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STDIN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STDIN(3)
NAME
stdin, stdout, stderr - standard I/O streams
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
extern FILE *stdin;
extern FILE *stdout;
extern FILE *stderr;
DESCRIPTION
Under normal circumstances every UNIX program has three streams opened for it when it starts up, one for input, one for output, and one for printing diagnostic
or error messages. These are typically attached to the user's terminal (see tty(4)) but might instead refer to files or other devices, depending on what the
parent process chose to set up. (See also the "Redirection" section of sh(1).)
The input stream is referred to as "standard input"; the output stream is referred to as "standard output"; and the error stream is referred to as "standard er‐
ror". These terms are abbreviated to form the symbols used to refer to these files, namely stdin, stdout, and stderr.
Each of these symbols is a stdio(3) macro of type pointer to FILE, and can be used with functions like fprintf(3) or fread(3).
Since FILEs are a buffering wrapper around UNIX file descriptors, the same underlying files may also be accessed using the raw UNIX file interface, that is, the
functions like read(2) and lseek(2).
On program startup, the integer file descriptors associated with the streams stdin, stdout, and stderr are 0, 1, and 2, respectively. The preprocessor symbols
STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, and STDERR_FILENO are defined with these values in <unistd.h>. (Applying freopen(3) to one of these streams can change the file de‐
scriptor number associated with the stream.)
Note that mixing use of FILEs and raw file descriptors can produce unexpected results and should generally be avoided. (For the masochistic among you: POSIX.1,
section 8.2.3, describes in detail how this interaction is supposed to work.) A general rule is that file descriptors are handled in the kernel, while stdio is
just a library. This means for example, that after an exec(3), the child inherits all open file descriptors, but all old streams have become inaccessible.
Since the symbols stdin, stdout, and stderr are specified to be macros, assigning to them is nonportable. The standard streams can be made to refer to different
files with help of the library function freopen(3), specially introduced to make it possible to reassign stdin, stdout, and stderr. The standard streams are
closed by a call to exit(3) and by normal program termination.
CONFORMING TO
The stdin, stdout, and stderr macros conform to C89 and this standard also stipulates that these three streams shall be open at program startup.
NOTES
The stream stderr is unbuffered. The stream stdout is line-buffered when it points to a terminal. Partial lines will not appear until fflush(3) or exit(3) is
called, or a newline is printed. This can produce unexpected results, especially with debugging output. The buffering mode of the standard streams (or any
other stream) can be changed using the setbuf(3) or setvbuf(3) call. Note that in case stdin is associated with a terminal, there may also be input buffering in
the terminal driver, entirely unrelated to stdio buffering. (Indeed, normally terminal input is line buffered in the kernel.) This kernel input handling can be
modified using calls like tcsetattr(3); see also stty(1), and termios(3).
SEE ALSO
csh(1), sh(1), open(2), fopen(3), stdio(3)
Linux 2017-09-15 STDIN(3)