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Digital .
Information
Group
Issue Number Fear
Friday 13th, 2006
UPDATED !
|______________________________________________________________________________|
______________________________________________________________________________
| |
This is not the future I signed up for.
The future was riding on light, dancing until the sun came up, smartdrugs,
technology and progress. We plugged our brains into a collective network and
became one with everything. Going to work meant walking from the bedroom to the
desk. Friends were never more than a button press away. Bandwidth was cheap and
plentiful. Road warriors carried silicon and wore leather. They were dangerous
enough to be useful, and smart enough to be trusted. We had clients, not
employers. We made contracts and resolved our own conflicts. Politics took a
back seat to technology when we spoke. Deadlines were something to be smashed.
We were in constant competition with ourselves to make ourselves better. We
worked as hard as we played, and our results proved this. Our friends never went
hungry or dry. We celebrated ourselves and coming into our own. We saw the
future with possibility not with fear. We invested in our future - the future as
we saw it: knowledge, hard work that pays off, hard play that makes it all
worthwhile. A life, not an existence. Now we face the world as you have made it.
A place where it is illegal to dance. Where we choose between eating and paying
rent. Where our work lines your pockets while we live in fear that a job well
done today means unemployment tomorrow. Our future has not died. It lies dormant
inside of us, fueling our hope and passion. A day will come when it will awaken,
and we will be all this, and more.
---
...Magazine Information...
Disclaimer
Information is provided purely for educational purposes. All information
presented here is thought to be accurate; however no guarantees are made or
implied. DIG, authors, editors, and affiliates cannot and will not be held
responsible for any actions arising from persons reading or downloading this
information. We do not condone, support or participate in any illegal
activities. Articles published do not neccessarily reflect the beliefs of DIG
or it's affiliates.
Release Dates
There is no set release schedule for DIG, quarterly installments are expected,
but the release schedule may vary. Check our website (www.digzine.com) for
updates.
Writers Wanted
We are always looking for more writers on topics of interest to hackers,
phreaks, virus writers, crackers, and science, but other topics are of interest
as well. If you don't know whether DIG would be a good place for your article,
email us and we'll talk.
Distribution
DIG is available for free online and can also be ordered in limited hard copy at
www.digzine.com through Pay Pal (if you don't have Pay Pal, drop us an email for
other payment options). The hard copy contains all the same information as the
online copy, but includes graphics, and you can hold it in your hand! Feel free
to and please do copy, reprint, and distribute DIG, as long as nothing is
changed, and you don't try to make a profit off of our work.
Letters
We will print your letters. If you would like to make a comment, ask a
question, make a correction or a contribution send them to dig@digzine.com and
we will publish them. If you don't want your letter published, just let us
know. All contact information will be kept private.
How to help
You can help us by letting everyone know about us, spread flyers, link to us,
print more copies to distribute, or write articles! Monetary donations are
accepted to help pay for hosting and printing, but providing information or
services would be a better donation.
Privacy
We will honor all confidentiality requests. We keep no record of addresses,
privacy is important to us.
Contact
dig@digzine.com
Our Public Key is available on the website.
---
Table of Fearness
--Future
Author Unknown
--Introduction
lowtec
--Spoofing Charge Number
greyarea
--T-mobile - Get More... Than you're supposed to!
Lucky225 & Greyarea
--Laser Diode Operation and Application
Unknown_Entity
--Modding The Kodak Disposable Flash Camera
Unknown_Entity
--Meditation: A Definitive Study
The Group
--New Hacker Manifesto - draft 0.1
Goat
---
Introduction
lowtec
Guess what all you techno-junkies, phreaks, and keyboard cowboys - your
favorite 'zine is back in town. It's been a while, but we don't plan on going
anywhere so don't get your hopes up all you three letter organizations. This
issue might not be as thick as the previous issues, but we're planning on doing
(somewhat) more frequent releases. Sometimes meatspace just takes over.
On that note though, if you want to see more frequent releases, send in some
articles! Let us know what your latest projects are, share them with everyone.
Write in and ask for help on a project and see if you can't generate some
interest.
Enjoy the issue, and stay safe ;P
---
Spoofing Charge Number
greyarea@phreaksandgeeks.com
Ok this is something that has been very controversial to most people in the
scene these days, well at least the people who understand the whole concept of
Calling Party Number (CPN) and Automatic Number Identification (ANI). If you
don't know the difference between the two by now I can give an example and the
definitions of both to clear it up for you.
(Example given below)
1. Peter calls my phone and I have it forwarded to Doug. Since Peter is the
Calling Party Number (CPN) that will generate the CallerID to Doug and Peters
number will show up on Doug's CallerID display. However I am the Charge Number
(CN) behind Peter's Calling Party Number (CPN) because I connected the call to
doug.
2. Peter calls my phone and I have it forwarded to NPA-555-1212. Even though
he's the Calling Party Number, directory assistance will see my number because
I'm the Charge Number (CN). I originated the call to directory assistance and
they will bill me. Both calls Peter's ANI aka CN stopped at me and I became
the ANI for both calls but Peter remained the Calling Party Number. Got it..?
If not here are the definitions.
Sited: FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
47 CFR Part 64
[CC Docket No. 91-281, FCC 95-187]
(a) ANI. The term "ANI" (automatic number identification) refers
to the delivery of the calling party's billing number by a local
exchange carrier to any interconnecting carrier for billing or routing
purposes, and to the subsequent delivery of such number to end users.
(b) Calling party number. The term Calling Party Number refers to
the subscriber line number or the directory number contained in the
calling party number parameter of the call set-up message associated
with an interstate call on a Signaling System 7 network.
(c) Charge number. The term "charge number" refers to the
delivery of the calling party's billing number in a Signaling System 7
environment by a local exchange carrier to any interconnecting carrier
for billing or routing purposes, and to the subsequent delivery of such
number to end users.
Ok now that you have that down, lets move on to the fearness... All this time
everyone and their mom has thought that ANI was CPN and now you know it is not
the same thing. When spoofing Charge Number (CN) there are a couple of things
to keep in mind first.
1. You will need to know what "real" long distance provider is originating your
calls.
2. You will need to know what provider is handing the calls off to the
terminating number.
3. You will need to be able to set your Calling Party Number to your liking.
4. You will need to know if your VoIP provider is passing an ANI FAIL behind
your set Calling Party Number.
5. You will need a friend that can supply teh kind herbals to understand what
is happening.
A big handful of VoIP Providers will let you choose your CPN (which you know
generates your CallerID). That's not the ANI though because the call didn't
originate from the number you chose. Some VoIP providers will set a 10 digit
non-billable number as your ANI so you can't charge someone else's phone with it
and some of them will just simply pass an ANI Fail behind your CPN. An ANI fail
is just a 3 digit area code that represents where the number delivery
information was lost from the Originating Station ID.
There are a couple of methods when changing your Charge Number (CN) and I'll
get into the conditions now. The first method is the "Crossing platforms"
method. This is when you have an ANI Fail behind your set Calling Party Number
(CPN) and call a number that is on a different platform, for example terminating
to a number provided by Qwest and originating your call from at&t's network.
Since your call didn't start on the Qwest network their systems will receive
your Calling Party Number as the Charge Number because they received no Charge
Number (CN).
Another method that is needed to change the Charge Number on the same network
that your call originated from is called "Matching NPA's." NPA is the same thing
as an area code. So when your VoIP provider is passing that ANI Fail you will
need to find out what the NPA is and match it. Even though this method is good
for changing the Charge Number on the same platform or network it is limited to
the area code that is being passed as the ANI Fail. Getting around this and
being able to change the NPA its passing as a fail on the same network, if it
happens to be on at&t's network you can simply dial 1-800-callatt or
1-800-operator passing a ANI Fail behind your set Calling Party Number and tell
the operator the number you're calling from because they didn't get a Charge
Number, only a Calling Party Number (CPN) and they ask for it. And say "fjear
special needs operator privileges please dial 8xx-xxx-xxxx" and when they place
that call it will pass your Calling Party Number they received as the Charge
Number and that will give you the ability to choose whatever NPA you want on the
network you originated the call on.
A good tool to have is some ANAC's. Heres the definition for what a ANAC is:
Sited: google.com
An Automatic Number Announcement Circuit (ANAC) is a special telephone number
that is meant to be used by phone company technicians, phone phreaks and other
telecommunications technicians to determine the phone number of a particular
line.
One thing to keep in mind is that when calling a real ANAC it is important to
call the one that is on the same platform that your calls are being handed off
by. Otherwise you won't get the real Charge Number you will get the Calling
Party Number. So at&t to at&t, Verizown to Verizown, Qwest to Qwest and Sprint
to Sprint. Remember that when testing. I would drop some but you know what would
happen to them, sorry...
By default on a regular call this is the call flow I currently believe takes
place:
ANI generates the Charge Number, (Charge Number is what leaves the network
acting as the ANI)
Charge Number generates the Calling Party Number
Calling Party Number generates the CallerID.
This wasn't intended to be put out there for people to start charging other
peoples line either or blaming people for malicious calls. That's just plain
stupid and gives you bad karma. It was put out to show how it works and the
great vulnerability going beyond just spoofing CallerID and to help identify it
so that if somebody gets blamed for bogus traffic their lawyers have a way to
prove it didn't take place. Phreaking isn't about getting free phone calls or
any of that other shit. It's finding out how something works and recreating it
yourself or making it better or more secure but the key is being interested in
how things work. Now with the knowledge of finding out how shit works comes
along the ability to place free calls and so on but those types of decisions are
up to the individual not the phreak scene.
The audio version of this file can be found at:
http://oldskoolphreak.com/audio/spoofing_charge_number.mp3
Peace
keep it stjeal
shouts:
Group Bell @ www.Phonetrips.org, www.oldskoolphreak.com, natas, dual, ACH,
www.defaultradio.com, lucky, doug, whitesword, royal, ic0n, clops, moy slatko
dunia-djuka, cup0spam, and licutis, notthoery, majest|c, lowtec, all the peeps
up in Canada holding it down, and most of all Mr Pink, when I needed
encouragment and support you were there and you help teach me as an example to
keep my mind out of the gutter and really get into what phreaking is all
about... learning, I hope you keep j0r head up in the times of bullshit; you
have a lot of support from everybody.
---
// T-mobile - Get More... Than you're supposed to!
//
// by Lucky225 & Greyarea
// http://www.hexrev.com
After I 'moved' to Iowa, I decided to go with T-mobile as my cellular
provider. Like I do whenever I change carriers, I saw if I could break things.
T-mobile, as anyone might have guessed, was fairly easy. I have now found a way
to have completely unlimited calling for as low as $26.98/month.
Goto T-mobile.com or a T-mobile store and sign up for the Basic 60 whenever
minutes/500 weekend minutes for $19.99 per month. Then choose the option to add
Unlimited mobile-to-mobile calling for $6.99/month. This brings your monthly
total to $26.98/month before taxes.
Now you probably think you know where I'm going with this, a mobile-to-mobile
Caller ID spoofer right? Well read on. I've found a way to place OUTGOING
calls for free, as well as INCOMING.
// Outgoing Calls
Aparently, voicemail is considered a mobile-to-mobile call. T-mobile voicemail
(depending on what Mobile Voice Processor [MVP] you're using) will let you press
8 to return calls if the person who left you a message didn't block their caller
ID. The call is still considered mobile-to-mobile. I immediately started
thinking about spoofing my entire phone book into my voicemail, but then I had a
better idea. Just build an Asterisk dial out box, spoof the DID number into
your voicemail, then everytime you want to place a call out, log into your
voicemail and press 8 on the saved message with your Asterisk box DID phone
number. Now you can call out to anywhere and it wont waste any of your minutes.
// Incoming Calls
Now obviously this one should be easy for you to guess, just set up an
asterisk DID to give out as your cellphone and have asterisk call you from a
T-mobile phone number for it to show up as mobile-to-mobile. But what if you
could have one particular phone number that you know would always show up as
mobile-to-mobile? Well now you can, remember how calling voicemail is
mobile-to-mobile? Well aparently if you spoof 805-637-7243 (805-MESSAGE, the
national voicemail number) to your T-mobile cell phone it shows up as
mobile-to-mobile. Even stranger if you spoof 800-937-8997, T-mobile's customer
care, the call doesn't even show up in T-mobile's call logs!
// Privacy
Not only do you get the added benefit of all your incoming and outgoing calls
on T-mobile for free, but in the event of a Paris Hilton type hack, anyone
looking at your call detail records will only see incoming and outgoing calls
to or from voicemail!
// Disclaimer
T-mobile updates their MVPs(Mobile Voice Processors) all the time. This is
not guaranteed to work in your area. In Kansas, you don't even need to press 8
to call back the person in your voicemail, you can press 9 to call out to
anywhere, so not sure if Voicemail is mobile-to-mobile there, or if it's
mobile-to-mobile now that this article is probably sitting on the CFO's desk at
T-mobile. Also, I've noticed if I 3-way conference voicemail, it apears to not
show up as mobile-to-mobile unless I specifically dial 805-message instead of
holding down 1 or dial 123.
// Voicemail Bouncing
Since T-mobile's voicemail system is really insecure if the skip password
feature option is enabled, you can use other people's voicemail boxes to
'bounce' or divert your telephone calls. Now spoofing to 805-MESSAGE doesn't
work anymore, you would have to spoof to the particular MVP that handles the
T-mobile cellphone you are trying to spoof in to. (When you call 805-MESSAGE
from your cellphone, it is believed that the cell tower it's self actually
redirects you to the correct MVP which is why skip password works from your cell
but not when you spoof caller ID to it.) Most of the time the MVP can be found
in the cellular prefix with the last 4 digits being 9999. If you goto
telcodata.us you can lookup all the prefixes on the switch and scan out 9999
until you find the MVP for that cellphone. Once you have the MVP, you simply
spoof caller ID to it, and if skip password is enabled, you will be let in to
their voicemail box. If you spoof a number to call to the voicemail, you can
then spoof back into the MVP to retrieve the message and call that person back
from the MVP. The caller ID and Billing Telephone Number(BTN/ANI) will be that
of the cellphone, so any call traces will get traced to the cellphone of the
voicemail box you're bouncing through!
// Systems T-mobile uses
Systems Tmobile use's
Remedy = Trouble ticket reporting system, also the database that has all the
employees info in it.
Sampson = Billing, Call Detail records (CDR).
Watson = Activations / Orders
CAM = Customer Account Manager (indirect dealerships use a different version
called iCAM) This contains customer info.
// Numbers
(877) 819-6042 Same thing as 800-937-8997
(877) 606-4801 Backdoor Customer Service.
(800) 284-9291 IVR=Credit check/Number Port/Activations/Equipment changes/Easy
speak pre-paid program
(913) 753-6545 The number police have to fax to request documents about an
account.
(206) 313-0004 The number all text messages are sent thru.
(877) 369-4588 Backdoor Tier 2, The Data Group Technical Support.
(888) 662-4662 NOC west
(888) 218-6664 NOC east
(800) 260-6003 California NOC
(888) 624-5173 Risk Assesment team
(425) 444-6235 Dale Orcroft's Cellphone number Hes the manager over at the
GlennAir Group. They handle all the MVP's.
Switches:
PHX 602-643-3586 602-643-3081
OKC 405-270-5710
Austin TX 512-437-6599
Dallas TX 214-523-4183
HOuston TX 281-372-2800
Seatle WA 425-798-7477
Portland OR 503-262-0005
Chicago IL 773-444-5501
TAMPA FL 813-243-3300
Cleveland OH 216-525-6060
Pittsburg 412-365-2250
Minneapolis 952-833-4240
San antonio Call Austin
New Orleans 504-835-3434
Idaho call salt lake city
Hawaii 808-593-0074
St louis MO 314-872-3733
Kansas City 816-936-6400
Colorado Denver NSS (Network SubSystem) 303-313-2902
Colorado Denver BSS (Base SubSystem) 303-313-2960
California LA Market:
213-346-0702
562-777-0600
714-446-0693
// Links
https://watson.t-mobile.com
https://icam.t-mobile.com
http://www.t-mobilenews.com
http://www.t-mobilesecretshop.com
https://mymail.t-mobile.com
https://learning.t-mobile.com
---
Laser Diode Operation and Application
ELCT 232
Unknown_Entity
4/27/05
Preface:
The following is by no means a comprehensive coverage of laser theory. This
article is intended to serve as an introduction for a laser project that I have
yet to publish, if you're on the binrev forums you may already know what i am
referring to. A complete and in depth analysis would require a 2nd or 3rd year
university physics course and more math than you could shake a stick at. All the
following information is true, this is really how lasers work but analyzing the
physics down to the most basic level is not necessary for an understanding how
lasers operate. The terms atoms, ions, and molecules are used loosely in the
context of this article to describe the action in a lasing medium, however the
actual particle in question depends on the specific medium used (He-Ne, Ruby,
Nd-YAG etc...).
General Laser Theory and Operation
Most lasers have three basic features in common. The first of which is a
lasing medium. The medium can be a solid, liquid, gas or semiconductor material.
The only requirement is that it must have a relatively low attenuation to any
light energy traveling within the medium. Secondly, there has to be a way to
"pump" energy into the lasing medium by optical, electrical or any other means.
The third requirement is an optically resonant cavity. The most common
arrangement is simply to place mirrors at the ends of the lasing medium so that
most of the energy escaping the medium is reflected back into the medium thus
achieving resonance. One mirror is 100% reflective while the output mirror
allows a small amount of light to pass through thus projecting a laser beam.
If all the previously mentioned requirements have been met then it is possible
for lasing to occur. Before any energy is pumped into the lasing medium the
atoms/ions in the medium are at a state of rest known as the ground state.
However by pumping energy into the medium the majority of the atoms/ions are
elevated one or more energy levels and are now in an excited state, this process
is known as a population inversion. When an atom/ion loses the energy that was
pumped into the medium it falls one or more energy levels at the same time
releasing a photon of light this is known as spontaneous emission. Spontaneous
emission happens at random as the atoms/ions lose their energy and fall back
towards the ground state. The photons released by spontaneous emission collide
with other atoms/ions in the medium and cause them fall back to lower energy
thus releasing a photon of their own. This process is known as stimulated
emission and is very similar to a chain reaction. Most of the photons/light
released are reflected back into the medium by the mirrors causing other
atoms/ions within the medium to drop to a lower energy level and release photons
as well. This process is called Stimulated emission. When stimulated emission
occurs eventually all of the atoms/ions that were pumped to a higher energy
level give up their energy and release photons as they return to the ground
state. This process produces a single pulse of light that is both monochrome
(containing only one wavelength of light) and coherent (all the light waves are
in phase with each other). This mode of operation produces only a single short
pulse of light. To produce a continuous beam (CW Mode) as most diode and gas
lasers do you need to pump energy into the cavity faster than the atoms/ions can
fall back to a lower state so that the population inversion is never depleted.
Laser Diode Types
The first diode lasers were developed in the early 1960's and were a miniature
version of the single optical cavity pulsed laser described above. They were
composed of a normal light emitting PN junction (LED) with an optical cavity
made of semiconductor crystal. As a result they were horribly inefficient and
could only be run in short pulses or risk melting the diode itself from
excessive heat. The beam shape of the output has an oval pattern that is common
among all types of edge emitting lasers. This early form of diode laser is
rarely used anymore.
Edge emitter type lasers are still used today however many advances have been
made to increase the efficiency of diode lasers. By replacing the single large
optical cavity with several layers of PN semiconductor forming multiple small
closely spaced cavities (usually no more than 5 layers) efficiency was greatly
improved. These same added layers also confine the free electron and hole pairs
to a concentrated area around the middle of the junction in the active region.
Due to the increased efficiency, less power is used to run the laser. Drive
requirements for this type of laser are very similar to that of standard LEDs
which is about 15-30mA DC. This means it can be ran continuously, rather than
just pulsed because overheating is no longer an issue. These types of diodes are
called heterojunction (multi junction) laser diodes and are the most common type
of diode lasers today.
The latest type of diode laser is called the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting
Laser (VCSEL). VCSELs use the same concept of several smaller cavities to
increase efficiency however the number of layers can easily reach over 100. It
is different from most other types semiconductors lasers in that the laser beam
is amplified and emitted vertically (perpendicular to) rather than horizontally
(parallel with) the many semiconductor layers that make up the laser cavity.
VCSELs have many advantages over edge emitter type lasers. For example in the
manufacturing process there is greater degree of control of the qualities of
VCSEL type lasers because the final output properties can be altered by adding
more alternating PN layers or changing their thickness. Drive requirements for
VCSELs are only 1-2mA DC because the many PN layers cause it to have a rather
high impedance. This means they are far more efficient and have the potential
for faster switching speeds and data rates than edge emitter types. The optical
qualities (beam shape/astigmatism) of VCSELs are also superior to all other
semiconductor lasers, this is because the aperture and lasing cavity in VCSEL
lasers is round rather than oval like edge emitters
Diode Laser Applications
Diode lasers are used for a wide range of applications today ranging from a
simple laser pointer to high speed communications; however only a select few
will be discussed in detail here. The most familiar application of laser diodes
would be the simple laser pointer. The most basic laser pointer consists of only
a few simple parts such as a power source, switch and a series resistor to limit
the diode current to a safe level of 20mA or lower. The output of the laser
diode alone is not focused very well it is in the oval pattern of the edge
emitter. Therefore a minimum of two simple lenses are needed to focus the output
of the diode into the narrow beam that we are familiar with.
Diode lasers are also used as a pump source to feed higher power solid state
lasers. When laser diodes are used for this purpose they are often manufactured
as a "pump bar" unit. A pump bar consists of several diode lasers on a single IC
die. They can be stacked both horizontally and vertically to decrease the size
while increasing the power of the pump source. A common application of diode
laser pumps are handheld green lasers. They are often called Diode Pumped Solid
State lasers (DPSS). Handheld DPSS lasers use a single CW red laser diode to
pump a solid state laser cavity. The solid state cavity is what actually
generates the green wavelength of the output. Notice that the wavelength of the
pump input is not the same as the output. The energy levels traversed as well as
construction and composition of the solid state cavity determine the wavelength
of the output.
One application for laser diodes that is becoming increasingly popular is
their use in communication. Laser diodes and optics in general have a very high
bandwidth compared to more traditional means like transmission wires, radio
transmission or even microwave relay applications. Consider the wavelength of a
common red diode laser, it is about 640nM. If we wanted to calculate the
theoretical bandwidth we would need the frequency which is found by dividing the
velocity of light by the wavelength. This yields the equation
(300,000,000M/sec)/(640nM) resulting in a frequency of 4.74 x 10^14 or
474,000 GHz. If you were to divide this into separate voice channels each with a
bandwidth of 10kHz you would be able to fit 47 billion voice channels on a
single beam of light. This incredibly high bandwidth limit is the reason why
many industries such as the telephone and cable are making use of this
technology to enhance their networks.
~*Shouts To Decoder, Stankdawg, ic0n, everyone in the DDP and all the members on
the Binrev forums*~ For questions an comments you can contact me via email
unknown_entity@winbolo.net or on the binrev forums.
References & Photo Credits:
Poptronics Vol.3 No.4 April 2002 "Service Clinic: Laser Pointers and Diode
Modules"-Sam Goldwasser
Nuts & Volts Vol.22 No.12 December 2001 "Laser Insight"-Stanley York
Nuts & Volts Vol.23 No.3 March 2002 "Laser Insight"-Stanley York
Nuts & Volts Vol.22 No.6 June 2001 "Laser Insight"-Stanley York
Nuts & Volts Vol.22 No.2 February 2001 "Open Channel: Fiber Optic Technology
Part II"-Joe Carr
Website: "Sam's Laser FAQ" http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/sam/laserfaq.htm
Website: "Diode Laser FAQ" http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/sam/laserdio.htm
Website: "Laser FAQ Index" http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/sam/laserfil.htm
Website: "Wikipedia: VCSEL" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCSEL
Website: "Wikipedia: Laser Diode" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode
Website:
"How Stuff Works: How Lasers Work" http://science.howstuffworks.com/laser.htm
Website: "Mike's Electric Stuff" http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/
---
Modding The Kodak Disposable Flash Camera
By ~Unknown_Entity~
Warning: This article assumes the reader has basic electronics knowledge and
soldering skills and is for informational/entertainment purposes only. Many of
the procedures in this article can cause bad things to happen if done
improperly. Capacitors can shock the crap out of you or explode like M-80's if
you exceed their rated voltage or reverse the polarity. Neither myself, nor the
publisher will be responsible for your use or misuse of the information
contained herein.
This article will cover the basics of modifying the Kodak disposable camera to
function as a high voltage current limited supply, or quite simply something
cool to shock the crap out of your friends with. The circuit functions as an
inverter that converts 1.5VDC to 330VDC or higher, not something that you'd want
to stick your tongue on. There are many things that can be made from this
circuit board including some power modifications that can generate over 600VDC
from a 1.5V battery, this article will only cover the simplest modification.
To start with you will need the following materials and tools (most are
available from RadioShack):