWPAN frame and ESC to allow
additional dispatch bytes). This document defines this field to be 8
bits long. The values 00xxxxxx being reserved and not used, allows
for a total of 192 different values, which should be more than
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enough. If header compression formats in addition to HC1 are defined
or if additional TCP, ICMP HC2 formats are defined, it is expected
that these will use reserved dispatch values following LOWPAN_HC1.
If additional mesh delivery formats are defined these will use
reserved values following LOWPAN_BC0.
This document creates a new IANA registry for the 16-bit short
address fields as used in 6LoWPAN packets.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 16-bit short Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 12
This registry MUST include the addresses 0xffff (16-bit broadcast
address accepted by all devices currently listening to the channel)
and 0xfffe as defined in [ieee802.15.4]. Additionally, within
6LoWPAN networks, 16-bit short addresses MUST follow this format
(referring to bit fields in the order from 0 to 7), where "x" is a
place holder for an unspecified bit value:
Range 1, 0xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx: The first bit (bit 0) SHALL be zero if
the 16-bit address is a unicast address. This leaves 15 bits for
the actual address.
Range 2, 100xxxxxxxxxxxxx: Bits 0, 1, and 2 SHALL follow this
pattern if the 16-bit address is a multicast address (see
Section 9). This leaves 13 bits for the actual multicast address.
Range 3, 101xxxxxxxxxxxxx: This pattern for bits 0, 1, and 2 is
reserved. Any future assignment shall follow the policy mentioned
above.
Range 4, 110xxxxxxxxxxxxx: This pattern for bits 0, 1, and 2 is
reserved. Any future assignment shall follow the policy mentioned
above.
Range 5, 111xxxxxxxxxxxxx: This pattern for bits 0, 1, and 2 is
reserved. Any future assignment shall follow the policy mentioned
above.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
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13. Security Considerations
The method of derivation of Interface Identifiers from EUI-64 MAC
addresses is intended to preserve global uniqueness when possible.
However, there is no protection from duplication through accident or
forgery.
Neighbor Discovery in IEEE 802.15.4 links may be susceptible to
threats as detailed in [RFC3756]. Mesh routing is expected to be
common in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. This implies additional threats
due to ad hoc routing as per [KW03]. IEEE 802.15.4 provides some
capability for link-layer security. Users are urged to make use of
such provisions if at all possible and practical. Doing so will
alleviate the threats stated above.
A sizeable portion of IEEE 802.15.4 devices is expected to always
communicate within their PAN (i.e., within their link, in IPv6
terms). In response to cost and power consumption considerations,
and in keeping with the IEEE 802.15.4 model of "Reduced Function
Devices" (RFDs), these devices will typically implement the minimum
set of features necessary. Accordingly, security for such devices
may rely quite strongly on the mechanisms defined at the link layer
by IEEE 802.15.4. The latter, however, only defines the Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES) modes for authentication or encryption of
IEEE 802.15.4 frames, and does not, in particular, specify key
management (presumably group oriented). Other issues to address in
real deployments relate to secure configuration and management.
Whereas such a complete picture is out of the scope of this document,
it is imperative that IEEE 802.15.4 networks be deployed with such
considerations in mind. Of course, it is also expected that some
IEEE 802.15.4 devices (the so-called "Full Function Devices", or
"FFDs") will implement coordination or integration functions. These
may communicate regularly with off-link IPv6 peers (in addition to
the more common on-link exchanges). Such IPv6 devices are expected
to secure their end-to-end communications with the usual mechanisms
(e.g., IPsec, TLS, etc).
14. Acknowledgements
Thanks to the authors of RFC 2464 and RFC 2734, as parts of this
document are patterned after theirs. Thanks to Geoff Mulligan for
useful discussions which helped shape this document. Erik Nordmark's
suggestions were instrumental for the header compression section.
Also thanks to Shoichi Sakane, Samita Chakrabarti, Vipul Gupta,
Carsten Bormann, Ki-Hyung Kim, Mario Mao, Phil Levis, Magnus
Westerlund, and Jari Arkko.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
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15. References
15.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing
an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 2434, October 1998.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol,
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460,
December 1998.
[RFC2464] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over
Ethernet Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H.
Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
September 2007.
[ieee802.15.4] IEEE Computer Society, "IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003",
October 2003.
15.2. Informative References
[EUI64] "GUIDELINES FOR 64-BIT GLOBAL IDENTIFIER (EUI-64)
REGISTRATION AUTHORITY", IEEE http://
standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/tutorials/EUI64.html.
[KW03] Karlof, Chris and Wagner, David, "Secure Routing in
Sensor Networks: Attacks and Countermeasures",
Elsevier's AdHoc Networks Journal, Special Issue on
Sensor Network Applications and Protocols vol 1,
issues 2-3, September 2003.
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
August 1980.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
[RFC3756] Nikander, P., Kempf, J., and E. Nordmark, "IPv6
Neighbor Discovery (ND) Trust Models and Threats",
RFC 3756, May 2004.
[RFC3819] Karn, P., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J.,
and L. Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork
Designers", BCP 89, RFC 3819, July 2004.
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
Appendix A. Alternatives for Delivery of Frames in a Mesh
Before settling on the mechanism finally adopted for delivery in a
mesh (Section 11), several alternatives were considered. In addition
to the hop-by-hop source and destination link-layer addresses,
delivering a packet in a LoWPAN mesh requires the end-to-end
originator and destination addresses. These could be expressed
either as layer 2 or as layer 3 (i.e., IP ) addresses. In the latter
case, there would be no need to provide any additional header support
in this document (i.e., within the LoWPAN header itself). The link-
layer destination address would point to the next hop destination
address while the IP header destination address would point to the
final destination (IP) address (possibly multiple hops away from the
source), and similarly for the source addresses. Thus, while
forwarding data, the single-hop source and destination addresses
would change at each hop (always pointing to the node doing the
forwarding and the "best" next link-layer hop, respectively), while
the source and destination IP addresses would remain unchanged.
Notice that if an IP packet is fragmented, the individual fragments
may arrive at any node out of order. If the initial fragment (which
contains the IP header) is delayed for some reason, a node that
receives a subsequent fragment would lack the required information.
It would be forced to wait until it receives the IP header (within
the first fragment) before being able to forward the fragment any
further. This imposes some additional buffering requirements on
intermediate nodes. Additionally, such a specification would only
work for one type of LoWPAN payload: IPv6. In general, it would have
to be adapted for any other payload, and would require that payload
to provide its own end-to-end addressing information.
On the other hand, the approach finally followed (Section 11) creates
a mesh at the LoWPAN layer (below layer 3). Accordingly, the link-
layer originator and final destination address are included within
the LoWPAN header. This enables mesh delivery for any protocol or
application layered on the LoWPAN adaptation layer (Section 5). For
IPv6 as supported in this document, another advantage of expressing
the originator and final destinations as layer 2 addresses is that
the IPv6 addresses can be compressed as per the header compression
specified in Section 10. Furthermore, the number of octets needed to
maintain routing tables is reduced due to the smaller size of
802.15.4 addresses (either 64 bits or 16 bits) as compared to IPv6
addresses (128 bits). A disadvantage is that applications on top of
IP do not address packets to link-layer destination addresses, but to
IP (layer 3) destination addresses. Thus, given an IP address, there
is a need to resolve the corresponding link-layer address.
Accordingly, a mesh routing specification needs to clarify the
Neighbor Discovery implications, although in some special cases, it
may be possible to derive a device's address at layer 2 from its
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RFC 4944 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 September 2007
address at layer 3 (and vice versa). Such complete specification is
outside the scope of this document.
Authors' Addresses
Gabriel Montenegro
Microsoft Corporation
EMail: gabriel.montenegro@microsoft.com
Nandakishore Kushalnagar
Intel Corp
EMail: nandakishore.kushalnagar@intel.com
Jonathan W. Hui
Arch Rock Corp
EMail: jhui@archrock.com
David E. Culler
Arch Rock Corp
EMail: dculler@archrock.com
Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]
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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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Montenegro, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]