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CRYPT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual CRYPT(3)
NAME
crypt, crypt_r - password and data encryption
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
char *crypt(const char *key, const char *salt);
#include <crypt.h>
char *crypt_r(const char *key, const char *salt,
struct crypt_data *restrict data);
Link with -lcrypt.
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
crypt():
Since glibc 2.28:
_DEFAULT_SOURCE
Glibc 2.27 and earlier:
_XOPEN_SOURCE
crypt_r():
_GNU_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
crypt() is the password encryption function. It is based on the Data Encryption Standard algorithm with variations intended (among other things) to discourage
use of hardware implementations of a key search.
key is a user's typed password.
salt is a two-character string chosen from the set [a-zA-Z0-9./]. This string is used to perturb the algorithm in one of 4096 different ways.
By taking the lowest 7 bits of each of the first eight characters of the key, a 56-bit key is obtained. This 56-bit key is used to encrypt repeatedly a constant
string (usually a string consisting of all zeros). The returned value points to the encrypted password, a series of 13 printable ASCII characters (the first two
characters represent the salt itself). The return value points to static data whose content is overwritten by each call.
Warning: the key space consists of 2**56 equal 7.2e16 possible values. Exhaustive searches of this key space are possible using massively parallel computers.
Software, such as crack(1), is available which will search the portion of this key space that is generally used by humans for passwords. Hence, password selec‐
tion should, at minimum, avoid common words and names. The use of a passwd(1) program that checks for crackable passwords during the selection process is recom‐
mended.
The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the crypt() interface a very poor choice for anything other than password authentication. If you
are planning on using the crypt() interface for a cryptography project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one of the widely available DES libraries.
crypt_r() is a reentrant version of crypt(). The structure pointed to by data is used to store result data and bookkeeping information. Other than allocating
it, the only thing that the caller should do with this structure is to set data->initialized to zero before the first call to crypt_r().
RETURN VALUE
On success, a pointer to the encrypted password is returned. On error, NULL is returned.
ERRORS
EINVAL salt has the wrong format.
ENOSYS The crypt() function was not implemented, probably because of U.S.A. export restrictions.
EPERM /proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled has a nonzero value, and an attempt was made to use a weak encryption type, such as DES.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬──────────────────────┐
│Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│crypt() │ Thread safety │ MT-Unsafe race:crypt │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│crypt_r() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────────┘
CONFORMING TO
crypt(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.3BSD. crypt_r() is a GNU extension.
NOTES
Availability in glibc
The crypt(), encrypt(3), and setkey(3) functions are part of the POSIX.1-2008 XSI Options Group for Encryption and are optional. If the interfaces are not
available, then the symbolic constant _XOPEN_CRYPT is either not defined, or it is defined to -1 and availability can be checked at run time with sysconf(3).
This may be the case if the downstream distribution has switched from glibc crypt to libxcrypt. When recompiling applications in such distributions, the pro‐
grammer must detect if _XOPEN_CRYPT is not available and include <crypt.h> for the function prototypes; otherwise libxcrypt is an ABI-compatible drop-in replace‐
ment.
Features in glibc
The glibc version of this function supports additional encryption algorithms.
If salt is a character string starting with the characters "$id$" followed by a string optionally terminated by "$", then the result has the form:
$id$salt$encrypted
id identifies the encryption method used instead of DES and this then determines how the rest of the password string is interpreted. The following values of id
are supported:
ID Method
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 MD5
2a Blowfish (not in mainline glibc; added in some Linux distributions)
5 SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)
6 SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)
Thus, $5$salt$encrypted and $6$salt$encrypted contain the password encrypted with, respectively, functions based on SHA-256 and SHA-512.
"salt" stands for the up to 16 characters following "$id$" in the salt. The "encrypted" part of the password string is the actual computed password. The size
of this string is fixed:
MD5 22 characters
SHA-256 43 characters
SHA-512 86 characters
The characters in "salt" and "encrypted" are drawn from the set [a-zA-Z0-9./]. In the MD5 and SHA implementations the entire key is significant (instead of only
the first 8 bytes in DES).
Since glibc 2.7, the SHA-256 and SHA-512 implementations support a user-supplied number of hashing rounds, defaulting to 5000. If the "$id$" characters in the
salt are followed by "rounds=xxx$", where xxx is an integer, then the result has the form
$id$rounds=yyy$salt$encrypted
where yyy is the number of hashing rounds actually used. The number of rounds actually used is 1000 if xxx is less than 1000, 999999999 if xxx is greater than
999999999, and is equal to xxx otherwise.
SEE ALSO
login(1), passwd(1), encrypt(3), getpass(3), passwd(5)
2021-03-22 CRYPT(3)