💾 Archived View for federal.cx › earthquake.gmi captured on 2022-04-29 at 10:59:26. Gemini links have been rewritten to link to archived content
⬅️ Previous capture (2022-04-28)
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Earthquake Magnitude Scale Magnitude Earthquake Effects Number/year(est.) 2.5 or less Usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph. 900,000 2.5 to 5.4 Often felt, but only causes minor damage. 30,000 5.5 to 6.0 Slight damage to buildings and other structures. 500 6.1 to 6.9 May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas. 100 7.0 to 7.9 Major earthquake. Serious damage. 20 8.0 or greater Great earthquake. Total destruction near epicenter. One every 5 to 10 years Earthquake Magnitude Classes Earthquakes are also classified in categories ranging from minor to great. Class Magnitude Great 8 or more Major 7 - 7.9 Strong 6 - 6.9 Moderate 5 - 5.9 Light 4 - 4.9 Minor 3 - 3.9
(GMT, m > 1.7, 60sec)
04/29 14:11:49 2.18ml 35km N of Searles Valley, CA (36.0815 -117.4420)
04/29 14:01:11 4.90mb 4 km WNW of Asímion, Greece (35.0622 25.0539)
04/29 14:00:33 5.00mb 72 km SE of Hihifo, Tonga (-16.4213 -173.3269)
04/29 13:54:49 2.29md 0 km SE of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico (17.9725 -66.8830)
04/29 13:01:20 2.50ml 49 km NW of Toyah, Texas (31.5739 -104.2165)
04/29 13:01:03 2.00ml 54 km NNW of Petersville, Alaska (62.9310 -151.2740)
04/29 12:55:57 1.86md 4 km S of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.9330 -66.9022)
04/29 12:52:58 1.80ml 58 km SSE of Denali National Park, Alaska (63.0395 -151.3831)
04/29 12:48:22 2.20ml 37 km SE of Mina, Nevada (38.1853 -117.7725)
04/29 12:45:37 1.71ml 3 km ESE of Beaver, Utah (38.2668 -112.6065)
04/29 12:00:01 4.60mb 101 km E of Luganville, Vanuatu (-15.4224 168.0997)
04/29 11:44:33 1.80ml 59 km N of Chickaloon, Alaska (62.3274 -148.2924)
04/29 11:40:34 4.50mb 95 km SW of Masachapa, Nicaragua (11.0708 -87.0091)
04/29 11:25:14 4.30ml 193 km SE of Perryville, Alaska (54.7398 -156.8822)
04/29 11:23:11 4.50mb 13 km SSE of Makurazaki, Japan (31.1458 130.3551)
04/29 11:03:04 1.84md 6 km S of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1433 -155.4708)
04/29 10:50:46 2.11md 2 km SSE of Yauco, Puerto Rico (18.0123 -66.8430)
04/29 10:36:18 4.30mb 288 km N of Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands (17.8148 145.8684)
04/29 10:27:27 1.76md 14 km S of Fern Forest, Hawaii (19.3308 -155.1368)
04/29 10:23:58 1.97ml 11km N of Borrego Springs, CA (33.3500 -116.3602)
04/29 09:17:58 2.20ml 55 km ENE of Pedro Bay, Alaska (59.9145 -153.1399)
04/29 09:07:49 4.50mb 140 km N of Lae, Papua New Guinea (-5.4525 147.0795)
04/29 08:35:14 2.05md 5km NNE of Viola, CA (40.5583 -121.6620)
04/29 08:33:28 5.60mww central East Pacific Rise (-4.4878 -104.9475)
04/29 07:46:14 2.27md 1 km SSE of Yauco, Puerto Rico (18.0187 -66.8437)
04/29 07:37:56 2.19ml 12 km SSW of Leilani Estates, Hawaii (19.3653 -154.9700)
04/29 07:03:55 3.22md 34 km N of San Antonio, Puerto Rico (18.8055 -67.1355)
04/29 06:24:00 4.60mb Carlsberg Ridge (0.7244 67.2674)
04/29 05:26:27 2.05md 3 km ESE of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico (17.9605 -66.8607)
04/29 05:24:25 1.90ml 56 km NNE of Petersville, Alaska (62.9821 -150.4587)
04/29 05:22:53 1.80ml 19 km NNE of Susitna North, Alaska (62.3242 -149.7258)
04/29 05:12:52 2.02md 9 km ENE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.2470 -155.3957)
04/29 05:12:34 2.31ml 4 km SSE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1685 -155.4667)
04/29 04:50:37 2.50ml 58 km S of Whites City, New Mexico (31.6444 -104.3496)
04/29 04:50:06 2.22ml 9 km NE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.2543 -155.4017)
04/29 04:43:08 2.80md 5km NNE of Pinnacles, CA (36.5712 -121.1208)
04/29 04:24:18 3.85md 28 km SSE of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic (18.3461 -68.3063)
04/29 04:24:11 2.60ml 140 km S of Boca de Yuma, Dominican Republic (17.1052 -68.5791)
04/29 04:15:50 1.90ml 41 km WNW of Anchor Point, Alaska (59.8817 -152.5427)
04/29 01:02:12 1.77md 1 km NE of Indios, Puerto Rico (18.0025 -66.8083)
04/29 01:01:13 1.90ml 41 km NE of Yakutat, Alaska (59.8265 -139.2335)
04/29 01:00:52 2.60mb_lg 6 km E of Assaria, Kansas (38.6828 -97.5311)
04/29 00:55:00 2.70ml 56 km N of Petersville, Alaska (63.0007 -150.6612)
04/29 00:34:47 1.80ml 65 km WNW of Happy Valley, Alaska (60.1522 -152.8383)
04/29 00:29:48 4.00mb Izu Islands, Japan region (30.2776 138.6323)
04/29 00:07:56 2.26ml 15 km S of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3073 -155.2145)
04/29 00:05:26 1.80ml 63 km WNW of Anchor Point, Alaska (59.9795 -152.8912)
04/28 23:16:47 1.95md 8 km E of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1980 -155.3950)
04/28 23:05:33 2.69md 2 km ENE of Magas Arriba, Puerto Rico (18.0227 -66.7467)
04/28 22:48:07 2.90ml 51 km NW of Toyah, Texas (31.5923 -104.2305)
04/28 22:42:17 2.10ml 29 km WNW of Anchor Point, Alaska (59.8462 -152.3384)
04/28 22:35:34 1.96ml 131 km WSW of Adak, Alaska (51.6215 -178.4930)
04/28 22:29:25 4.60mb 38 km SSE of Cayarani, Peru (-15.0011 -71.8930)
04/28 22:04:16 1.99ml 8 km ENE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.2293 -155.4023)
04/28 21:44:29 2.53md 2 km ENE of Magas Arriba, Puerto Rico (18.0290 -66.7442)
04/28 21:20:33 1.83ml 44km NE of Holtville, CA (33.0512 -114.9992)
04/28 21:08:16 2.10ml 20 km ESE of Denali National Park, Alaska (63.4897 -151.3252)
04/28 19:48:53 2.00ml 93 km NNW of Rachel, Nevada (38.4011 -116.2021)
04/28 19:42:33 2.08md 5 km NNW of Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico (18.1192 -66.9842)
04/28 19:42:10 4.40mb 91 km ENE of Shikotan, Russia (44.0827 147.7965)
04/28 19:24:07 2.54md 5 km SSE of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico (17.9297 -66.8722)
04/28 19:14:47 1.90ml 53 km N of Petersville, Alaska (62.9785 -150.7921)
04/28 19:07:12 2.21md 7km ENE of Bonadelle Ranchos-Madera Ranchos, CA (37.0173 -119.8113)
04/28 19:06:59 1.88ml 30 km WNW of Hebgen Lake Estates, Montana (44.9092 -111.5200)
04/28 17:30:13 2.14md 2 km SSW of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1822 -155.4888)
04/28 17:08:58 4.10ml 36 km WSW of Mentone, Texas (31.6120 -103.9696)
04/28 16:36:56 1.90ml 59 km WNW of Ninilchik, Alaska (60.1843 -152.7117)
04/28 16:33:55 4.50mb Kuril Islands (46.0813 152.8135)
04/28 16:18:55 2.44md 7km N of Petrolia, CA (40.3880 -124.2735)
04/28 16:18:44 4.20mb 106 km SW of Uyuni, Bolivia (-21.2380 -67.4296)
04/28 16:04:26 3.10ml 271 km SE of Chiniak, Alaska (56.2667 -148.5584)
04/28 15:43:23 1.80md 5 km SW of Fuig, Puerto Rico (17.9595 -66.9587)
04/28 15:00:01 3.30ml 23 km NNE of Hawthorne, Nevada (38.7001 -118.4791)
The magnitude reported is that which the U.S. Geological Survey considers official for this earthquake, and was the best available estimate of the earthquake's size, at the time that this page was created. Other magnitudes associated with web pages linked from here are those determined at various times following the earthquake with different types of seismic data. Although they are legitimate estimates of magnitude, the U.S. Geological Survey does not consider them to be the preferred "official" magnitude for the event.
Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the size of an earthquake at its source. It is a logarithmic measure. At the same distance from the earthquake, the amplitude of the seismic waves from which the magnitude is determined are approximately 10 times as large during a magnitude 5 earthquake as during a magnitude 4 earthquake. The total amount of energy released by the earthquake usually goes up by a larger factor: for many commonly used magnitude types, the total energy of an average earthquake goes up by a factor of approximately 32 for each unit increase in magnitude.
There are various ways that magnitude may be calculated from seismograms. Different methods are effective for different sizes of earthquakes and different distances between the earthquake source and the recording station. The various magnitude types are generally defined so as to yield magnitude values that agree to within a few-tenths of a magnitude-unit for earthquakes in a middle range of recorded-earthquake sizes, but the various magnitude-types may have values that differ by more than a magnitude-unit for very large and very small earthquakes as well as for some specific classes of seismic source. This is because earthquakes are commonly complex events that release energy over a wide range of frequencies and at varying amounts as the faulting or rupture process occurs. The various types of magnitude measure different aspects of the seismic radiation (e.g., low-frequency energy vs. high-frequency energy). The relationship among values of different magnitude types that are assigned to a particular seismic event may enable the seismologist to better understand the processes at the focus of the seismic event. The various magnitude-types are not all available at the same time for a particular earthquake.
Preliminary magnitudes based on incomplete but rapidly-available data are sometimes estimated and reported. For example, the Tsunami Warning Centers will calculate a preliminary magnitude and location for an event as soon as sufficient data are available to make an estimate. In this case, time is of the essence in order to broadcast a warning if tsunami waves are likely to be generated by the event. Such preliminary magnitudes are superseded by improved estimates of magnitude as more data become available.
For large earthquakes of the present era, the magnitude that is ultimately selected as the preferred magnitude for reporting to the public is commonly a moment magnitude that is based on the scalar seismic-moment of an earthquake determined by calculation of the seismic moment-tensor that best accounts for the character of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The scalar seismic-moment, a parameter of the seismic moment-tensor, can also be estimated via the multiplicative product rigidity of faulted rock x area of fault rupture x average fault displacement during the earthquake.
Magnitude Type, Magnitude Range, Distance Range, Equation
Mww (Moment W-phase)(generic notation Mw) ~5.0 and larger 1 - 90 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1),where MO is the seismic moment.
Note this is also unit-dependent; the formula above is for moment in dyne-cm. If using metric units (N.m), the constant is 9.1. Derived from a centroid moment tensor inversion of the W-phase (~50-2000 s; pass band based on size of EQ). Computed for all M5.0 or larger earthquakes worldwide, but generally robust for all M5.5 worldwide. Provides consistent results to M~4.5 within a regional network of high-quality broadband stations. Authoritative USGS magnitude if computed.
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Mwc (centroid) ~5.5 and larger 20 - 180 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1), where MO is the seismic moment.
Derived from a centroid moment tensor inversion of the long-period surface waves (~100-2000 s; pass band based on size of EQ). Generally computable for all M6.0 worldwide using primarily the Global Seismograph Network. Only authoritative if Mww is not computed, not published otherwise.
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Mwb (body wave) ~5.5 to ~7.0 30 - 90 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1), where MO is the seismic moment.
Derived from moment tensor inversion of long-period (~20-200 s; pass band based on size of EQ) body-waves (P- and SH). Generally computable for all M5.5 or larger events worldwide. Source complexity at larger magnitudes (~M7.5 or greater) generally limits applicability. Only authoritative if Mww and Mwc are not computed.
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Mwr (regional) ~4.0 to ~6.5 0 - 10 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1), where MO is the seismic moment.
Based on the scalar seismic-moment of the earthquake, derived from moment tensor inversion of the whole seismogram at regional distances (~10-100 s; pass band based on size of EQ). Source complexity and dimensions at larger magnitudes (~M7.0 or greater) generally limits applicability. Authoritative for <M5.0. Within the continental US and south-central Alaska where we have a large number of high quality broadband stations we expect we can compute an Mwr consistently for events as small as M4.0. In some areas of the country, with relatively dense broadband coverage, we can compute Mwr consistently to as small as M3.5.
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Ms20 or Ms (20sec surface wave) ~5.0 to ~8.5 20 - 160 degrees MS = log10 (A/T) 1.66 log10 (D) 3.30 .i
A magnitude based on the amplitude of Rayleigh surface waves measured at a period near 20 sec. Waveforms are shaped to the WWSSN LP response. Reported by NEIC, but rarely used as authoritative, since at these magnitudes there is almost always an Mw available. Ms is primarily valuable for large (>6), shallow events, providing secondary confirmation on their size. Ms_20 tends to saturate at about M8.3 or larger.
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mb (short-period body wave) ~4.0 to ~6.5 15 - 100 degrees mb = log10(A/T) Q(D,h) ,where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D(degrees), between epicenter and station and focal depth, h (in kilometers), of the earthquake.
Based on the amplitude of 1st arriving P-waves at periods of about 1 s. Waveforms are shaped to the WWSSN SP response. Reported for most M4.0-4.5 to 6.5 EQs that are observed teleseismically. Only authoritative for global seismicity for which there is no Mww, Mwc, Mwb or Mwr, typically 4.0-5.5 range. Mb tends to saturate at about M 6.5 or larger.
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Mfa (felt-area magnitude) any any various
An estimate of body-wave (mb) magnitude based on the size of the area over which the earthquake was felt, typically assigned to widely felt earthquakes that occurred before the invention of seismographs and to earthquakes occurring in the early decades of seismograph deployment for which magnitudes calculated from seismographic data are not available. The computations are based on isoseismal maps or defined felt areas using various intensity-magnitude or felt area-magnitude formulas. Reference: Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (Revised), by Carl W. Stover and Jerry L. Coffman, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1993.
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ML Ml, or ml (local) ~2.0 to ~6.5 0 - 600 km
The original magnitude relationship defined by Richter and Gutenberg in 1935 for local earthquakes. It is based on the maximum amplitude of a seismogram recorded on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph. Although these instruments are no longer widely in use, ML values are calculated using modern instrumentation with appropriate adjustments. Reported by NEIC for all earthquakes in the US and Canada. Only authoritative for smaller events, typically M<4.0 for which there is no mb or moment magnitude. In the central and eastern United States, NEIC also computes ML, but restricts the distance range to 0-150 km. In that area it is only authoritative if there is no mb_Lg as well as no mb or moment magnitude.
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mb_Lg, mb_lg, or MLg (short-period surface wave) ~3.5 to ~7.0 150-1110 km (10 degres)
A magnitude for regional earthquakes based on the amplitude of the Lg surface waves as recorded on short-period instruments. Only authoritative for smaller events in the central and eastern United States, typically <4.0 for which there is no mb or moment magnitude.
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Md or md (duration) ~4 or smaller 0 - 400 km
Based on the duration of shaking as measured by the time decay of the amplitude of the seismogram. Sometimes the only magnitude available for very small events, but often used (especially in the past) to compute magnitude from seismograms with "clipped" waveforms due to limited dynamic recording range of analog instrumentation, which makes it impossible to measure peak amplitudes. Computed by NEIC but only published when there is no other magnitude available.
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Mi or Mwp (integrated p-wave) ~5.0 to ~8.0 all
Based on an estimate of moment calculated from the integral of the displacement of the P wave recorded on broadband instruments.
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Me (energy) ~3.5 and larger all Me = 2/3 log10E - 2.9,where E is the energy calculated by log10E = 11.8 1.5MS where energy, E, is expressed in ergs.
Based on the seismic energy radiated by the earthquake as estimated by integration of digital waveforms.
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Mh any any N/A
Non-standard magnitude method. Generally used when standard methods will not work. Sometimes use as a temporary designation until the magnitude is finalized.
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Finite Fault Modeling ~7.0 and larger 30 - 90 degrees
FFM modeling provides a kinematic description of faulting including estimates of maximum slip, area of rupture and moment release as a function of time. Results are used to provide constraints on fault dimensions and slip used in damage assessment modeling (ShakeMap, PAGER) and to model stress changes (Coulomb stress modeling) on the active fault and/or adjacent faults.
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Mint (intensity magnitude) any any various
A magnitude estimated from the maximum reported intensity, typically for earthquakes occurring before seismic instruments were in general use. This has been used for events where the felt reports were from too few places to use a magnitude determined from a felt area. Reference: Catalog of Hawaiian earthquakes, 1823-1959, by Fred W. Klein and Thomas L. Wright U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1623, USGS Information Services, Denver: 2000.
