💾 Archived View for clemat.is › saccophore › library › ezines › textfiles › ezines › F4ITH › faith11… captured on 2022-01-08 at 15:41:57.
⬅️ Previous capture (2021-12-03)
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[ D4RKCYDE ]
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[ F41TH ISSUE 11: DECEMBER 1999 ]
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:
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+-->--[ hybrid * http://www.f41th.co.uk
+-->--[ jasun * http://hybrid.dtmf.org
+-->--[ zomba * #darkcyde EFNET
+-->--[ digiphreq * mailto: hybrid@f41th.co.uk
+-->--[ downtime * mailto: hybrid@dtmf.org
+-->--[ force * mailto: zomba@f41th.co.uk
+-->--[ dynamics * mailto: submissions@f41th.co.uk
+-->--[ bodie *
+-->--[ microwire *
+-->--[ shadowx * FIND US ON THE PSTN, B1TCH
+-->--[ sintax *
+-->--[ shylock * (C)D4RKCYDE 1997,98,99+
+-->--[ mata *
| *
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
DEFINTLY NOT BABT APPROVED.. :
.
So close it has no boundaries...
A blinking cursor pulses in the electric darkness like a heart coursing with
phosphorous light, burning beneath the derma of black-neon glass. A PHONE
begins to RING, we hear it as though we were making the call. The cursor
continues to throb, relentlessly patient, until...
o A balanced source of essential oday for optimum health.
o Enriched with infoz, for maintaining healthy a lifestyle.
DOSAGE
------
ADULTS AND KODE KIDDIES OVER 12:
Swallow one article a day, preferably with a meal.
FOR SAFETY
----------
Do not use if inner seal is broken.
Do NOT exceed the recommended daily intake.
STORE IN A COLD WET PLACE.
THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS 0DAY WHICH, IF TAKEN IN EXCESS, MAY BE HARMFULL TO
VERY YOUNG CHILDREN. KEEP OUT OF SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN.
Women who are pregnant or planning a preganancy should not take any any
oday or infoz supplement without first consulting their doctor or clinic.
BEST BEFORE END JAN 2000
INGREDIENTS:
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:
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+-> editorial <-+ hybrid +-- - -
+-> bt system x local networks overview <-+ hybrid +-- - -
+-> guide to the caribbean phone system <-+ dynamics +-- - -
+-> installing freebsd <-+ jonp +-- - -
+-> optical phiber technologys <-+ tradeser +-- - -
+-> nodal disaster recovery procedure <-+ shadowx +-- - -
+-> back-to-back mux p-phone delivery <-+ shadowx +-- - -
+-> telephone network synchronisation overview <-+ shadowx +-- - -
+-> ntl telephone sync network <-+ shadowx +-- - -
+-> bt system x nou css rough overview <-+ anon +-- - -
|
:
.
WERD. gBH, 9X, B4b0, #darkcyde, ch1ckie, michella, asshair, lewp,
dynamics, c&w crew, chrak, tip, elf, subz, guidob, grip, type0, icesk,
ep1d, mortis, siezer, knight, a5m0, epoc, aktiver, ch4x, psyclone, oclet.
.
:
|
+-> editorial <-+---------------------------------------------- --- -- --
f41th issue 11. December 1999.
Well, f41th has been running for exactly 1 year as of the release date of
this issue, so werd to all that have helped out with f41th right from
issue 1 (december 98) upto this current issue. This issue we have some
real good articles from various peeps, aswell as the usuall lEEt stuff you
can expect from the ONLY UK based h/p mag. (THE REAL LONDON UNDERGROUND).
Well, as usuall I'm gonna grep the http-access-log from a darkcyde public
website, and show you some scary hits that we've had. Lets start with a
few hits from various .gov's. (I cant be bothered to organise this all, so
I'll just cat the latest hits file into the zine).
doj61825.justice.vic.gov.au - - [26/Sep/1999:20:29:55 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith9.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 145962
doj61825.justice.vic.gov.au - - [26/Sep/1999:20:32:21 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith9.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 68368
inukshuk.gov.nt.ca - - [28/Sep/1999:12:28:46 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 4599
gw1.vba.va.gov - - [12/Oct/1999:16:42:55 -0500] "GET /images/hybrid2.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 7577
tomichi.its.bldrdoc.gov - - [15/Oct/1999:17:05:01 -0500] "GET /tel.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 9692
sphinx.giss.nasa.gov - - [26/Oct/1999:15:03:09 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith8.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 361188
proxy34-ext.nt.tas.gov.au - - [28/Oct/1999:21:49:31 -0500] "GET /HTTP/1.0" 200 15575
firewall.camcnty.gov.uk - - [30/Nov/1999:12:14:01 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/shiva.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 29749
digger1.defence.gov.au - - [02/Dec/1999:23:38:44 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/clid-cid.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 31130
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:24:10 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/comint.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 41743
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:24:39 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/swtchhst.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 6792
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:24:50 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/bt_dacs.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 307
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:24:58 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 303
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:25:09 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/clid-cid.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 31130
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:25:20 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-ninj.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 21644
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:25:31 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/netserve.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 35952
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:25:41 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 33617
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:25:48 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/5esscomp.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 12099
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:25:56 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/wb900.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 9965
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:01 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/5ess2000.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 7434
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:07 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_cit.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 13910
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:11 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_dcom.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 31034
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:17 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_gets.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 16493
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:23 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_lmpt.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 26039
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:32 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_swr8.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 14907
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:35 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_scntp.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 59421
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:38 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_tel.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 30818
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:45 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/adbis1.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 5054
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:51 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/audix.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 4344
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:26:56 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/bcss.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 5132
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:01 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/dc_btpag.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 5556
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:08 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/dc_ionic.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 5982
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:11 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/dc_line.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 17963
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:15 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/dc_sysad.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 3238
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:26 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/rboc-ixc.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 15995
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:27 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mm1admin.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 45212
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:34 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/satpstn.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 6016
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:45 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/shiva.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 29749
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:56 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ss7.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 40610
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:27:59 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ss7.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 40610
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:28:25 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ukphreak.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 54173
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:29:18 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.1" 200 24063
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:29:27 -0500] "GET /heh.jpg HTTP/1.1" 200 11608
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:36:57 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith9.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 132096
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:37:09 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith10.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 181208
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:37:23 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/x-local.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 8229
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:38:04 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/systemx.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 18034
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:38:14 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-hack.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 51608
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:38:45 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith7.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 68367
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:38:58 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith8.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 129329
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:39:05 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith6.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 23196
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:39:30 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith5.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 57209
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:39:35 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith4.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 62004
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:40:08 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith2.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 34844
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:40:10 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith3.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 51026
ncb30.ncb.gov.sg - - [10/Dec/1999:23:40:26 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith1.zip HTTP/1.1" 200 38757
incrs01.incirlik.af.mil - - [05/Aug/1999:01:16:41 -0500] "GET /main.html HTTP/1.0" 200 16128
kelsatx2.kelly.af.mil - - [09/Aug/1999:13:09:57 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 33617
huachuca-wps.army.mil - - [16/Aug/1999:11:15:53 -0500] "GET /main.html HTTP/1.1" 200 16128
nrad-ascend-ppp22.nosc.mil - - [24/Aug/1999:14:47:56 -0500] "GET /main.html HTTP/1.1" 200 16128
luey.nawcad.navy.mil - - [31/Aug/1999:11:41:58 -0500] "GET /main.html HTTP/1.0" 200 16796
thor.clf.navy.mil - - [31/Aug/1999:16:18:46 -0500] "HEAD /main.html HTTP/1.0" 200 0
bfce.heidelberg.army.mil - - [01/Sep/1999:04:45:22 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/dc_btpag.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 5556
bfce.heidelberg.army.mil - - [01/Sep/1999:04:48:54 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_swr8.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 14907
bfce.heidelberg.army.mil - - [01/Sep/1999:04:56:47 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_lmpt.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 26039
bfce.heidelberg.army.mil - - [01/Sep/1999:05:11:12 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_gets.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 16493
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:12:16:11 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 33617
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:13:57:00 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-ninj.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 21644
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:14:32:58 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/clid-cid.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 31130
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:15:23:38 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith1.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 114945
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:15:31:00 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith2.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 99468
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:15:37:33 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith3.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 142384
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:15:50:53 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith4.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 186594
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:16:18:07 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith5.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 166108
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:16:18:40 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith6.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 63595
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:16:31:32 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith7.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 196105
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:16:34:45 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith8.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 361188
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [14/Oct/1999:16:55:00 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith9.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 145962
gatekeeper01.stricom.army.mil - - [25/Oct/1999:16:50:15 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 33617
gatekeeper01.stricom.army.mil - - [25/Oct/1999:16:53:00 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ HTTP/1.0" 403 288
gatekeeper01.stricom.army.mil - - [25/Oct/1999:16:53:07 -0500] "GET /files/ HTTP/1.0" 403 275
gatekeeper01.stricom.army.mil - - [25/Oct/1999:16:53:11 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 14200
gatekeeper01.stricom.army.mil - - [25/Oct/1999:16:54:54 -0500] "GET /files/ HTTP/1.0" 403 275
gatekeeper01.stricom.army.mil - - [25/Oct/1999:16:54:56 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ HTTP/1.0" 403 288
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:46:42 -0500] "GET /main.html HTTP/1.1" 200 625
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:47:50 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 303
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:48:00 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 303
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:48:04 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 303
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:48:12 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-ninj.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 21644
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:48:34 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/swtchhst.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 6792
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [28/Oct/1999:13:49:18 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_gets.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 16493
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [04/Nov/1999:10:38:31 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-ninj.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 21644
cio84.med.navy.mil - - [11/Nov/1999:08:36:52 -0500] "GET /images/hybrid2.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 7577
herbert.mksit.mil.se - - [12/Nov/1999:10:54:50 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 15630
fsgate03.randolph.af.mil - - [30/Nov/1999:02:03:54 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 33617
ip199133.nvl.army.mil - - [06/Dec/1999:08:18:22 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith4.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 186594
mudd.csap.af.mil - - [07/Dec/1999:15:50:31 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-ninj.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 21644
neptune.bt.com - - [04/Aug/1999:04:48:30 -0500] "GET /main.html HTTP/1.0" 200 16128
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [24/Nov/1999:07:42:47 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ss7.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 40610
web-2.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:06:00:18 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/comint.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 41743
web-2.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:06:06:54 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/clid-cid.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 31130
web-2.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:06:07:56 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 33617
web-2.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:06:08:50 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_gets.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 16493
web-2.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:06:10:43 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ss7.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 40610
web-2.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:06:22:07 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ukphreak.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 54173
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:09:49:45 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 15697
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:09:49:55 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 24063
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:09:54:38 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ukphreak.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 54173
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:09:55:25 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_gets.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 16493
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:10:05:49 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/comint.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 41743
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:10:06:03 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 33617
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [30/Nov/1999:11:59:25 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/bt_dacs.txt HTTP/1.0" 404 295
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:33:59 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 15697
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:34:03 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 24063
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:47:25 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 24063
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:48:17 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ukphreak.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 54173
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:48:46 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/satpstn.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 6016
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:48:58 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 304 -
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:49:01 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 206 6830
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:55:23 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 304 -
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:55:26 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 206 6830
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:06:55:40 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 304 -
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:07:05:50 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 304 -
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:10:48:42 -0500] "GET /gbh.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 24063
web-3.access1.bt.com - - [01/Dec/1999:10:48:42 -0500] "GET /heh.jpg HTTP/1.0" 304 -
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:33:54 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith5.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 166108
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:40:05 -0500] "GET /files/faith/ HTTP/1.0" 403 281
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:40:11 -0500] "GET /files/ HTTP/1.0" 403 275
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:40:16 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 15630
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:40:17 -0500] "GET /heh.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 11608
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:46:35 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ss7.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 40610
moose.alien.bt.co.uk - - [23/Nov/1999:09:56:23 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/autodin.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 33617
pc5219.comnet.bt.co.uk - - [01/Dec/1999:05:19:42 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/bt_dacs.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 307
pc5219.comnet.bt.co.uk - - [01/Dec/1999:05:21:22 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/clid-cid.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 31130
pc5219.comnet.bt.co.uk - - [01/Dec/1999:05:27:46 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/bt_dacs.txt HTTP/1.1" 404 307
pc5219.comnet.bt.co.uk - - [01/Dec/1999:05:28:25 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/wb900.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 9965
pc5219.comnet.bt.co.uk - - [01/Dec/1999:05:29:45 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/9x_tel.txt HTTP/1.1" 200 30818
pc6023.btlabs.bt.co.uk - - [02/Dec/1999:09:59:51 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/comint.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 41743
alpxy1.att.com - - [20/Oct/1999:14:18:13 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith10.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 215337
kcpxy5.att.com - - [29/Oct/1999:14:08:10 -0500] "GET /images/hybrid2.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 7577
qrtph005.nortelnetworks.com - - [22/Sep/1999:10:02:48 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/ss7.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 40610
eharh015.nortel.com - - [19/Nov/1999:13:03:36 -0500] "GET /files/faith/faith3.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 142384
qrtph003.nortelnetworks.com - - [07/Dec/1999:13:04:55 -0500] "GET /images/hybrid2.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 7577
qrtph003.nortelnetworks.com - - [07/Dec/1999:13:05:12 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-hack.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 51608
qrtph003.nortelnetworks.com - - [07/Dec/1999:13:13:45 -0500] "GET /files/hybrid-files/mer-ninj.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 21644
Scary.... NASA, STIRCOM COMMAND, BT, A&TT, NORTEL... All reading f41th,
that must be saying somthing. Heh. Well, as you can see, quite alot of
activity happening on the webserver. Oh yeah, that reminds me,
D4RKCYDE/f41th have a new website. It appears that
http://darkcyde.phunc.com is down, so instead goto http://www.f41th.co.uk
in the future, you never know, one day if we can be botherd to do some
good html, it MIGHT, just MIGHT look presentable. As of always, f41th can
always be downloaded from my own website at http://hybrid.dtmf.org/ Hmm...
I cant figure out what to say in this editorial, so I guess I'll stop
writting bullshit now. Just have a MAD ELITE NEW YEAR:) Oh, and be
carefull, the Millenium bug might brake your familly "pc" :/ You'd best
call someone to come round and check its Y2K complient.... Stupid f00ls.
They'll be giving Vacinations at local hospitals soon, so you dont catch
the MILLENIUM BUG... Heh, I'm gonna quit this shit now, cuse I'm sure you
wanna read f41th:) and not the twisted/warped shit comming from my
clinicly insane membrane.. :/ Later:)
.
:
|
+-> overview of system x local networks <-+---------------------- --- ---
_\'/_[ Gwhan Burn'in Haxorz ]_\'/_
The UK PSTN an overview. SYSTEM X/X LOCAL AXE
hybrid. _\'/_gBH
Throughout the UK, BT implement system x (a digital switching system
operated on a hierarchical chain of network operation groups). In this
article I am going to explain some of the myths about the UK phone system,
and expand on a few things that "they" would'nt want you to know. 1st,
well look at the different facilities that are offered to internal BT
staff within the X LOCAL network.
(Customer Line Testing on Digital Exchanges...)
Automatic Exchange Billing/Direct Transfer of Accounting in SYSTEM X, the
mechanical subscribers meter is replaced by "software". The subscribers
meter then becomes an area of "memory" allocated to each subscriber, and
is incremented after each call in much the same way as the old meter was
"stepped" after every unit. These individual areas of "memory" within the
exchange, can be "read out" automatically and the information transfered
to the Accounts Department in a very short period of time. This brings us
on to the "REMOTE ACCESS" privaleges of the BT engineer, depending on
level of clearnace.
Manipulation of Exchange Equipment from a central point. For example,
taking faulty equipment out of service, or making subscribers temporary
out of service (TOS) for non-payment of bills. Monitoring Exchange
Performance.. to ensure that faults in the exchange equipment do not
effect service to other customers.
Monitoring Network Performance - to ensure that defciencies or faults in
the Network do not affect service. All these facilities can be controled
from a central point. This central point can control a number of exchanges
and can be situated virtually anywhere.
(Network MASTER PLAN...)
Network Structure. The UK Digital Network consists of several different
types of Excahnges formaing the Trunk Network, TN and the Local Network,
LN. The Trunk Network consists of 54 Digital Main Switching Units (DMSU)
System X exchanges which are FULLY interconnected. Each of these exchanges
has a number of Digital Local Switching Units (DLSU) conencted to it and
the DMSU catchment area encompasess several old group Switching Centre
Areas. The Local Network is divided into cells..
These "cells", contain a MINIMUM of two Digital Local Switching Units
(DLSU) one a System X Exchange and the other an AXE10 Exchange. One of
these Exchanges is used as the Digital Cell Centre Exchange (DCCE) and has
access to the DMSU via its Digital Distribution Frame. The other Exchange
also uses the DCCEs Frame for access to the DMSU.
Remote Concentrator Units (RCU) are conencted to the DLSU's for their own
system type. Where Analogue Local Exchanges have been replaced by several
concentrators this is known by BT's internal staff as a Remote
Concentrator Centre (RCC). In isolated/rurral areas of the UK, such as
certain areas of Scotland, UXD5 exchanges are still in place.
So, here is a diagram of what the UK SYSTEM X network plan looks like...
(fear the ascii)
.......................
_____ .
| ALE | .
|_____| . : > Non Switched
| . = > Non Swicched
_____ _|____ . ______
| RCU |__| DLSU | . | |
|_____| | DCCE |--------| DMSU |
|______| . |______| ...............................
_____ | | . : | .
| RCU |____| | . : | . _____ _____
|_____| | . : | . | RCU | | RCU |
| . : | . |_____| |_____|
Local Call | . : | . | |
..............|........ : | . | |
| : | . | |
| _:__|_ . __|___ __|___
|__________| |==========.==| DLSU |======| DLSU |
| DMSU |__________.__| DCCE |______| DLE |
|______| . |______| |______|
: | . |
: | . | Local Call
: | ......|........................
: | |
: | |
_:__|_ |
| | |
| DMSU |________________|
|______|
In this diagram, the RCU's could also be RSS's, or more comonly known as
AXE 10... Here is a brief explanation of the different sections of this
diagram..
DMSU == Digital Main Switching Units, these exchanges provide the fully
interconnected Trunk Network. Each DMSU catachment area comprises of
several old GSC areas. The DMSU switches traffic both between and within
the catchment area.
DLSU == Digital Local Switching Unit. The DLSU is a general term for a
digital local proccessor exchange. It provides a service for its
customers. It can also provide other facilities dependant on its role as
either DCCE or a DLE.
DCCE == Digital Cell Centre Exchange. This is the exchange that provides a
service for its own customers and act as a "parent" for the RCU's. It can
act as a parrent for anolouge exchanges, terminating analouge line plant
and performing call charging as required. It concentrates, and then
forwards traffic to the DMSU's for parented Analouge Local Exchagnes (ALE)
without their own DMSU links. The DCCE also switches Tandem Traffic
between other DLSU's.
DLE == Digital Local Exchange. This is a DLSU which may host RCU's and
also act as a parent for those ALE's which have been replaced bt RCU's
parented upon the DLE. (As Above).
RCU == Remote Concentrator Unit. These are connected to the DLSU and are
considered as part of the DLSU which it is conencted to.
UXD5 == This is the digital exchange developed from the CDSS1 (Monarch)
PABX.
DJSU == Digital Junction Switching Unit. This is a switching unit situated
in a high telephone density local network which performs a tandem
switching function, but has NO customer conenctions.
TXD identification...
An alternative method of labelling types of exchanges is by number. This
number forms part of the exchanges Network Nodal Identity, which appears
on ALL documents specific to the particulr exchange. Some examples of the
TXD numbers/identification...
TXD NUMBER EXCHANGE
--------------------------------
3 RCU [ SYSTEM X ]
5 UXD5
6-9 DLSU [ SYSTEM X ]
13 DMSU
14 DJSU
30 OSSU
31 OCHC
53 RCU [ AXE 10 ]
56-59 DLSU [ AXE 10 ]
80-86 OMC
THE OMU
ALL BT Digital Exchanges are served by an Operations and Maintenance
Centre (OMC). An OMC is the computer equipment required ro collect data
from exchanges and is served by a number of users... Traffic, Sales,
Operation and Maintenance Unit (OMU) etc.. An OMU is the office where
engineers monitor the performance of the exchanges, and recieve the data
collected by the OMC. There are sometimes more than one OMU connected to
each OMC.
The OMU is an office containing visual display TERMINALS which are
connected to the Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC). The OMU staff
can send or recieve information via the OMC to control the exchanges
conencted to it. The OMU hierarchy is as follows...
ISOS == In Service Operational Support
PSG == Product Support Group (BT Headquaters)
DSG == District Suppoer Group (BT District staff)
OMU == Operations and Maintenance Unit (BT OMU staff)
The OMU staff...
System Manager == The system manager has overall responsibility for the
operation of the OMC computer and its terminal network.
OMU Manager == The Operations and Maintenance Unit Manager (UM) has an
overall responsibility for all exchanges controlled by his/her OMU.
Maintenance Control Officer (MCO) == Is responsible for making sure that
all tasks and routines have been carried out. This is achived will the
help of the Maintenance Officers. His/Her job is also reffered to as the
Task Co-ordinating Duty (TCD).
Maintenance Officer (MO) == This dude is responsible for dealing with and
clearing tasks pressented to him by the MCO.
There are three types of Local System X exchange. They are... Digital
Principle Local Exchange (DPLE), Large Local Exchange (LLE), Medium Local
Exchange (MLE). THE END... (OF THE BEGGINING).
_\'/_gBH.
.
:
|
+-> guide to the caribbean phone system <-+---------------------- --- ---
/-------------------------------------------------------\
8-0-9
MCI PHEER PHACTOR
809 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS PRESENTS....
\-------------------------------------------------------/
greetz to: Bahamas Calling Card System,MCI,Cable&Wireless
Francis Acosta (Head of Switching,Belize Telecom)
Barclays Offshore Banking,International Data Proc (Nevis)
Trinidad & Tobago Tourism and Codetel (Dominican Rep)
haxxor greetz to:
Redblade, GPI, _dave, Psyclone, Node8, Kuji, Polymorph
hybrid and Shadow
---------------------------------------------------------
A GUIDE TO 809 THE CARIBBEAN PHONE SYSTEM
AND NUMBERING AND ROUTING ARRANGEMENTS
---------------------------------------------------------
........:Ver 1.1 for F41th and Echelon Magazine:.......
"GaNjA sMoKiN sWiiTchMON, cAbLe and dA wIrEleSs jAmAicA lImIted"
INTRODUCTION
------------
Welcome to 809 mon!
In my opinion, the Caribbean is one of the most interesting NPAs
around. Mainly because it is international but also national, meaning
that technically it is an NPA like any other, but in real terms it
has far more autonomy than an "ordinary" number area.
For instance, many islands in this area have their own international
circuits and ground stations, meaning that calls to this area do not
all necessarily go through mainland US and some calls from South
America end up entering the US via international gateways situated
in this area.
Call to numbers in the former 809 area from the US are considered to be
international.
I aim to inform the reader of the details of the telephone system in
this area, and this would not be complete without giving Numbering Zone
5 a mention. The Caribbean is in fact split between Zone-1 (US) and
Zone-5. Zone-1 includes islands that are US-friendly, and most British
and European colonies.
Caribbean countries in Zone-5 have either obtained their own IDC code
by breaking away from Zone-1 or are nations that have a particular
dislike of being in the US NPA, for political reasons mainly, which is
why Cuba and Haiti are not in Zone-1.
Sometime in the near future, Trinidad and Tobago will obtain their own
International Dialling Code. Trinidad and Tobagos' code will be +296
- Zone-2, as codes in Zone-5 have been used up.
Until recently, the Caribbean was unified under NPA 809, with
exchanges assigned to the individual islands. Since then, the old 809
NPA has been divided into smaller NPAs, with most groups of islands
being assigned their own NPA.
NPAs of the Caribbean and Exchanges
----------------------------------------------------------------|
| ISLAND | NPA | EXCHANGES |
----------------------------------------------------------------|
| Anguilla | 264 |497-2xxx Valley |
| | |497-3xxx Valley |
| | |497-4xxx Lopse |
| | |497-6xxx Sisal |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Antigua and Barbuda | 268 |960 460 461 462 463 464|
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bahamas | 242 |Andros 369 |
| | |Bimini 347 |
| | |Coopers Town 362 |
| | |Deadman's Cay 337 |
| | |Eight Mile Rock 348 |
| | |Eleuthera 332 |
| | |Farmer's Hill 338 |
| | |Freeport 349 |
| | | 352 |
| | | 353 |
| | | 673 |
| | |Fresh Creek 368 |
| | |George Town 336 |
| | |Green Turtle Cay 363 |
| | |Harbour Island 333 |
| | |High Rock 345 |
| | |Hope Town 365 |
| | |Inagua 339 |
| | |Lucaya 373 |
| | |Marsh Harbour 367 |
| | |North Andros 329 |
| | |Nassau 322 |
| | | 323 |
| | | 324 |
| | | 325 |
| | | 326 |
| | | 327 |
| | | 328 |
| | | 344 |
| | | 354 |
| | | 355 |
| | | 348 |
| | | 392 |
| | | 393 |
| | |Marsh Harbour 367 |
| | |North Andros 329 |
| | |New Providence 321 |
| | | 356 |
| | | 359 |
| | | 361 |
| | | 364 |
| | |Rock Sound 334 |
| | |San Salvadore 331 |
| | |Spanish Wells 335 |
| | |Treasure Cay 366 |
| | |West End 346 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Barbados | 246 |Bridgetown 230 420 421 |
| | | 422 423 424 |
| | | 425 426 427 |
| | | 428 429 430 |
| | | 431 432 433 |
| | | 434 435 436 |
| | | 437 438 439 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bermuda | 441 |Devonshire 231 232 233 |
| | | 234 235 236 |
| | | 237 238 239 |
| | | 291 292 293 |
| | | 294 295 296 |
| | | 297 298 299 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
|British Virgin Islands | 284 |Road Town 494 |
| | |Long Swamp 495-2 |
| | |Little Apple Bay 495-4 |
| | |Virgin Gorda 495-5 |
| | |Others 496 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Cayman Islands | 345 |West Bay Road |
| | |East Side 947 |
| | |Cayman Brac 948 |
| | |George Town, |
| | |Grand Caym. 949 |
| | |Additional Exchange for|
| | |George Town and others |
| | | 946 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Dominica | 767 |Roseau 445 446 447 |
| | | 448 449 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Domincan Republic | 809 |Azua 521 |
| | |Bani 522 |
| | |Barahona 524 |
| | |Boca Chica 523 |
| | |Bonao 525 |
| | |Constanza 539 |
| | |Cotui 585 |
| | |Elseibo 552 |
| | |Guerra 526 |
| | |Hato Mayor 553 |
| | |Higuey 554 |
| | |Imbert 581 |
| | |La Romana 556 |
| | |La Vega 573 |
| | |Magua 584 |
| | |La Matas de Farfan 536 |
| | |Moca 578 |
| | |Monte Cristy 579 |
| | |Neyba 527 |
| | |Puerto Plata 586 |
| | |Rio San Juan 589 |
| | |Salcedo 577 |
| | |Samana 538 |
| | |Santiago Rodriguez 580 |
| | |Santiago 575 582 |
| | | 583 587 |
| | |Santo Domingo 530 531 |
| | | 532 533 |
| | | 535 541 |
| | | 542 543 |
| | | 544 545 |
| | | 546 547 |
| | | 549 551 |
| | | 560 561 |
| | | 562 563 |
| | | 564 565 |
| | | 566 567 |
| | | 568 569 |
| | | 574 594 |
| | | 595 596 |
| | | 597 598 |
| | | 682 685 |
| | | 686 687 |
| | | 688 689 |
| | |San Juan de la Maguana |
| | | 557 |
| | |San Jose de Ocoa 558 |
| | |San Cristobal 528 |
| | |San Francisco deMacoris|
| | | 588 |
| | |San Pedro de Marcoris |
| | | 529 |
| | |Sosua 571 |
| | |Valverde Mao 572 |
| | |Villa Altagracia 559 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Greneda | 473 |Grenville 442 |
| | |St Georges 440 441 |
| | | 443 444 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Jamaica | 876 |Annotto Bay 996 |
| | |Balaclava 963 |
| | |Black River 965 |
| | |Brown's Town 975 |
| | |Carlton 968 |
| | |Central 967 |
| | |Chapelton 987 |
| | |Christiana 964 |
| | |Discovery Bay 973 |
| | |Duncans 954 |
| | |Highgate 992 |
| | |Irish Town 943 |
| | |Kingston 493 921 |
| | | 922 923 |
| | | 924 925 |
| | | 926 927 | 928 929 |
| | | 998 |
| | |Linstead 985 |
| | |Lucea 956 |
| | |Mandeville 962 |
| | |May Pen 986 |
| | |Montego Bay 951 952 |
| | | 958 |
| | |Montrose 977 |
| | |Morant Bay 982 |
| | |Negril 957 |
| | |Ocho Rios 974 |
| | |Old Harbour 983 |
| | |Pembroke 969 |
| | |Port Antonio 993 |
| | |Port Maria 994 |
| | |Portmore 988 |
| | |Red Hills 944 |
| | |Rose Hall 953 |
| | |Santa Cruz 966 |
| | |Savanna - La Mar 955 |
| | |Spanish Town 984 |
| | |St Ann's Bay 972 |
| | |Stony Hill 942 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
|Montserrat | 664 |All points 491 |
|(British. West Indies) | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Puerto Rico | 787 |Adjuntas 829 |
| | |Aguadilla 882 891 |
| | |Aguas Buenas 732 |
| | |Aibonito 735 |
| | |Anasco 826 |
| | |Aquada 252 868 |
| | |Aquirre 853 |
| | |Arecibo 878 879 |
| | | 880 |
| | |Arroyo Patillas 839 |
| | |Barceloneta 846 |
| | |Barranquitas 857 |
| | |Bayamon 251 730 |
| | | 740 780 |
| | | 785 786 |
| | | 787 797 |
| | | 798 799 |
| | |Cabo Rojo 255 851 |
| | |Caguas 258 743 |
| | | 744 745 |
| | | 746 747 |
| | |Camuy Hotillo 262 820 |
| | | 898 |
| | |Candvanas 256 |
| | |Caparra 380 381 |
| | | 382 383 |
| | | 384 385 |
| | | 386 387 |
| | | 388 389 |
| | | 390 391 |
| | | 394 395 |
| | | 396 397 |
| | | 398 399 |
| | |Carolina 250 750 |
| | | 752 757 |
| | | 762 768 |
| | | 769 |
| | |Catano 784 788 |
| | |Cayey 263 738 |
| | |Ceiba 885 |
| | |Ciales 871 |
| | |Cidra 739 |
| | |Coamo 825 |
| | |Comeria 875 |
| | |Corozal 859 |
| | |Culebra 742 |
| | |Dorado Toa Baja 796 |
| | |Fajardo 860 863 |
| | |Florida 822 |
| | |Guanica Ensenada 821 |
| | |Guayama 864 |
| | |Guayanilla 267 835 |
| | |Guaynabo 720 731 |
| | | 789 790 |
| | |Gurabo 737 |
| | |Hormigueros 849 |
| | |Humacao 852 |
| | |Isabela 830 872 |
| | |Isla Verde 253 791 |
| | |Jayuya 828 |
| | |Juana Diaz 837 |
| | |Juncos 734 |
| | |Lajas 899 |
| | |Lares 897 |
| | |Las Marias 827 |
| | |Las Piedras 733 |
| | |Levittown 261 795 |
| | |Loiza 876 |
| | |Luquillo 889 |
| | |Manati 854 884 |
| | |Maricao 838 |
| | |Maunabo 861 |
| | |Mayaguez 254 264 |
| | | 265 831 |
| | | 832 833 |
| | | 834 |
| | |Moca 877 |
| | |Morovis 862 |
| | |Naguabo 874 |
| | |Naranjito 869 |
| | |Orocovis 867 |
| | |Palmas del Mar 850 |
| | |Penuelas 836 |
| | |Ponce 259 840 |
| | | 841 842 |
| | | 843 844 |
| | | 848 866 |
| | |Pueblo Viejo 749 781 |
| | | 782 783 |
| | | 792 793 |
| | |Quebradillas 895 |
| | |Ramey 890 |
| | |Rincon 823 |
| | |Rio Grande 887 |
| | |Rio Piedras 250 751 |
| | | 753 754 |
| | | 756 758 |
| | | 759 |
| | |Roosevelt Roads 865 |
| | |Sabana Grande 873 |
| | |Salinas 824 |
| | |Santana 881 |
| | |Santurce 268 721 |
| | | 727 728 |
| | |San Germain 892 |
| | |San Juan 722 723 |
| | | 724 725 |
| | | 726 886 |
| | | 888 |
| | |San Lorenzo 736 |
| | |San Sebastian 896 |
| | |Santa Isabel 845 |
| | |Toa Alta 870 |
| | |Toa Baja 794 |
| | |Trujillo Alto 729 748 |
| | | 755 760 |
| | | 761 |
| | |Utuado 894 |
| | |Vega Alta 883 |
| | |Vega Baha 855 858 |
| | |Vieques 741 |
| | |Villalba 847 |
| | |Yabucoa 266 893 |
| | |Yauco 856 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| St. Kitts and Nevis | 869 |St Kitts 465 467 |
| | |Newcastle (Nevis) 469 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| St. Lucia | 758 |All points 452 453 454 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
|St. Vincent&Grenadines | 784 |All points 456 457 458 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Trinidad and Tobago | 868 |Arima 642 667 |
| | |Barrackpore 654 |
| | |Chaguanas 665 671 |
| | | 672 |
| | |Claxton Bay 659 |
| | |Couva 636 678 |
| | | 679 |
| | |Cross Crossing 657 |
| | |Diego Martin 632 633 |
| | | 634 637 |
| | |Fryzabad 677 |
| | |Gasparillo 650 |
| | |Guayaguayare 630 |
| | |Marabella 658 |
| | |Maraval 629 |
| | |Mausica 646 |
| | |Mayaro 644 |
| | |Penal 647 |
| | |Piarco 664 669 |
| | |Princess Town 655 656 |
| | |Point Fortin 648 |
| | |Port-of-Spain 622 623 |
| | | 624 625 |
| | | 627 628 |
| | |Roxborough (Tobago)660 |
| | |Scarborough (Tobago)639|
| | |Siparra 649 |
| | |San Fernando 652 653 |
| | |San Juan 638 674 |
| | | 675 676 |
| | |Santa Rosa 643 |
| | |St Augustine 645 662 |
| | | 663 |
| | |Toco 668 670 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
|Turks & Caicos Islands | 649 |Grand Turk 946-2 |
| | |South Caicos 946-3 |
| | |Providenciales 946-4 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| U.S Virgin Islands | 340 |Charlotte Amalie, |
| | |St Thomas 774 775 |
| | | 776 777 |
| | | 778 779 |
| | |St John 776-6xxx|
| | | 776-7xxx|
| | |Christiansted, |
| | |St Croix 771 773 |
| | |Fredericksted, |
| | |St Croix 772 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|
Note: Some countries have not updated their routing tables to take
into account the new NPAs in this region. Should you find yourself
on a trunk in one of the non-updated countries, when routing simply
use 809 as the area code.
Kp2-1-0-809-prefix-number-ST
This is possible, as none of the exchanges listed here overlap or
conflict, because until recently they were all on NPA 809. This routing
might be worth considering, if routing using the new NPA won't work.
NETWORK INFRUSTRUCTURE
----------------------
The nature of the Caribbean area - many small islands, makes laying
cables to every island a challenging task. As the result, the larger
islands are served with submarine cables and tend to act as
concentration points for infrustructure.
Satellites are also used, these mainly for international calls due to
the delay often associated with satellite connections, satellites are
making it possible for many nations in this area to have direct links
with the UK and Europe meaning that international connections no longer
have to go through the US, increasing the autonomy of the telcos in the
area.
[bermuda-earthstation.jpg]
The main hubs, or nodal points in the network, are situated
strategically on the larger islands.
Historically, the smaller islands were linked together with a VHF
Radio and UHF-Microwave system, the latter being pioneered by
Cable&Wireless in 1972, what was then the longest island hopping
analogue microwave system in the world, spanning the 800 miles between
Tortilla and Trinidad, including the French islands. This microwave
network is still in use, but over recent years (1991) has been
developed further to provide digital transmission and greater
bandwidth.
[See cwmicrowavemap.jpg]
[See microtower.jpg]
But, with the advent of the internet, and greater demand for bandwidth,
it has become economical to lay fibres to even the smaller islands.
Recently, the Eastern Caribbean Fibre-Optic System was inaugerated,
stretching from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad, this system
provides high quality undersea international links and ensures that the
islands of the Eastern Caribbean have the capacity to keep up with the
increased demand for telephone service.
[See Ecfs.jpg]
More developments are on the horizon in the Eastern Caribbean.
Cable&Wireless is constructing an IP network with gateway nodes and
network management centres in Antigua, Barbados and Trinidad. A
Frame-Relay network is due for completion, to complement the new IP
Network.
....]Main Hubs
From looking at a map of the main cables in this area [caribbean.gif],
the network hubs can be identified. The US Virgin Islands seem to be
the biggest hub amd covers the Eastern Caribbean area. It is linked to
the US mainland via the Americas-1, Columbus-2 and Florida - St Thomas
cables, both with bandwidths of 2.5Gbps each. It is the base of the
Eastern Caribbean Fibre-Optic System. It is also linked with Venezuela
and Brazil, via the US-Venezuela cable and the Brus, both coaxial with
640ch each. The second part of the Americas-1 also links it with
Brazil, and provides 560Mbps of bandwidth. The Columbus-2 (560Mbps)
links the US Virgin Islands hub with Palermo in Italy.
The hub for the Western Caribbean is Puerto Rico. The Eastern hub is
linked with Puerto Rico via the 560Mbps Taino-Carib fibre-optic cable
with landing points in US. VI and in Isla Verde and Miramar in Puerto
Rico. A coaxial, 4,680 channel cable links San Juan in Puerto Rico with
West Palm Beach FL. The TCS-1 coaxial system links Jamaica, Domincian
Rep and Colombia with Puerto Rico, offering a capacity of 3,780
channels, before splitting in two with 1,890 channels for Jamaica and
Dominican Republic and 1,890 channels of capacity for the Colombian
link.
Jamaica has become increasingly important, with a new cable linking
it with Florida (aptly named the Florida - Jamaica). From Jamaica, a
cable links it with Panama and the Cayman Islands. Jamaica is part of
the Jamaica-Cayman Fibre Optic System, linking several landing points
on the islands involved.
[Side note on the Cayman Islands, they actually have the highest number
of fax machines per capita than anywhere else and they are in the top
ten financial centres, and probably the least know of them all... :D]
[Note: this map is a 1996 plan, courtesy of KDD. It leaves out a few
of the newer cables, including some US - Venezuela connections and the
Cayman-Jamaica Fibre Optic System. Some have been added, but not all,
although this map seems to be the best out of the maps currently
available online.]
Nearly every island has a ground station, providing international links
and television services, some of the satellites used include INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, and TRICOMSAT. Some reports of Westar IV being used by
Nicaragua (505) are floating around, this is unverified. Belize (501)
did have a direct satellite link with the UK until last year, but the
link died and now all calls are handled by MCI as a primary carrier
with secondary agreements with AT&T and Telmex.
....]Switching and Signalling
Most of the islands in the Eastern Caribbean have fully digital
switching facilities and services that are on a par (if not better)
than what we have in the UK. Prices are fairly comparable, although
local calls are free. Teledensity is lower in this region as a whole,
but efforts made by the telcos are paying off and demand for lines is
increasing. ESS and DMS are the main digital switches in use, such is
the US influence on the area, for analogue switiching, the Crossbar is
the main switch, there are few Step-by-Step/Strowger switches
remaining, if any.
Signalling for international calls in a combination of SS7
and R1/C5. R1 and C5 are still used fairly extensively, despite
digitalisation, mainly due to the reduced demand and revenue from
international calls meaning the need for upgrading is less. Background
dialling, muting during routing and single-pleep connections are all
features of a typical Caribbean C5 connection. Filtering on these
connections is intensive and therefore they are always the hardest
connections to bluebox. Despite this, they are always interesting to
the inquisitive, and have many features such as the ability to drop
onto verification trunks for eavesdropping.
It is the case with some connections, such as Belize, that the C5
routing and signalling data is digitised onto E1 cables for transit
via the US. On reaching Belize it once again becomes inband, meaning
that seizing intermediate trunks along the route is impossible. This
method might also mean that certain devices could be used to prevent
blueboxing, although my knowledge of these devices is minimal.
SS7 is increasingly the signalling of choice, although blueboxing will
still be alive over there for quite some time. A fully digitised
Caribbean is within view in the next 10 years, unfortunatly for
blueboxing.
....]Brief Description of the Networks
BAHAMAS
Nowadays, most business districts in New Providence are serviced via
fibre optic cable, and, in 1997 Batelco inaugurated its new fibre optic
cable connection to Florida which is owned by BATELCO, AT&T, MCI,
Worldcom and telephone companies in Barbados, the Dominican Republic,
Puerto Rico, Canada, and Trinidad and Tobago. This is in addition to
the coaxial BAHAMAS-1 cable (1972) and provides additional capacity
for the growing demand for telephone service in the Bahamas. There
is also a standard "A" Earth Station, and a new satellite linking
Switzerland with the Bahamas was launched in 1998. Many calls to the
Bahamas from Europe during the hurricane were routed along this
satellite as opposed to the submarine cable due to the adverse
weather conditions.
Today, BATELCO's modern digital network has a switch capacity for
131,000 lines of which some 109,000 are now in service and just over
98,000 of which are revenue producing. Since 1992 Batelco has increased
its lines in service, by over 22,000, an increase of the order of 20%.
As a result, increased service has been provided in New Providence,
Abaco, Andros, Exuma, Grand Bahama, Long Island, and Eleuthera and
elsewhere. By 1995, even the small fishing community at Grand Cay,
Abaco had Direct Distance Dial (DDD). So does Sweetings Cay, Grand
Bahama, the Current, Rum Cay and Ragged Island. By comparison to other
developing countries, The Bahamas have a high fixed-line penetration in
the community. The telco is pressing ahead with further modernisation
including upgrading of switches.
BARBADOS
Cable & Wireless BARTEL's telephone system now comprises four DMS-100s,
four DMS-10s and several remotes in a fully digital system. SS7 is used
as the signalling system. Barbados is on the Eastern Caribbean
Fibre-Optic system, and part of the microwave network. A ground station
is also in use.
BELIZE
Belize Telecommunications Ltd operates a mixed analogue-inband and
digital telephone system. Most of the country has access to private
telephone services, but where these are not available yet, service is
provided using payphones in community locations. Most customers are
serviced by an analogue switch, notably Crossbar with some on ESS, R1
being the main signalling system in use. For data transfer, DATAPAC is
the main system in use and offers speeds of between 300bps and 9600bps.
At present, DTN - Data Transport Network is being phased in, offering
higher data speeds.
Until last year, Belize had a direct satellite link with the UK. All
transit calls go via MCI, AT&T being the secondary carrrier and Telmex
being the tertiary carrier. CCITT system 5 is the international
switching system in use, with signalling being digitally encoded onto
E1s at the switching centre. Cellular service uses the AMPS standard,
and paging is available.
Belize was once on the US numbering plan, but suceeded from it a long
time ago. It was given country code 501.
JAMAICA
Cable and Wireless Jamaica has operated a completely digital
(switching and transmission) network since 1992. Its central office
switching capacity is supported by numerous Outside Plant Modules
(OPMs). These OPMs are small remote exchanges linked to larger host
exchanges by fibre optic cable or digital microwave radio. OPMs are
currently being installed at an average rate of 30 per year, mainly in
rural communities, where mountainous terrain renders traditional
methods of service provisioning both difficult and expensive.
Jamaica's international telecommunications traffic is shared by two
submarine fibre optic cable systems and an earth station with access
to an INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satellite.
Under an extensive development programme started six years ago, the
number of telephone main lines in service has tripled to 453,102 at the
end of November 1998.
The company has set itself a target of 500,000 main lines by the year
2000. In early 1997, the Company began deploying Wireless Local Loop
(WLL) technology as part of its strategy to provide basic telephone
service at a much faster rate, particularly in rural areas.
Cable and Wireless Jamaica is also currently working to increase the
capacity of the island's cellular network and will shortly begin the
phased introductioin of digital service.
PANAMA
Services in Panama are operated by Cable&Wireless Panama. A mixed
network of analogue and digital switching is present at the moment.
Many iniatives have been taken by Cable&Wireless to increase
teledensity and the number of lines has increased dramatically this
year. R1 is the main signalling system in use, although digital systems
are beginning to surfice. Digital cellular services are now available.
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
The telephone company for Trinidad and Tobago is Telecommunications
Services of Trinidad and Tobago, abbreviated TSTT. The company operates
a fully digital network, and has done since 1997.
The thirty-seven digital switches include 1 DMS 200 Toll Switch,
12 DMS 100 Line Switches, 14 DMS Remote Switching Centres and 10
Outside Plant Modules (OPMs).
The Company's network comprises 37 exchanges offering service to
approximately 190,000 customers. TSTT maintains two Standard A Intelsat
earth stations at Point Lisas and Matura. The Point Lisas Teleport
provides an external satellite route out of Trinidad and Tobago. It is
equipped with a full auto-track facility, stand-by power and other
ancillary equipment which is linked to TEXTEL House and to Piarco
International Airport by digital microwave radio. A Digital Microwave
System also connects TEXTEL house and the Eastern Caribbean Microwave
Station at Morne Bleu. TEXTEL House, Morne Bleu and Matura have been
equipped with modern digital multiplexing systems.
....]Cellular Phones in the Caribbean
The cellular phone industry in this region is similar to that of the
US, predominantly AMPS (analogue) with digital making an entry in the
form of TDMA and PCS. Cable & Wireless have introduced digital cellular
services in the Cayman Islands, Panama and Barbados. For many islands,
cellular services are under the control of the monopoly telco with
government regulation.
....]Operating Companies
Cable&Wireless is the dominant player in the Caribbean, it is main
telco in the region and it's position was inherited as it was the
British international telephone company. Since then, it has been
granted licenses by the governments of this region to provide telephone
services. In most cases, telcos in this region are monopolies. Except
for Cable&Wireless; MCI and AT&T are major international carriers.
Other telcos do exist, such as Belize Telecom, Bahamas Telecom
(Batelco), Puerto Rico PRT, St. Eustatius EUTEL, St. Maarten Telem and
Skantel St. Kitts and Nevis.
CONCLUSION
----------
I hope that this fairly detailed guide has left you with a better
knowledge of the Caribbean phone system. Who knows, it might even come
in useful sometime, you could impress people with your k-rad 809
knowledge.
If you have any comments or additions to this guide, email me at the
following address:
inno6@hotmail.com
Any I'll probably reply.
gtg, calls to make.....
"tHaNk-y0u aNd gOoDbYe... CHEEP!..."
=8-0-9 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS=
westar - 0wned: 809
|=|
||------|=|------||
|=|
/---------------\
| | _ [
|Nicaragua Tel |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|~\ \
|0wned by 809 | | \ \/
| | | \ \
|_______________| | \___________\]
Banana Hut HQ
"So, NynexPhreak, what's a guard tone?"
[Smart guy... CCU]
.
:
|
+-> installing freebsd <-+--------------------------------------- --- ---
This message contains non-ASCII text, which can only be displayed
properly if you are running X11. What follows
may be partially unreadable, but the English (ASCII) parts
should still be readable. HEH.
==[OpenBSD - How to install and use by JonP.]
What you should know.
BSD is not one of the most friendlist unices available, FreeBSD and OpenBSD
are not for the inexperienced, especially OpenBSD as the only friendly setup
tool available to you is called Vi (and in the installition its ed).
Another problem people have with BSD is hardware, it doesnt support as much
hardware as linux, and might not do for a long time.
The Install.
Backup all your important stuff, or if your like me(young, stupid and lame)
you won't have anything important and you will be safe.
The first thing to do is to get yourself a copy of OpenBSD by FTP or CD.
FTP is not such a bad choice as OpenBSD is not very big and the CD set costs
�20. The files you NEED to get are:
base25.tgz (base system)
etc25.tgz (config files)
bsd (GENERIC kernel)
floppy25.fs (boot floppy)
(this is only relevant to version 2.5 of OpenBSD).
recommended extra files are:
man25.tar.gz (man files)
comp25.tar.gz (programming stuff)
and all the x*.tgz if you want X
How to Install.
Start by making the boot floppy using RAWRITE in dos/windows or 'dd' in UNIX,
e.g:
C:\TOOLZ> rawrite floppy25.fs A:
or in Linux
dd < floppy25.fs > /dev/fd0
boot the the target computer, you will then have to go through the install
process (sometimes painfull) now read:
ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/OpenBSD/2.5/i386/INSTALL.i386
from the OpenBSD docs as the install process can be a bitch, this file also
contains all the information you will need about hardware et al.
--[Things to After the install]
1. Add a user.
Add a user for general use and IRC etc using the adduser(8) command:
# /usr/sbin/adduser
this is a simple menu based adduser command which any fewl can work out.
If you want the user to be able to use SU then you need to add them the
"wheel" group.
NOTE: logins can seem to take a long time as it needs to decrypt those long
blowfish encrypted passwds
2.1 configure the system.
With BSD based systems, things are usally changed in the /etc/rc.* files.
If you wish to add your a program to run at start up, add it to /etc/rc.local.
Another important file is /etc/rc.conf. this contains configuration options
for your system, and example of an rc.conf file is:
sendmail_flags=NO # set to "-bd -q30m" for normal uses
httpd_flags="-DSSL" # starts httpd with SSL support
...
ipfilter=NO
ipnat=NO # ipfilter must be YES for this to work.
all the options in /etc/rc.local are well commented, so any kiddie like me
can work it out.
2.2 Kernel Configuration.
Options in the OpenBSD kernel can be set using the program syscntl. for
example:
# syscntl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1
net.inet.ip.forwarding 0 -> 1
However, u may wish these things to be automatic, so by simply adding:
net.inet.ip.forwarding=0
in /etc/syscntl.conf.
3. Install extra software.
3.1 Packages.
Packages are precompiled programs for OpenBSD which are easy to get and use.
2 packages which you will want to get are pgp and ssh.
the packages can be found from the FTP sites and easy to install, for
example:
# pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/[ver]/packages/[arch]/filename
# pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.5/packages/i386/pgp-2.6.3-intl.tar.gz
3.2 Ports.
The ports collection are a very BSD thing. The ports.tgz file from the
OpenBSD ftp site contains a large directory tree containing Makefiles,
patches, etc needed to compile programs for OpenBSD. To install a package
goto the directory for the port you need, for example:
# cd /usr/ports/archivers/unzip,
# make
# make install
the Makefiles will search for a local copy of the source, if it is not found
it will go off to a ftp site to get it.
--[things you will want to do]
1. Set up PPP
PPP can also be annoying in BSD, so save yourself time and use this file:
----------8< /etc/ppp/ppp.conf ------------------
# PPP.CONF
default:
set log Phase Chat LCP IPCP CCP tun command
set device /dev/cuaa0 # 0=COM1 1=COM2 etc
set speed 115200 # baud rate
set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 5 \"\" AT OK-AT-OK ATE1Q0 OK
\\dATDT\\T TIMEOUT 40 CONNECT"
# Assumes PAP or CHAP
myisp:
set phone [isp phone number]
set login
set authname [user name]
set authkey [passwd]
set timeout 120
set ifaddr 10.0.0.1/0 10.0.0.2/0 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.0
add default HISADDR
enable dns
------------8<------------------------------------
to dial just do:
# ppp -dial myisp
2. Set up NAT (if you want to be a gateway)
NAT is quite easy to setup if you just wish to forward all from ppp0,
infact the command to do it is commented out in /etc/ipnat.rules ,so just
change it so it reads:
(the default line in it only maps ports 10000 - 20000
map ppp0 10.0.0.0/8 -> ppp0/32
NOTE: ip forwarding is not setup in the default kernel, to enable type:
# /usr/sbin/sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1
then add net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 to /etc/sysctl.conf, and enable ipfilter in
/etc/rc.conf.
3. Set up firewalling
Firewalling in BSD is quite easy, it is done by adding rules to
/etc/ipf.rules and enabling ipfirewalling in /etc/rc.conf.
the firewall rules are based on simple commands like this:
pass out from any to any
#allows all outgoing packets
pass in from any to any
#allows all incoming packet
block in log on ppp0 proto tcp from any to any port=telnet
#blocks and logs all telnet connections from ppp0
block in log on ppp0 from 192.168.0.0/24 to any
block in log on ppp0 frmo 0.0.0.0/32 to any
# stop spoofing
block in log on ppp0 proto tcp from any to any
block in log on ppp0 proto udp from any to any
# disallow ALL incoming tcp & udp connections
pass in on ppp0 proto tcp0 from any to any port=80
# allow web access to all
4. other networking stuff
Networking in OpenBSD is done much the same as Linux for example:
# ifconfig ne2 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ne2
however, the networking information entered in the install program is kept
so the network should be fully functional after the install.
4. SSH
SSH is automatticly setup when you download and install the ssh package from
the openbsd archives.
--[The End]
.
:
|
+-> optical phiber technologys <-+------------------------------- --- ---
-----------------------------------------------------------
| The Basics to Fiber Optics by: Tradeser |
-----------------------------------------------------------
Sections
----------------------------------
1. What Is Fibers Optics?
2. Where Are Optical Fibers Used?
3. How Are Optical Fibers Made?
4. How do Optical Fibers Work?
5. Morse Code
6. ASCII-8
----------------------------------
----------------------------------
Where Are Optical Fibers Used?
----------------------------------
Two inventions on the 1960s and 1970s made fiber optics possible.
During this time, scientist invented lasers. Lasers are powerful
sources of a special kind of light. Other researchers developed
optical fibers.
An optical fiber is a flexible thread of a very clear glass--thinner
than a cat's whisker and up to six miles long. Laser lights can
pass through the length of optical fiber ans still shine bright.
Because optical fibers can serve as pipelines for light, they also
are called light guides.
In the mid-1970s, these inventions were teamed together. Now pulses
of light flash through optical fibers carrying information and
messages over great distances. This important new technology is
called fiber optics.
Glass fiber are replacing copper wires for may reasons. The fiber are
replacing copper wires for many reasons. The fibers are not as
expensive for telephone companies to install. They weigh a lot less
than copper wires--making them easier for workers to handle. A single
four-and-one-half-pound spool of optical fiber can carry the same
number of messages as two hundred reels of copper wire that weigh
over sixteen thousand pounds.
The fibers are better, too, because light is not affected by nearby
electrical generators, motors, power lines, or lightning storms. These
are often the causes of noisy static on telephones or information
errors in computers systems connected by copper wires.
As electrical signals pass through copper wire, they become weakened.
Devices called repeaters are used to strengthen the electrical signals
about every mile along each line. In fiber optic systems, repeaters
are needed only every six miles or so to boost the light signal.
Experiments have shown that this distance can be stretched many more
miles.
However, the most important reason for using glass fibers is that they
can carry much more information than copper wires. A single pair of
threadlike glass fibers can transmit thousands of telephone calls at
once. A cable as thick as your arm and containing and containing 256
pairs of copper wires would be needed to handle the same number of
conversations.
Pairs of fiber (or wires) are used for two-way communications. One
fiber carries your voice to the listener at the other end of the line.
The other member of the pair transmits the other person's reply to
you.
Optical fibers are less expensive, easier to install, and more
dependable than copper wires. With light from lasers, they can
transmit thousands of times more information than electricity in copper
wires. The new technology of fiber optics is a better and faster way
to communicate.
----------------------------------
Where Are Optical Fibers Used?
----------------------------------
All over the world, the copper wires of telephone trunk lines
are being replaced be modern glass optical fibers. One of the
first attempts to use an optical fiber system in the United
States was in 1977 in Chicago. There, two offices of the Bell
Telephone Company and a third building for customers were
connected successfully by twenty-four light-carrying glass
fibers. The fibers were threaded through telephone cabled
already under the city streets. The total length of the fibers
was about 1.5 miles.
In 1978, Visa-United Telecommunications at Walt Disney World
near Orlando, Florida, was the first to use fiber optics
commercially in the United States. Telephones throughout the
28,000-acre park are liked by fiber optic trunk lines. Video
transmissions by glass fibers are made to many individual hotel
rooms on the property from one location. Lighting and alarm
systems also use optical fibers.
American Telephone and Telegraph has in service a fiber optic
line that connects Boston, New York City, Washington, D.C.,
and Richmond, Virginia. The truck line is part of a project 780
miles long. The light cable used is the thickness of garden
hose. Nevertheless, it can carry eighty thousand calls at once.
By July 1988, American Telephone and Telegraph laid a fiber
optic cable beneath the ocean between North America and Europe.
The cable is called TAT-8 because it is AT&T�s eighth
transatlantic telephone cable. TAT-1, a copper cable was
completed in 1956 and could carry fifty-one calls at a time.
TAT-7, the last copper cable, was laid 1983. It can handle about
eight thousand calls at one time. Even With TAT-8, a second fiber
transatlantic cable, TAT-9, probably was put down between
California and Hawaii. Now Satellites are used more for these
communications.
Glass fibers are ideal for military defense. In addition to
their other advantages, the fibers are easy to hide from an enemy.
Metal detectors cannot locate them, for example. Also, the
fibers are almost impossible to secretly tap or jam. [That�s
right almost. Every book I read on fiber optics said "almost"
Gee, I wonder why?] Thus, vital messages are more likely to
get through. Light-carrying fibers usually are not affected by
radiation. And they can be used safely near ammunition storage
areas of fuel tanks because they do not create sparks as electricity
can in copper wires.
The North American Air Defense Command is located deep inside
Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado. Its computers, linked by
optical fibers, process radar information from around the globe.
Army field communications systems also depend on optical
fibers.
----------------------------------
How Are Optical Fibers Made?
----------------------------------
The glass used to make optical fibers must be very pure. Light
must be able to pass through the length of the fiber without
being scattered, or losing brightness. Though glass in a
eyeglass lens look perfect, a three-foot-think piece of this kind
of glass would stop a beam of ordinary light. Tiny particles
of iron, chromium, copper, and cobalt adsorb or scatter the
light.
The glass in an optical fiber is nearly free of impurities and
so flawless that light travels through it for many miles. If
ocean water were as pure, we could be able to see the bottom
of the Mariana Trench, over thirty-two thousand feet or six
miles down, from the surface of the Pacific.
The optical fiber has two parts, a glass inner core, and the
outside cover cladding. In the core light travels through this
highly transparent part of the fiber. The core of an optical is
surrounded be an outer covering called the cladding. The
cladding is made of a different type of glass from the sore of
the fiber. For this reason, the cladding acts like a mirror.
Light traveling through the core of the fiber is reflected back
into the core by the cladding -- much like a ball bouncing off
the inside of a long pipe. In this way, light entering one end
of an optical fiber is trapped inside the sore until it comes to
the other end.
Optical fibers are manufactured in "clean rooms." The air in
these rooms is filtered to keep out the tiniest particles of dust.
Even smallest specks of dirt could ruin the fiber as it is made.
Workers in these areas usually wear jump suits or lab coats and
caps made from lint free fabric.
An optical fiber start out as a hollow glass tube. The tube is
mounted on a machine that rotates it. A special gas is fed into the
tube. A flaming torch moves back and forth along the tube, heating
it to nearly 1,600 Celsius. With each pass of the torch, some of
the hot gas inside forms a fine layer of glass on the inner wall of
the tube. A series of different gases can be fed into the tube. With
this method, layers of several different kinds of glass are
added to the inside wall. When the addition of glass is complete,
gas still inside the tube is gently sucked out.
Now, the heat from the torch is increased to 2000 Celsius. The hollow
tube collapses into a solid glass rod called a perform. The
perform is the size of a broomstick -- about as big around as a
fifty-cent piece and a yard long.
The perform is cooled and carefully inspected. Light from a laser
used to make sure the core and cladding of the glass preform are
perfect.
Next, the perform is placed in a special furnace where it is heated
to 2,200 C. At this temperature, the tip of the perform can be
drawn or pulled like taffy into a wisp of an optical fiber -- thinner
than a human hair.
Usually, as soon as it is drawn, the fiber passes through a tiny
funnel where it is coated with fast-drying plastic. The coating
protects the fiber fro being scratched or damaged.
The fiber from a draw may be up to sic miles long. It is wound onto
a spool for ease of handling and storage. Glass is usually thought
to be brittle, unbendable, and easily broken. Amazingly, optical
fibers are flexible and strong as threads of steel. The fiber can
be tied into loose knots without breaking and light still passes
through from end to end.
----------------------------------
How Do Optical Fibers Work?
----------------------------------
Whenever you talk to someone else the sound of your voice
travels to their ears as a pattern of vibrations or waves
in the air. Light and electricity also move in waves.
To get an idea what waves look like, tie one end of a long
rope to a post or tree. Hold the other end of the rope and
walk away until the rope is stretched out, but still slightly
slack. Now yank the free end of the rope up and down repeatedly.
A series of bumps or waves travels down the rope.
You can change the pattern of the waves. You can make small
waves by giving weak, up-and-down yanks on the rope. Or you
can make big waves by giving strong, up-and-down yanks on
the rope. The height or tallness of the waves depends on the
strength you use to yank the rope up and down.
The distance between the top of one wave and the top of the
next wave is called the wavelength.
Another way to vary the waves is to change their speed. You
can yank the rope up and down only once in a second or many
times in a second. The number of waves reaching the tree or
post each second is the frequency of the waves.
Why do pulses or waves of light streaking through an optical
fiber go farther, better, and faster than electricity pulsing
through copper wires?
Lasers used in fiber optic systems are made from tiny crystals
of a material called gallium arsenide. These lasers are as
small as a single grain of salt and easily could fit through
the eye of a needle. Nevertheless, they can produce some of
the world's most powerful pinpoints of light.
Light from a laser is unlike ordinary light. Laser light is
all of the same frequency and wavelength. And all of it is
traveling together in the same direction -- like bullets
aimed from the barrel of a gun at once target. The results
is a brilliant source of very pure light. Laser light can
shine through miles of optical fiber without being boosted as
often as an electrical signal.
The laser light used is fiber optic telephone or communications
systems is infrared. The frequency if infrared light is just
below what people can see with their eyes unaided. Infrared
light is used in communications systems because it can travel
long distances through optical fibers with less loss of power.
Another source of light that is also used with optical fibers for
communications is light emitting diode or LED. LED's are less
costly that gallium arsenide lasers. However, lasers can
transmit more information at high speeds that LED's.
Copper wires can carry a few million electrical pulses each
second. but the number of light pulses as optical fiber can carry
is much greater. It is limited by how many pulses of light each
second today's best lasers can produce. Recent experiments done
at AT&T Bell Laboratories combined the output of several lasers
to achieve as many as 20 billion pulses per second! This far
outshines the number transmitted by copper wires.
How do telephones connected by optical fibers work? In the
mouthpiece of a telephone, the pattern of sound waves of your
voice is first changed into a pattern of waves of electricity
moving through copper wire. In a fiber optic system, a special
electronic device called an encoder measures samples of the waves
of electricity eight thousand times each second. Then, each
measurement of the waves is changed into a series of eight ON-OFF
pulses of light.
The pulses of light are a code that stands for the strength or
height of the waves of electricity. This is called a binary code
because it uses only two signals or digits; zero for when the
light is OFF and one for when the light is ON. The word "binary"
means two. Each zero or one is called a binary digit or bit. And
each pulse of ON-OFF light stands for one piece or bit of
information. Eight bits grouped together are a byte. The specks
of ON-OFF light flash like tiny comets through optical fiber
carrying your message in binary code. At the other end of the
line is another device called a decoder. The decoder changes the
pulses of light back into electrical waves. The receiver of the
telephone then changes the electrical waves back into the sound
waves of your voice.
The coded pulses of light in a fiber optic system can carry so
much information so rapidly that many telephone conversations can
be stacked in an optical fiber. They are then unscrambled at the
other end of the line.
Because a fiber optic system uses coded pulses of ON-OFF light,
it is ideal to link together computers. Computers "speak" this
binary language. They not only count in binary, computers also
store and handle huge amounts of information as a code of zeros
and ones. The entire 2,700 pages of Webster's Unabridged
Dictionary can be transmitted from one computer to another over
optical fibers in six seconds!
Morse Code is a binary code you may already know. Instead of
zeros and ones, Samuel Morse, used dots and dashes to send any
message by telegraph. The dots and dashes can stand for any
letter of the alphabet or any decimal number.
Here are two binary codes. One international Mores Code and the
other is a computer code known as the America Standard Code for
Information Interchange or ASCII-8.
----------------------------------
Morse Code
----------------------------------
. = DOT
- = DASH
.- A
-... B
-.-. C
-.. D
. E
..-. F
--. G
.... H
.. I
.--- J
-.- K
.-.. L
-- M
-. N
--- O
.--. P
--.- Q
.-. R
... S
- T
..- U
...- V
.-- W
-..- X
--.. Z
.---- 1
..--- 2
...-- 3
....- 4
..... 5
-.... 6
--... 7
---.. 8
----. 9
----- 0
.-.-.- Period (.)
--..-- ,
..--.. ?
........ Error
-...- Double Dash (=)
---... :
-.-.-. ;
-.--. (
-.--.- )
-..-. /
.-..-. "
...-..- $
.----. '
.-.-.. Paragraph
..--.- Underline (_)
-.-.- Start Signal
.-... Wait
.-.-. End of Message (EOM)
-.- Invitation to transmit
...-.- End of Work
...-. Understood/Acknowledge
Other Morse signals used
..-.- Interrogatory
....-- Emergency silence
..-..- Executive follows
----- Break-in
...---... Emergency (SOS)
-..-..-.. Distress signal relay
----------------------------------
ASCII-8
----------------------------------
11100001 A
11100010 B
11100011 C
11100100 D
11100101 E
11100110 F
11100111 G
11101000 H
11101001 I
11101010 J
11101011 K
11101100 L
11101101 M
11101110 N
11101111 O
11110000 P
11110001 Q
11110010 R
11110011 S
11110100 T
11110101 U
11110110 V
11110111 W
11111000 X
11111010 Z
01010001 1
01010010 2
01010011 3
01010100 4
01010101 5
01010110 6
01010111 7
01011000 8
01011001 9
01010000 0
01001110 Period (.)
01011111 ?
01000001 !
01001100 ,(comma)
01000010 "(quotation mark)
Morse Code and ASCII-8 may seem awkward. But Morse Code made
possible sending messages quickly by telegraph over long distances
as early as 1845. Today, computers linked by optical fibers can
send vast amounts of any kind of information, including pictures.
And they can do it faster than the human mind can think.
.
:
|
+-> nodal disaster recovery procedure <-+------------------------ --- ---
1.0 Scope:
This document presents the procedures, equipment and personnel required by
ntl Teesside to deal with a nodal disaster occurrence. A nodal disaster
will have been deemed to have occurred when >1000 customers have lost Catv
or when >100 customers have lost telephony service in the same nodal area.
Examples of nodal
disaster causes are :
1. Damage to cabinet by vehicle or vandalism.
2. Failure of higher order transmission card.
3. Failure of Catv optical equipment.
4. Damage to fibre optic or Catv trunk feeder cable.
5. Widescale Northern Electric outage.
N.B. Damage to a fibre optic or Catv feeder cable will be deemed to be an
outage even if it is non-service affecting.
2.0 Safety:
This procedure does not necessarily detail all the precautions necessary to
meet the requirements of the Health & Safety At Work Act 1974. Attention
should be paid to any appropriate safety precautions and this procedure
should only be carried out by trained personnel.
In all cases of a disaster occurring all relevant health and safety
practices must be followed. The need for signing and guarding is paramount.
3.0 Glossary:
Catv-Cable television services.
Telco-Telephony services.
NCC-Network Control Centre.
4.0 General information:
It is envisaged that a "dummy run" will take place during the year to ensure
that all relevant personnel attend site and that the procedure is followed.
Equipment:
In order that the Maintenance and Service Department can deal with, and
respond to, any disaster scenario it will be necessary to have spare
equipment readily available to replace damaged / faulty equipment in the
field.
All types of cabinet will be held in the hard standing area of the
warehouse, except the Type 3 cabinets which will be held in the Maintenance
Warehouse area, all of which will be readily available should the need arise
to replace a damaged cabinet.
There will be a trailer available to enable transportation of a cabinet to
the disaster scene. This trailer will also be kitted out to allow fibre
splicing to take place in a clean and safe environment.
In some cases it may not be possible to replace the Type 3 cabinet
immediately i.e. the plinth is damaged. In these cases it will be necessary
to transport the hot rack from the test/store area to site and feed service
from it. In these cases the on Site Manager / Supervisor will make a
decision on where the best site for the temporary rack would be.
The distribution and fibre cables should be pulled back and fed direct to
the hot rack from the chamber. This will allow the plinth to be changed out
without fear of damage to any of the cables. In cases where the plinth has
to be replaced , due to the fact that curing of the base takes 3 days,
security will be arranged for the temporary site allowing the release of
technical staff.
Maintenance-designated drums of 144 and 96 fibre, which are longer in length
than the maximum pieces in the network, are held in the Warehouse for use in
the case of damage to a trunk route. 48 and 8 fibre is held in the hard
standing area of the stores, and is readily available should the requirement
be for smaller size fibre.
In some cases it will be necessary to provide temporary service using
mechanical splicing techniques. This decision will be taken by the on-site
Supervisor / Manager. The permanent cable will be pulled in and cut over at
the earliest opportunity. In the case of a fibre breakdown, the Catv
services should be provided using the diverse route where possible. This
will provide the customer with a degraded service in some instances. In such
cases, Customer Services and Dispatch should be notified via the NCC.
Backboards, complete with housings, jumpers and passives have been built up
and are held in the Maintenance Stores area for deployment when required.
All Catv electronics are held on a technician basis and are readily
available. Telecom electronics will be held in a "hot" rack in the headend,
fully configured, tested and ready to be deployed when required
All sundry items, e.g. Pouyet & Krone strips, interface cabling etc. will be
held in the maintenance store in sufficient volumes to fully fit out a Type 3
cabinet.
After any disaster situation, a full list of equipment used should be passed
to either a Hub supervisor or the Network Operations Manager. This will
enable all equipment used in a disaster scenario to be replaced as soon as
possible.
In order to maximise the response to a major mains electrical loss four
supplementary generators will be held in the Maintenance Stores area.
This will allow Service Technicians or non-Maintenance personnel to aid the
Network Technicians in running generators at the Type 3 cabinets in the
affected areas.
Responsibilities:
The requirements of this procedure shall be carried out by departmental
technicians, the Hub Supervisor, Network Maintenance, Network Build and Kelly
Communication staff.
During normal working hours, adequate resource will be readily available for
all scenarios. In-house Maintenance department staff will be supported by
Network build staff and Kelly communications staff. Out of hours, the on-call
technicians will be able to call on an on-call splicer and an on-call Kelly
cabling team.
There is also an on-call Supervisor / Manager who in all cases will be
informed. He will attend site and assume responsibility for controlling the
situation. Each technician has a full list of staff telephone numbers should
extra support be required.
NCC staff will provide administration and testing support in any recovery
situation, and they will also provide a central contact point for any
enquiries during the outage period and supply Customer Services, Dispatch
and any relevant Directors with hourly updates.
Frequency:
The requirements of this procedure shall be carried out for every nodal
disaster that occurs.
5.0 Procedure :
5.1 The NCC will normally be the first place to identify a major outage
constituting a disaster recovery situation. In all cases a Hub Supervisor
or the Network Operations Manager shall be informed immediately.
5.2 A Network Technician will then be deployed to confirm and investigate
the disaster scenario, and the Hub Supervisor or Network Operations Manager
shall put the relevant personnel on standby for disaster recovery.
5.3 Upon confirmation of a disaster having occurred, the relevant personnel
and equipment required should be sent to site. This should occur for all
cases, both in and out of normal working hours.
5.4 The technician on site shall feed all the relevant information regarding
the outage back to the NCC to allow NCC personnel to inform all the relevant
departments with details of the outage. This information should include as a
minumum :
a) Area affected.
b) Services affected.
c) No. of customers affected (estimated if need be).
d) Estimated outage duration.
5.5 This information should be updated hourly to the NCC and passed by them
to the relevant departments. Any enquiries regarding the outage from any
source should be directed to the NCC, thus allowing the Network Technicians
to concentrate on recovering the situation. Under no circumstance should any
of the field technicians be contacted direct.
5.6 On clearance of the outage, all details should again be passed to the
NCC for entry in the event log, and to enable NCC personnel to inform all
relevant departments of the clearance.
.
:
|
+-> Installation and Maintenance Guide for PDMX- E Shelf <-+----- --- -- -
+-> for Back to Back MUX P-phone Delivery <-+----- --- -- -
1.0 Scope:
The aim of this document is to provide all the information necessary to enable
Installation and Maintenance of the P-Phone delivered via Back to Back MUX.
2.0 Glossary:
LCME-Line Concentrator Module Enhanced, this is the Switch hardware
peripheral that a P-Phone terminates on.
MDF-Main Distribution Frame, this is located in the Switch Room and
presents the P-Phone line cards from the LCME.
CPE-Customer Premises Equipment.
POTS-Plain Old Telephone Service.
LC-Line Card, this is a NTBX21BC the card that supports a P-Phone.
DMS-Digital Multiplex System. (The Switch).
MBS-Meridian Business Set, this is the P-Phone.
SRT-Station Ringer Test, this is a software tool that tests the
signalling to the P-Phone and all its hardware functions.
3.0 General information:
The P-Phone is a Nortel Product that is connected to the Switch via a Line card
in the LCME. Lines and features are presented on Keys and Lamps. It was
developed to present Console and feature working in a more user-friendly way
thus capturing some of the business market being lost to the PABX and Key-System
providers.
In order to deliver this Service from a Street Cabinet, a Back to Back MUX
configuration is required, and the Nortel PDMX-E multiplex shelf is used to this
end.
Any queries relating to this document should be raised with Network Engineering
in the first instance.
Responsibilities:
The requirements of this procedure shall be carried out by personnel carrying
out the Installation or Maintenance of P-Phone delivery via a back to back MUX.
Frequency:
The requirements of this procedure are to be followed for all Installation and
Maintenance activities associated with P-Phone delivery via back to back MUX.
4.0 References:
Further detail can be found in the associated Nortel PDMX-E Product Handbooks:
Installation and Commissioning Handbook
Product Description Handbook
Phone unit description
Configuration Software Tool
5.0 Procedure:
P-Phone delivery is possible via copper cable up to a distance of 4 km from the
LCME or 4 km from the P-Phone MUX in a street cabinet.
The P-Phone line is terminated in the LCME on a NT6X21BC line card. This line
card is presented via structured cabling from the LCME to the MDF in the Switch
room. The termination on the MDF is jumpered to the Headend MUX MDF and thence
to the Back to Back MUX port which delivers the Service to the equivalent port
in the street cabinet. From here it is delivered to the Customer Premises by a
standard copper drop, and once again terminated onto a MDF. The P-Phone is then
jumpered from this MDF to the User position.
P-phone delivery via back to back MUX
6.0 Installation and Commissioning:
The PDMX-E Installation and Testing can be broken down into three stages:
1. Headend installation.
2. Street Cabinet installation
3. Back to Back MUX commissioning
6.1 Back to Back MUX Installation:
6.1.1 Equipment Installation - Headend.
Install shelf, wire power connector and Management cable (Fig 1).
Note, each power supply is separately fused (3A).
Insert CENCA and two POSUP cards (no straps to set).
Also insert the first MEGIF (type 261) and connect the coax plug to the DDF.
Set links on PHONE card to �TO EXCHANGE� (see Fig 3).
Insert PHONE card (see Fig 5 for card positions) and connect the MDF 6 pair
cable.
Configure shelf:-
Install the correct configuration file (Ref Appendix 2):
Menu: �File Open� <headbus.cfg> or <headres.cfg>)
Menu: �Download�
Set Shelf I.D. to allocated value
Menu: �Remote, communications�
Set �Q� Interface address to <0-255> as per Network Management
tables
Disable alarms due to cards not yet fitted.
6.1.2 Equipment Installation - Street Cabinet.
Install shelf, wire power connector and Management cable (Fig 2)
Note, each power supply is separately fused (3A).
Insert CENCA and two POSUP cards (no straps to set).
Also, insert the first MEGIF card (type 261) and cable to allocated SMA ports.
Set links on PHONE card to �TO PHONE� (see Fig 3) and insert into required
slot.
For Business Nodes, wire 5 PHONE cables (6-pair each) to the allocated �E�
side positions.
For Residential Nodes, wire 3 PHONE cables (6-pair each) to the allocated
�E� side positions.
Configure shelf:-
Install the correct configuration file (Ref Appendix 2):
Menu: �File Open� <headbus.cfg> or <headres.cfg>)
Menu: �Download�
Set Shelf I.D. to allocated value
Menu: �Remote, communications�
Set �Q� Interface address to <0-255> as per Network Management
tables
Disable alarms due to cards not yet fitted.
6.2 Circuit Testing:
Perform a �Station Ringer Test� on all 6 lines, using a Maintenance Test Line
from the LCME at the headend MUX MDF, and a (test) P-phone at the Cabinet �E�
side.
6.3 Management:
Add icons fro each newly installed MUX pair
Upload shelf config to Element Manager
Ensure Alarms are enabled for installed cards
Run a stability test for 24 hours, then check that no G704 slips have
occurred.
Fig 4 PHONE Card Connections
Channel
(SubUnit No.)PairColoursPHONE Card
pin Nos.
1aWhite - BlueA2
bBlue - WhiteC2
2aWhite - OrangeA4
bOrange - WhiteC4
3aWhite - GreenA6
bGreen - WhiteC6
4aWhite - BrownA8
bBrown - WhiteC8
5aWhite - GreyA10
bGrey - WhiteC10
6aRed - BlueA12
bBlue - RedC12
Fig 5 PDMX-E Card Allocations
7.0 Maintenance Guide for PDMX-E Shelf.
In order to faultfind on a P-phone line, a limited number of checks can be made
whilst the line is �live�, noting that speech maybe monitored at the 2 Mbit/s
interfaces.
If a fault persists at card or line level, a process of substitution can be used
to identify at which end the fault lies. To this end, a spare PHONE port and
PDMX-E Highway Timeslot are available for Maintenance use, at each end of a back
to back MUX. This allows the speech circuit to be carried over physically
different parts. This process of substitution should be carried out prior to
card replacement in order to minimise the disruption of traffic on the same
card(s).
For longer-term, intermittent faultfinding, a P-phone protocol analyser may be
required in conjunction with logging provided by the DMS100.
7.1 Typical Faults and Consequent Alarms.
General
With a call in progress, disconnecting the Headend MUX line to the LCME will
not terminate the call, neither will a disconnection of the Phone.
Loss of 2 Mbit/s between the back to Back MUXs will result in all calls
being cleared down. During loss of transmission, the supply to the P_Phones,
and hence the lamps on the main phone and any add-ons will be lost, and are
not updated when the transmission fault is cleared.
Typical LCME / Exchange connection Voltages:-
Voltage
LCME open circuit *~53.2 V
LCME connected to PHONE card~50.6 V
LCME connected directly to P-PhoneOn-hook: ~49 V
Off-hook: ~ 46 V
* Note: the �open circuit� condition also occurs if there is a MUX
transmission fault eg loss of 2 Mbit/s, incorrect card configuration
etc.
Typical P-phone Drop Voltages and currents (single phone)
CurrentVoltage at T3 CabinetVoltage at
1 km dropVoltage at 2 km drop
Supply voltage
to shelf---~52 V------
No phone connected---~52 V~52 V~52 V
On hook10 mA~48 V~46 V~44 V
Off hook16 mA~46 V~43 V~40 V
If phone works only when the mains adapter is connected, reverse �a� and �b�
leg. The �a� leg (LJU pin 2) must be more POSITIVE than �b� leg (LJU pin 5).
To confirm reliable operation after clearing a fault, repeat the Station
Ringer Test. Initially toggle between steps 15 and 16:-
15.Press dial pad key *All LCD are on
16.Press dial pad key #All LCD are off
and make sure all icons illuminate, including all those on the add-on
units, each time for step 15.
Then go through steps 17-27 several times. These MUST give reliable
operation.
Finally undertake the complete set of tests to allow sign-off of the
installation. This must include removing the mains adaptor power and
proving the basic functions of the phone.
---o0o---
Appendix 1 - CST Local Configuration Tool - (Overview)
Connect PC (running CST software) to CENCA RS232 port. This overrides the
�Q� bus management interface.
Run the CST software - Enter <Return> for Password at the System Manager
screen
Select Remote - Connections, which gives Remote Control window. Check
options are set to the following :-
Set System Address to Shelf I.D. value = <0-255>
Comm port = <as required by laptop>
Baud rate = <9600>
Select <Connect>
Password = <Return>
At �System Access Password, press <Enter> (no Password)
Note, A �layer 2: No Response� signifies that a Connection has
not been established to the CENCA port (eg can occur if the
Laptop has powered down).
Under Setup check User Class is set to System Manager (else options relating
to parameter changes and File access will be greyed out).
Upload config (under File menu) to obtain views of shelf as currently
configured. In the case of a new CENCA card, open the correct configuration
file (Ref Appendix 2), and download to the shelf.
Once connection to the shelf is established, can view:-
Alarms (select Units). Remember to use �Refresh� to update
Objects - Units to find status of cards and configurations
Objects - Connection points and / or Network Connections
Clock Sources
etc
Appendix 2 - Configuration Files for PDMX-E
A back to back P-Phone MUX is configured as BUSINESS or RESIDENTIAL each
with 2 ends, giving FOUR configuration files.
HEADENDCABINET
FullyBUSINESSbusall_h.cfgbusall_c.cfg
Config�d
shelfRESIDENTIALresall_h.cfgresall_c.cfg
For initial PDMX-E configuration, only the first MEGIF and PHONE cards
are required. Under �Objects, Units� delete all unwanted units (and
allow the Cross Connects to be automatically deleted).
Note:-
When upgrading a system with additional cards, Cross Connects will be added
from the Network Control Centre, and held in the Element Manager.
Thus, NCC will be responsible for the management of Cross Connects on a
per-shelf basis.
To provide for the eventuality of a faulty CENCA card being replaced, and if
NO remote management is available, a configuration with a fully configured
set of Cross-Connects may be downloaded onto the shelf. This will provide
Cross Connects for all cards currently fitted, until the Config from the
Element Manager can be downloaded.
The Highway and Cross Connect allocations can be found on the related
spreadsheet �p_highws.xls�
Installation and Maintenance Guide for P-Phone Console Delivery via Back to Back
MUX
1.0 Scope:
The aim of this document is to provide all the information necessary to enable
Installation and Maintenance of the P-Phone Console delivered via back to back
MUX.
2.0 Glossary:
LCME-Line Concentrator Module Enhanced, this is the Switch hardware
peripheral that a P-Phone terminates on.
MDF-Main Distribution Frame, this is located in the Switch Room and
presents the P-Phone line cards from the LCME.
CPE-Customer Premises Equipment.
TDR-Time Domain Reflectometer. This equipment can display cable
faults/discontinuities.
TIMS-Transmission Impairment Measurement Set.
POTS-Plain Old Telephone Service.
LC-Line Card, this is a NTBX21BC the card that supports a P-Phone.
MAP-Maintenance and Administrative Position.
DMS-Digital Muliplex System. (The Switch).
MBS-Meridian Business Set, this is the P-Phone.
M5212-ACD P-Phone with Headset capability.
M518-18 key add-on for the P-Phone.
SRT-Station Ringer Test, this is a software tool that tests the
signalling to the P-Phone and all its hardware functions.
CLI-Calling Line Identity.
BLF-Busy Lamp Field, this is a key and lamp appearance on the
P-Phone for monitoring the status of line extensions.
TLS-Terminating Line Select, this is a feature on the DMS that
enable calls to be answered in the order of longest waiting first.
CXR-Call Transfer.
Back to Back P-phone Service Delivery
6. Installation Testing:
The Installation testing can be broken down into four stages:
1. LCME line commissioning.
2. Back to Back MUX commissioning
3. Call testing.
4. Dial Plan testing.
6.1 LCME Line Commissioning:
Jumper the LCME port at the Switch MDF and Transmission MDF to the allocated
PDMX-E shelf/port.
Check the line with a test phone at the Transmission MDF.
(The audio levels are checked here when the CPE is commissioned).
6.2 Back to Back MUX Commissioning:
(Refer to the Installation and maintenance Guide for PDMX-E Shelf)
6.3 Commissioning of P-phone Drop to Customer Premises:
Measure Loop Resistance from the Type 3 �E� side to the Customer�s LJU (or
MDF). This will be approx. 200 ohms per loop km. Also, check that the
insulation resistance to earth is greater than 1M ohm. Record the results in
the Installation chart.
For drops more than 2 km, perform either an �analog� or �digital� line
test.
Analog Line Test. The following attenuation and noise measurements must
be carried out with a TIMS test set at each end:-
Measure the insertion loss @ 8 kHz. (Limit = 20 dB)
Perform a background noise measurement, with a �C� filter (or �Impulse
Filter�). Limit: 20 dBmC
Perform an impulse noise measurement, with threshold set to -60 dBm,
using �Impulse Filter� for 15 mins. Limit: 300 hits.
Digital Line Test.
This is described in Section 6.4 under �Line Soak Test�. A P-phone
signalling analyser is used to log test messages across the Network, and
confirms the reliability of the circuit over the final drop.
With an In-Service test line connected at the Headend, connect the
P-phone to the Customer�s MDF (or LJU) and check the line voltage for a
reading between 48V and 40V (dependent upon drop distance and number of
add-ons). On-hook to Off-hook reduces this by 3-4 Volts. Record these
readings.
Perform an Audio Level check on the line.
All audio level measurements to be taken at the Headend MUX MDF, and to be
recorded on the Installations Results chart. Note, P-phone line impedance is
900 ohms, so test equipment must also be 900 ohms for terminated tests.
To confirm DMS line levels:-
a.Connect a TIMS or equivalent to the P-Phone pair at the Customer
end.
b.Access the LTPMAN level of the MAP terminal by typing:
>MAPCI;MTC;LNS;LTP:LTPMAN
and pressing the Return key.
The MAP screen will display:-
c. Send a 1000 Hz tone at 0dB from the MAP terminal by typing:
>TONEGEN
and pressing the Return key.
d. Measure the received level at the Headend MUX MDF (into 900 ohms
termination, or thro� term across the installed circuit).
The measured level will be -5 dBm (into 900 ohms) plus/minus 1dB.
Record the results on the appropriate chart.
e. Disconnect the tone by typing:
>RLSCONN
and pressing the Return key.
f.Send a 1000 Hz tone at -10 dBm from the TIMS and note the received
level at the MAP terminal by typing:
>LOSS
and pressing the Return key.
The measured level will be -10 dBm (into 900 ohms) plus/minus 1dB.
Record the results on the appropriate chart.
g. Exit from MAP TERMINAL by typing:
> QUIT ALL
and pressing the Return key.
Make test calls (1579, 123 etc) and check for good voice quality on a two
way call, including other P-phone lines if used in the same Centrex Group.
Remove mains adaptor power and confirm that the Phone�s basic functions
still operate.
Perform the Station Ringer Test (as detailed in Section 6.4 below)
6.4 P-phone Commissioning - Customer Premises
STATION RINGER TESTING
With the P-phone connected and powered by the local PSU, perform a Station
Ringer Test. This is enabled on all P-phone lines, and is accessed by dialling
1578 + 7-digit DN. This confirms the P-phone hardware functions and allows the
User to check for 100% signalling reliability to/from the DMS over the back to
back MUX. Below is an extract from the NTP showing how to initiate a test
sequence.
Perform the test in two parts:
Perform the complete test sequence (steps 1 - 38) to confirm all hardware
functions of the Phone operate correctly.
Repeat steps 5 to 27 several times to confirm that no digits are missed, or
incorrect icons are lit. These indicate the reliability of the main
signalling messages to/from the phone.
If incorrect responses are observed, these indicate that there may be a
wiring fault (high res), a double jumpered connection (open circuit �tails�
should be avoided), or interference on the line. These must be investigated
until reliable operation is obtained.
If a more thorough test is required, or as part of a reported fault
investigation, a T-Metrics Protocol Analyser and Laptop software can capture and
record all signalling sequences. This is used in the Line Soak Test as detailed
below.
The Station Ringer can be activated by dialling:
0158 and the 7 digit DN
STATION RINGER TEST :
STEPACTIONRESPONSE
1.Establish off hook conditionAll LCD flash
2.Establish on-hook conditionAll LCD wink
3.Establish off hook conditionAll LCD are on
4.Establish on-hook conditionAll LCD are off
5.Press dial pad key 1.LCD 1 is on
6.Press dial pad key 2.LCD 2 is on
7.Press dial pad key 3.LCD 3 is on
8.Press dial pad key 4.LCD 4 is on
9.Press dial pad key 5. LCD 5 is on
10.Press dial pad key 6.LCD 6 is on
11.Press dial pad key 7.LCD 7 is on
12.Press dial pad key 8.LCD 8 is on
13.Press dial pad key 9.LCD 1 and 8 are on
14.Press dial pad key 0.LCD 2 and 8 are on
15.Press dial pad key *All LCD are on
16.Press dial pad key #All LCD are off
17.Press feature key 1.LCD 1 is on
18.Press feature key 2.LCD 2 is on
19.Press feature key 3.LCD 3 is on
20.Press feature key 4.LCD 4 is on
21.Press feature key 5.LCD 5 is on
22.Press feature key 6.LCD 6 is on
23.Press feature key 7.LCD 7 is on
24.Press feature key 8.LCD 8 is on
25.Press feature key 9.LCD 9 is on
26.Press feature key 10.LCD 10 is on
27.Press feature key 11.LCD 11 is on
28.Continue feature key press for all add on units.Relevant LCD will
be on.
29.Press RLS key LCD 2 and 8 are on
30.Press HOLD keyLCD 1 to 5 are on
Dial tone on speaker only
31.Establish off-hook conditionAll LCD flash on main set only.
Dial tone on handset only.
32.Establish on-hook conditionAll LCD wink on main set only.
Dial tone removed from handset.
Dial tone on speaker only.
LCD 12 is on.
33.Press HOLD keyLCD 6 to 11 are on.
Buzz Tone on speaker.
Dial tone removed from speaker.
LCD 12 is off.
34.Press HOLD keyAll LCD are off.
Ringing tone on speaker.
35.Press Vol UP keyRinging tone Volume increases.
36.Press Vol DOWN keyRinging tone volume decreases
37.Press HOLD keyRinging stops.
LCD 2,3,4 wink indicating that a circuit test is running . No
further keys should be pressed as this may affect the circuit test
results. Any keys pressed during the circuit test will not be
acknowledged; that is , lamps are not changed.
LCD 1-8 are on , the circuit test is done, passed.
LCD 1, 2 and 8 are on, circuit test done , failed.
LCD 1, 2 and 8 wink indicating that the circuit test is done, not
run, or has timed out.
The LCD display window will show a result of the Station Ringer
Test.
A Full Pass will show 10/10
Or another figure out of 10.
38.Press HOLD keyWill exit from S.R.T.
NOTES:
If at any stage you wish to exit from the S.R.T then pressing the HOLD key 6
times will end the test.
LINE SOAK TEST
For Customer line commissioning where the drop length is more than ~3 km, and
particularly where the cable is shared with 20 or more POTS lines, a thorough
test should be performed to confirm the reliability of the Phone�s functions (ie
signalling). This test uses a T-Metrics Protocol Analyser and Laptop software
which can capture and record all signalling sequences. Transmission Engineering
will assist if required.
Perform a line Soak Test for at least 12 hours. Use the T-Metrics TM-950 (plus
laptop) at the Headend MDF (representing the Switch) to inject messages into the
Back to Back MUX. Use the TM-500 (plus laptop) to receive the test messages at
the Customer�s MDF. Examine the log to ensure that no more than 2 errors occurs
per hour over the test duration.
(Errors are flagged as either a missed message, or as �Parity Error�. These are
indicated for messages in EITHER direction). The analyser operates in a through
mode (high impedance) so does not affect the operation of the installed phone
line. An example log output is shown in Fig. 5 below.
7. Call Testing:
Call testing is made to ensure that the translations are set-up correctly on the
Switch and that CLI is passed to and from the P-Phone. It also tests the
Transfer capability of the Set.
a.Make a call from Key 1 on the P-Phone to BT line.
Ensure CLI is passed.
b.Make a call from Key 1 on the P-Phone to a BT line but withhold
CLI by prefixing the BT number with 141. Ensure that CLI is
withheld.
c.Make a call from a BT line to the P-Phone passing CLI. Ensure that
CLI is displayed on the P-Phone.
d.Make a call from a BT line to the P-Phone withholding CLI. Ensure
that CLI is withheld on the P-Phone.
e.Make two calls into the P-Phone from a BT line and ensure the
calls can be transferred to another line. One internal transfer and
one external transfer. Check that the P-Phone displays transfer
information.
8. Dial Plan Testing:
Obtain a copy of the dial plan for the customer group and make enough calls to
prove the datafill is correct for the customer group and NCOS.
Maintenance Specification for P-Phone Console delivery via Back to Back MUX.
Fault finding can be carried out from the MAP terminal in the Switch and the
following steps detail the procedure to be carried out and the responses
expected on the MAP terminal. These test should be used in conjunction with the
Line up tests detailed in the Installation Document.
This procedure can be separated into 2 Stages:
1.Posting the line on the MAP terminal.
2.Diagnosing the line.
Section 1 Posting the line card.
The line can be �posted� by two means, either by directory number (DN) or by
line equipment number (LEN).
a.Login to the Map terminal.
b.Access the Line Test Position (LTP) menu by typing:
>MAPCI;MTC;LNS;LTP
and pressing the Return key.
The Map terminal will show the screen below:
c. Post the Line Card by typing:
>POST L HOST len
and pressing the Return key
where
len = Line Equipment Number
or
>POST D dn
and pressing the Return key
where
dn = Directory Number
The MAP terminal will display the following:
Determine the STATE of the line to be diagnosed, the above line is IDL (IDLE).
Below is a list of the possible STATES a line can be in and the description of
the STATE:
IDL IDLE
CPB CALL PROCESSING BUSY
MB MANUALLY BUSY
INB INSTALLATION BUSY
LO LOCK-OUT
LMB LINE MODULE BUSY
SZD SEIZED
Section 2. Diagnosing a Line .
The line card can be diagnosed two ways.
1.By diagnosing LC only the Line Card will be tested.
2.By diagnosing I the Line Card and the P-Phone are tested.
a.The line must first be posted as per Section 1, and then you can
diagnose the card. Firstly BUSY the Line by typing:
>Bsy
and pressing the Return key.
The posted line will now show MB under the STATE.
b. Diagnose the Line by typing
>Diag I
and pressing the Return key.
The MAP screen will show the following response if the Diag is successful:
c. Return the line to service by typing:
>RTS
and pressing the Return key.
The line STATE will return to IDL.
d. Diagnose the Line Card only by typing:
>DIAG LC
and pressing the Return key.
The MAP screen will show the following response if the DIAG is successful:
e. Return the line to service by typing:
>RTS and pressing the Return key.
The line STATE will return to IDL.
If any of the above tests fail then refer to NTP 295-1001-594 LINE MAINTENANCE
Guide.
DATAFILL FOR A TYPICAL CONSOLE
qlen 2642136
---------------------------------------------------------
LEN: HOST 00 1 08 22
TYPE: SINGLE PARTY LINE
SNPA: 164
DIRECTORY NUMBER: 2642136
LINE CLASS CODE: M5212 SET WITH TWO M518 ADDONS
CUSTGRP: CCT_ST1 SUBGRP: 0 NCOS: 1 RING: Y
CARDCODE: 6X21BC GND: N PADGRP: EBSLN BNV: NL MNO: Y
PM NODE NUMBER : 224
PM TERMINAL NUMBER : 279
OPTIONS:
LNR KSMOH NAME PUBLIC COMCAST CDC TEES
CFF 2046 I 1 2 3 4 5 CFB F 2137 A 1 2 3 4 5 CFS Y 10 10 10 Y 3 TLS INCOMING
AR NOAMA $ AUTODISP N $ CXR CTALL Y 45 STD INSPECT
KEY DN
--- --
1 DN 2642136
2 DN 2642137
3 DN 2642138
4 DN 2642139
5 DN 2642140
7 DN 2642112
8 DN 2642113
KEY FEATURE
--- -------
1 CFF 2046 I 1 2 3 4 5
1 CFB F 2137 A 1 2 3 4 5
1 CFS Y 10 10 10 Y 3
1 TLS INCOMING
1 AR NOAMA $
1 AUTODISP N $
10 CXR CTALL Y 45 STD
11 INSPECT
12 BLF 1642642309
13 BLF 1642642307
14 BLF 1642642441
15 BLF 1642642303
16 BLF 1642642278
17 BLF 1642642308
18 BLF 1642642310
19 BLF 1642642304
20 BLF 1642642323
21 BLF 1642642451
22 BLF 1642642452
23 BLF 1642642385
24 BLF 1642642386
25 BLF 1642642388
26 BLF 1642642213
27 BLF 1642642258
28 BLF 1642642214
29 BLF 1642642263
30 BLF 1642642219
31 BLF 1642642231
32 BLF 1642642216
33 BLF 1642642251
34 BLF 1642642238
35 BLF 1642642335
36 BLF 1642642333
37 BLF 1642642223
38 BLF 1642642374
39 BLF 1642642370
40 BLF 1642642372
41 BLF 1642642261
42 BLF 1642642275
43 BLF 1642642428
44 BLF 1642642246
45 BLF 1642642244
46 BLF 1642642380
47 BLF 1642642382
---------------------------------------------------------
P-phone over Back to Back MUX Fault Finding Guide
General
With a call in progress, disconnecting the Headend MUX line to the LCME will
not terminate the call. Also, disconnecting the P-phone during a call will
not clear the call.
Loss of 2 Mbit/s between the back to Back MUXs will result in all calls
being lost. During loss of transmission, the supply to the P-Phones, and
hence the lamps on the main phone and any add-ons will be lost, and are not
updated when the transmission fault is cleared.
Typical LCME / Exchange connection Voltages:-
Voltage
LCME open circuit *~53.2 V
LCME connected to PHONE card~50.6 V
LCME connected directly to P-PhoneOn-hook: ~49 V
Off-hook: ~ 46 V
* Note: the �open circuit� condition also occurs if there is a MUX
transmission fault eg loss of 2 Mbit/s, incorrect card configuration
etc.
Typical P-phone Drop Voltages and currents (Phone only)
CurrentVoltage at T3 CabinetVoltage at
1 km dropVoltage at 2 km drop
Supply voltage
to shelf---~52 V------
No phone connected---~52 V~52 V~52 V
On hook10 mA~48 V~46 V~44 V
Off hook16 mA~46 V~43 V~40 V
If phone works only when the mains adapter is connected, reverse �a� and �b�
leg. The �a� leg (LJU pin 2) must be more POSITIVE than �b� leg (LJU pin 5).
To confirm reliable operation, repeat the Station Ringer Test. Initially
toggle between steps 15 and 16:-
15.Press dial pad key *All LCD are on
16.Press dial pad key #All LCD are off
and make sure all icons illuminate each time for step 16.
Then go through steps 17-27 several times. These MUST give reliable
operation.
Finally perform the complete set of tests to allow sign-off of the
installation. This must include removing the mains adaptor power and
proving the basic functions of the phone.
---o0o---
Fig 5. Example Log from Protocol Analyser (at start of Station Ringer Test)
Station Ringer Test, 2151, at start of SRT test routine
T-METRICS INC File Name: D:TEST1.LOG
Msg # Time Hex Sta. / CO Message MBS 1
code
51 17:41:42.98 0 00 Feature Key 1
52 17:41:43.18 8 AD Clear Display
53 17:41:43.21 8 8D Disable Display
54 17:41:43.24 8 B5 Locate Cursor at Position 16 (or 24)
55 17:41:43.27 8 9C Enable Display Cursor
56 17:41:43.30 8 9D Enable Display
57 17:41:43.33 8 9B Enable Digit Echoing 1
58 17:41:43.36 8 60 Key 1 On
59 17:41:43.39 8 0F Alert-Off
60 17:41:43.42 8 6C Voice-On
61 17:41:43.45 8 9C Enable Display Cursor
62 17:41:43.48 8 9D Enable Display
63 17:41:43.51 8 BB Resume Digit Echoing
64 17:41:51.81 0 15 Dial Pad 0
65 17:41:52.14 0 08 Dial Pad 1
66 17:41:52.41 0 0A Dial Pad 5
67 17:41:52.61 0 0D Dial Pad 8
68 17:41:52.62 8 8C Disable Display Cursor
69 17:41:52.64 8 9C Enable Display Cursor
70 17:41:52.66 8 9D Enable Display
71 17:41:52.69 8 BB Resume Digit Echoing
72 17:41:52.72 8 60 Key 1 On
73 17:41:52.75 8 0F Alert-Off
74 17:41:52.78 8 6C Voice-On
75 17:41:52.86 0 09 Dial Pad 2
76 17:41:53.10 0 0E Dial Pad 6
77 17:41:53.36 0 0C Dial Pad 4
78 17:41:53.57 0 09 Dial Pad 2
79 17:41:53.77 0 08 Dial Pad 1
80 17:41:53.98 0 0D Dial Pad 5
81 17:41:54.19 0 08 Dial Pad 1
82 17:41:54.37 8 8C Disable Display Cursor
83 17:41:54.46 8 08 Soft Reset
84 17:41:54.50 9 08 Aux 1 - Soft Reset
85 17:41:54.53 8 AD Clear Display
86 17:41:54.56 8 9B Enable Digit Echoing 1
87 17:41:54.59 8 9D Enable Display
88 17:41:54.62 8 9C Enable Display Cursor
89 17:41:54.65 8 A5 Locate Cursor at Position 0
90 17:41:54.68 8 60 Key 1 On
91 17:41:54.71 8 61 Key 2 On
92 17:41:54.74 8 62 Key 3 On
93 17:41:54.77 8 63 Key 4 On
94 17:41:54.80 8 64 Key 5 On
A Typical Installation Record
Procedure For Creating, Deleting and Modifying Mailboxes Remotely.
1.0 Scope
The aim of this document is to provide a detailed procedure for the
creating, deleting and modifying of mailboxes, changing of passwords and
printing off reports.
2.0 Glossary
Mailbox - The area of hardware disc storage and the software processes
associated which constitute a Voice Message handling service for an
individual user in its basic form. In its more enhanced form it can
be used to build complete Voice handling structures such as Tree mailboxes,
Rotational mailboxes, Broadcasting mailboxes or Fax handling mailboxes
ncluding Guaranteed fax functionality.
Voicemail - The Centigram system comprising the hardware ie.
CPU, Linecards, Hard and Floppy drives and the software Operations and
Applications which drive it.
Tutorial - There is a tutorial which welcomes all new mailbox
users to the Voicemail system, firstly explaining how the mailbox works
and then guiding them around the set-up of the mailbox using voice prompts.
The voice prompts tell the user which keys to press and when, it also
invites the user to record their name and a suitable greeting which will
be used to answer calls which are forwarded to Voicemail.
3.0 General information
The Console interface is structured as a menu tree, the Main Menu at the
top feeding into sub-menus. You step down through the sub-menus by choosing
one of the letters in brackets to enter the next level and you exit back
out by choosing X to save and exit or Q to exit without saving your changes.
Responsibilities:
It is the responsibility of the persons who make manual changes to the
Voicemail System to ensure that the SMS database is updated and reflects
the actual database on the Voicemail.
An audit of the Mailbox data on the Voicemail system should be run on the
last working day of the month and checked against the SMS database.
Frequency:
The requirements of this procedure are to be followed for every Voicemail
System change carried out.
4.0 Procedure:
Preparation.
Set up a PC / Laptop with a Terminal file called VMS.TRM holding the
following settings:-
VT100 Mode
9600 baud
8 bits
1 stop bit
No parity
Xon/Xoff
Phone number of modem dial 01xxx xxxxxx
Choose the correct modem type.
Click on Phone
Click on dial to initiate access
Important:- Always remember when you are finished and have logged out of
the Voicemail System that you have to click on hangup otherwise the modem
will not clear down.
You would be advised to save your terminal file for subsequent use, it will
save you configuring the terminal settings again.
Once you have established access hit the carriage return
(from now on specified as c/r) and follow the prompts as follows:-
PROMPT RESPONSE
LOGIN: root c/r
The Voicemail console boots up and presents you with the Main Menu as
follows:-
MAIN MENU
(M) Mailbox maintenance
(R) Report generation
(S) System maintenance
(X) Exit
Typing m enters the :-
MAILBOX MAINTENANCE MENU.
(B) Mailbox block inquiry.
(C) Create new mailboxes.
(D) Delete mailboxes.
(E) Mailbox dump.
(I) Inquire about mailboxes.
(K) Copy/Delete/Enable mailbox greetings.
(C) List Maintenance.
(M) Modify mailboxes.
(P) Set passcode/ tutorial.
(R) Rotational mailboxes.
(S) Search for mailboxes.
(U) UI mailbox mappings.
(V) UI extension mappings.
(W) Mailbox disk speech usage.
(X) Exit.
To Modify Mailboxes.
Enter m
Prompt Enter
mailbox to modify : 16xxxxxxxx or 1325xxxxxx
New mailbox number (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New name : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Department code: (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New access code : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Receptionist day treatment : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New mailbox's extension number : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New mailboxes pre-dial extension index (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Attendant extension number : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Attendant pre-dial extension index: (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New FCOS : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New LCOS : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New GCOS : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New NCOS : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New TCOS : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New RCOS : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New message speech quality (18,24,32,0) : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New name and greeting speech quality: (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Internal Outdial Index : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Billed Outdial Index : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New Unbilled Outdial Index : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New billing number : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New billing dialling order : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New message waiting type � 1 : 17
New message waiting type � 2 : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New message waiting type � 3 : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New fax retrieval access type : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
Default telephone number for fax retrieval : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New call placement access type : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
New time zone offset : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
Lists with change rights : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
Lists with review rights : (new value or c/r to leave unchanged)
Prompt Enter
Mailbox to modify : If there are further mailboxes to modify enter the
next mailbox number, and follow the above procedure again. Else:- c/r
takes you to MAILBOX MAINTENANCE MENU
NB:- If you wish to leave the system at this point x exits to the MAIN
MENU. A further x exits the system and logs out.
To Delete Mailboxes:
From the MAIN MENU type m to enter the MAILBOX MAINTENANCE MENU.
Enter d
Prompt Enter
Mailbox to delete : 16xxxxxxxx (or 1325xxxxxx)
Delete UI mailbox mappings (y/n) : y
Delete (y/n) : y