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OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.
This exports:
- all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
- os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
- os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
- os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
- os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
- os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
- os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
- os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
- os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
- os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
- os.defpath is the default search path for executables
- os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)
Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms. Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).
inode(self, /) Return inode of the entry; cached per entry.
is_dir(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) Return True if the entry is a directory; cached per entry.
is_file(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) Return True if the entry is a file; cached per entry.
is_symlink(self, /) Return True if the entry is a symbolic link; cached per entry.
stat(self, /, *, follow_symlinks=True) Return stat_result object for the entry; cached per entry.
name = <member 'name' of 'posix.DirEntry' objects> the entry's base filename, relative to scandir() "path" argument
path = <member 'path' of 'posix.DirEntry' objects> the entry's full path name; equivalent to os.path.join(scandir_path, entry.name)
Represent a PEP 585 generic type E.g. for t = list[int], t.__origin__ is list and t.__args__ is (int,).
get(self, key, default=None) D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
items(self) D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
keys(self) D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
values(self) D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
clear(self) D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.
get(self, key, default=None) D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
items(self) D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
keys(self) D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
pop(self, key, default=<object object at 0x7f0568093170>)
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
popitem(self)
D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair
as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
setdefault(self, key, default=None) D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D
update(self, other=(), /, **kwds)
D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.
If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v
values(self) D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
Abstract base class for implementing the file system path protocol.
Base class for I/O related errors.
with_traceback(...)
Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
args = <attribute 'args' of 'BaseException' objects>
characters_written = <attribute 'characters_written' of 'OSError' objects>
errno = <member 'errno' of 'OSError' objects> POSIX exception code
filename = <member 'filename' of 'OSError' objects> exception filename
filename2 = <member 'filename2' of 'OSError' objects> second exception filename
strerror = <member 'strerror' of 'OSError' objects> exception strerror
Currently has only one field: sched_priority
sched_priority
A scheduling parameter.
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
n_fields = 1
n_sequence_fields = 1
n_unnamed_fields = 0
sched_priority = <member 'sched_priority' of 'posix.sched_param' objects> the scheduling priority
stat_result: Result from stat, fstat, or lstat. This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime) or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on. Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev, or st_flags, they are available as attributes only. See os.stat for more information.
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
n_fields = 19
n_sequence_fields = 10
n_unnamed_fields = 3
st_atime = <member 'st_atime' of 'os.stat_result' objects> time of last access
st_atime_ns = <member 'st_atime_ns' of 'os.stat_result' objects> time of last access in nanoseconds
st_blksize = <member 'st_blksize' of 'os.stat_result' objects> blocksize for filesystem I/O
st_blocks = <member 'st_blocks' of 'os.stat_result' objects> number of blocks allocated
st_ctime = <member 'st_ctime' of 'os.stat_result' objects> time of last change
st_ctime_ns = <member 'st_ctime_ns' of 'os.stat_result' objects> time of last change in nanoseconds
st_dev = <member 'st_dev' of 'os.stat_result' objects> device
st_gid = <member 'st_gid' of 'os.stat_result' objects> group ID of owner
st_ino = <member 'st_ino' of 'os.stat_result' objects> inode
st_mode = <member 'st_mode' of 'os.stat_result' objects> protection bits
st_mtime = <member 'st_mtime' of 'os.stat_result' objects> time of last modification
st_mtime_ns = <member 'st_mtime_ns' of 'os.stat_result' objects> time of last modification in nanoseconds
st_nlink = <member 'st_nlink' of 'os.stat_result' objects> number of hard links
st_rdev = <member 'st_rdev' of 'os.stat_result' objects> device type (if inode device)
st_size = <member 'st_size' of 'os.stat_result' objects> total size, in bytes
st_uid = <member 'st_uid' of 'os.stat_result' objects> user ID of owner
statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs. This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax), or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on. See os.statvfs for more information.
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
f_bavail = <member 'f_bavail' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_bfree = <member 'f_bfree' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_blocks = <member 'f_blocks' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_bsize = <member 'f_bsize' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_favail = <member 'f_favail' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_ffree = <member 'f_ffree' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_files = <member 'f_files' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_flag = <member 'f_flag' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_frsize = <member 'f_frsize' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_fsid = <member 'f_fsid' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
f_namemax = <member 'f_namemax' of 'os.statvfs_result' objects>
n_fields = 11
n_sequence_fields = 10
n_unnamed_fields = 0
A tuple of (columns, lines) for holding terminal window size
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
columns = <member 'columns' of 'os.terminal_size' objects> width of the terminal window in characters
lines = <member 'lines' of 'os.terminal_size' objects> height of the terminal window in characters
n_fields = 2
n_sequence_fields = 2
n_unnamed_fields = 0
times_result: Result from os.times(). This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (user, system, children_user, children_system, elapsed), or via the attributes user, system, children_user, children_system, and elapsed. See os.times for more information.
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
children_system = <member 'children_system' of 'posix.times_result' objects> system time of children
children_user = <member 'children_user' of 'posix.times_result' objects> user time of children
elapsed = <member 'elapsed' of 'posix.times_result' objects> elapsed time since an arbitrary point in the past
n_fields = 5
n_sequence_fields = 5
n_unnamed_fields = 0
system = <member 'system' of 'posix.times_result' objects> system time
user = <member 'user' of 'posix.times_result' objects> user time
uname_result: Result from os.uname(). This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine), or via the attributes sysname, nodename, release, version, and machine. See os.uname for more information.
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
machine = <member 'machine' of 'posix.uname_result' objects> hardware identifier
n_fields = 5
n_sequence_fields = 5
n_unnamed_fields = 0
nodename = <member 'nodename' of 'posix.uname_result' objects> name of machine on network (implementation-defined)
release = <member 'release' of 'posix.uname_result' objects> operating system release
sysname = <member 'sysname' of 'posix.uname_result' objects> operating system name
version = <member 'version' of 'posix.uname_result' objects> operating system version
waitid_result: Result from waitid. This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (si_pid, si_uid, si_signo, si_status, si_code), or via the attributes si_pid, si_uid, and so on. See os.waitid for more information.
count(self, value, /) Return number of occurrences of value.
index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /) Return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
n_fields = 5
n_sequence_fields = 5
n_unnamed_fields = 0
si_code = <member 'si_code' of 'posix.waitid_result' objects>
si_pid = <member 'si_pid' of 'posix.waitid_result' objects>
si_signo = <member 'si_signo' of 'posix.waitid_result' objects>
si_status = <member 'si_status' of 'posix.waitid_result' objects>
si_uid = <member 'si_uid' of 'posix.waitid_result' objects>
WCOREDUMP(status, /) Return True if the process returning status was dumped to a core file.
WEXITSTATUS(status) Return the process return code from status.
WIFCONTINUED(status) Return True if a particular process was continued from a job control stop. Return True if the process returning status was continued from a job control stop.
WIFEXITED(status) Return True if the process returning status exited via the exit() system call.
WIFSIGNALED(status) Return True if the process returning status was terminated by a signal.
WIFSTOPPED(status) Return True if the process returning status was stopped.
WSTOPSIG(status) Return the signal that stopped the process that provided the status value.
WTERMSIG(status) Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the status value.
abort() Abort the interpreter immediately. This function 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system. This function never returns.
access(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, effective_ids=False, follow_symlinks=True)
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.
path
Path to be tested; can be string, bytes, or a path-like object.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield. Can be F_OK to test existence,
or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
effective_ids
If True, access will use the effective uid/gid instead of
the real uid/gid.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
access will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd, effective_ids, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this
routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user
has the specified access to the path.
chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
chmod(path, mode, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Change the access permissions of a file.
path
Path to be modified. May always be specified as a str, bytes, or a path-like object.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
mode
Operating-system mode bitfield.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
chmod will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
chown(path, uid, gid, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.\
path
Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object, or open-file-descriptor int.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that
directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, chown will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
chroot(path) Change root directory to path.
close(fd) Close a file descriptor.
closerange(fd_low, fd_high, /) Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.
confstr(name, /) Return a string-valued system configuration variable.
copy_file_range(src, dst, count, offset_src=None, offset_dst=None)
Copy count bytes from one file descriptor to another.
src
Source file descriptor.
dst
Destination file descriptor.
count
Number of bytes to copy.
offset_src
Starting offset in src.
offset_dst
Starting offset in dst.
If offset_src is None, then src is read from the current position;
respectively for offset_dst.
cpu_count() Return the number of CPUs in the system; return None if indeterminable. This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can use. The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with ``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))``
ctermid() Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.
device_encoding(fd) Return a string describing the encoding of a terminal's file descriptor. The file descriptor must be attached to a terminal. If the device is not a terminal, return None.
dup(fd, /) Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
dup2(fd, fd2, inheritable=True) Duplicate file descriptor.
execl(file, *args)
execl(file, *args)
Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
current process.
execle(file, *args)
execle(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file with argument list args and
environment env, replacing the current process.
execlp(file, *args)
execlp(file, *args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
execlpe(file, *args)
execlpe(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
process.
execv(path, argv, /)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
execve(path, argv, env)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
execvp(file, args)
execvp(file, args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
execvpe(file, args, env)
execvpe(file, args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the
current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
fchdir(fd) Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fd must be opened on a directory, not a file. Equivalent to os.chdir(fd).
fchmod(fd, mode) Change the access permissions of the file given by file descriptor fd. Equivalent to os.chmod(fd, mode).
fchown(fd, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of the file specified by file descriptor. Equivalent to os.chown(fd, uid, gid).
fdatasync(fd) Force write of fd to disk without forcing update of metadata.
fdopen(fd, *args, **kwargs)
fork() Fork a child process. Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.
forkpty() Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty. Returns a tuple of (pid, master_fd). Like fork(), return pid of 0 to the child process, and pid of child to the parent process. To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.
fpathconf(fd, name, /) Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd. If there is no limit, return -1.
fsdecode(filename)
Decode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) from the filesystem
encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return str unchanged. On
Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
fsencode(filename)
Encode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) to the filesystem
encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return bytes unchanged.
On Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
fspath(path) Return the file system path representation of the object. If the object is str or bytes, then allow it to pass through as-is. If the object defines __fspath__(), then return the result of that method. All other types raise a TypeError.
fstat(fd) Perform a stat system call on the given file descriptor. Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor. Equivalent to os.stat(fd).
fstatvfs(fd, /) Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd. Equivalent to statvfs(fd).
fsync(fd) Force write of fd to disk.
ftruncate(fd, length, /) Truncate a file, specified by file descriptor, to a specific length.
fwalk(top='.', topdown=True, onerror=None, *, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=None)
Directory tree generator.
This behaves exactly like walk(), except that it yields a 4-tuple
dirpath, dirnames, filenames, dirfd
`dirpath`, `dirnames` and `filenames` are identical to walk() output,
and `dirfd` is a file descriptor referring to the directory `dirpath`.
The advantage of fwalk() over walk() is that it's safe against symlink
races (when follow_symlinks is False).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and top should be relative; top will then be relative to that directory.
(dir_fd is always supported for fwalk.)
Caution:
Since fwalk() yields file descriptors, those are only valid until the
next iteration step, so you should dup() them if you want to keep them
for a longer period.
Example:
import os
for root, dirs, files, rootfd in os.fwalk('python/Lib/email'):
print(root, "consumes", end="")
print(sum(os.stat(name, dir_fd=rootfd).st_size for name in files),
end="")
print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
if 'CVS' in dirs:
dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
get_blocking(fd, /) Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor. Return False if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, True if the flag is cleared.
get_exec_path(env=None)
Returns the sequence of directories that will be searched for the
named executable (similar to a shell) when launching a process.
*env* must be an environment variable dict or None. If *env* is None,
os.environ will be used.
get_inheritable(fd, /) Get the close-on-exe flag of the specified file descriptor.
get_terminal_size(...) Return the size of the terminal window as (columns, lines). The optional argument fd (default standard output) specifies which file descriptor should be queried. If the file descriptor is not connected to a terminal, an OSError is thrown. This function will only be defined if an implementation is available for this system. shutil.get_terminal_size is the high-level function which should normally be used, os.get_terminal_size is the low-level implementation.
getcwd() Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
getcwdb() Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.
getegid() Return the current process's effective group id.
getenv(key, default=None)
Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
key, default and the result are str.
getenvb(key, default=None)
Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
key, default and the result are bytes.
geteuid() Return the current process's effective user id.
getgid() Return the current process's group id.
getgrouplist(user, group, /)
Returns a list of groups to which a user belongs.
user
username to lookup
group
base group id of the user
getgroups() Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.
getloadavg() Return average recent system load information. Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes as a tuple of three floats. Raises OSError if the load average was unobtainable.
getlogin() Return the actual login name.
getpgid(pid) Call the system call getpgid(), and return the result.
getpgrp() Return the current process group id.
getpid() Return the current process id.
getppid() Return the parent's process id. If the parent process has already exited, Windows machines will still return its id; others systems will return the id of the 'init' process (1).
getpriority(which, who) Return program scheduling priority.
getrandom(size, flags=0) Obtain a series of random bytes.
getresgid() Return a tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids.
getresuid() Return a tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids.
getsid(pid, /) Call the system call getsid(pid) and return the result.
getuid() Return the current process's user id.
getxattr(path, attribute, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Return the value of extended attribute attribute on path.
path may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, getxattr will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
initgroups(username, gid, /) Initialize the group access list. Call the system initgroups() to initialize the group access list with all of the groups of which the specified username is a member, plus the specified group id.
isatty(fd, /) Return True if the fd is connected to a terminal. Return True if the file descriptor is an open file descriptor connected to the slave end of a terminal.
kill(pid, signal, /) Kill a process with a signal.
killpg(pgid, signal, /) Kill a process group with a signal.
lchown(path, uid, gid) Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. This function will not follow symbolic links. Equivalent to os.chown(path, uid, gid, follow_symlinks=False).
link(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Create a hard link to a file.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of src is a symbolic
link, link will create a link to the symbolic link itself instead of the
file the link points to.
src_dir_fd, dst_dir_fd, and follow_symlinks may not be implemented on your
platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
listdir(path=None)
Return a list containing the names of the files in the directory.
path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes,
the filenames returned will also be bytes; in all other circumstances
the filenames returned will be str.
If path is None, uses the path='.'.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor;\
the file descriptor must refer to a directory.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises NotImplementedError.
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
listxattr(path=None, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Return a list of extended attributes on path.
path may be either None, a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.
if path is None, listxattr will examine the current directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, listxattr will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
lockf(fd, command, length, /)
Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file descriptor.
fd
An open file descriptor.
command
One of F_LOCK, F_TLOCK, F_ULOCK or F_TEST.
length
The number of bytes to lock, starting at the current position.
lseek(fd, position, how, /) Set the position of a file descriptor. Return the new position. Return the new cursor position in number of bytes relative to the beginning of the file.
lstat(path, *, dir_fd=None) Perform a stat system call on the given path, without following symbolic links. Like stat(), but do not follow symbolic links. Equivalent to stat(path, follow_symlinks=False).
major(device, /) Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.
makedev(major, minor, /) Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.
makedirs(name, mode=511, exist_ok=False)
makedirs(name [, mode=0o777][, exist_ok=False])
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones. Works like
mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost)
will be created if it does not exist. If the target directory already
exists, raise an OSError if exist_ok is False. Otherwise no exception is
raised. This is recursive.
memfd_create(name, flags=1)
minor(device, /) Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.
mkdir(path, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
The mode argument is ignored on Windows.
mkfifo(path, mode=438, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a "fifo" (a POSIX named pipe).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
mknod(path, mode=384, device=0, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a node in the file system.
Create a node in the file system (file, device special file or named pipe)
at path. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the
type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of
S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. If S_IFCHR or S_IFBLK is set on mode,
device defines the newly created device special file (probably using
os.makedev()). Otherwise device is ignored.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
nice(increment, /) Add increment to the priority of process and return the new priority.
open(path, flags, mode=511, *, dir_fd=None)
Open a file for low level IO. Returns a file descriptor (integer).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
openpty() Open a pseudo-terminal. Return a tuple of (master_fd, slave_fd) containing open file descriptors for both the master and slave ends.
pathconf(path, name)
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.
If there is no limit, return -1.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
pidfd_open(pid, flags=0) Return a file descriptor referring to the process *pid*. The descriptor can be used to perform process management without races and signals.
pipe()
Create a pipe.
Returns a tuple of two file descriptors:
(read_fd, write_fd)
pipe2(flags, /)
Create a pipe with flags set atomically.
Returns a tuple of two file descriptors:
(read_fd, write_fd)
flags can be constructed by ORing together one or more of these values:
O_NONBLOCK, O_CLOEXEC.
popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1)
posix_fadvise(fd, offset, length, advice, /) Announce an intention to access data in a specific pattern. Announce an intention to access data in a specific pattern, thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations. The advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at offset and continuing for length bytes. advice is one of POSIX_FADV_NORMAL, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL, POSIX_FADV_RANDOM, POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE, POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED, or POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED.
posix_fallocate(fd, offset, length, /) Ensure a file has allocated at least a particular number of bytes on disk. Ensure that the file specified by fd encompasses a range of bytes starting at offset bytes from the beginning and continuing for length bytes.
posix_spawn(...)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
file_actions
A sequence of file action tuples.
setpgroup
The pgroup to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP flag.
resetids
If the value is `true` the POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS will be activated.
setsid
If the value is `true` the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID or POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID_NP will be activated.
setsigmask
The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK flag.
setsigdef
The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF flag.
scheduler
A tuple with the scheduler policy (optional) and parameters.
posix_spawnp(...)
Execute the program specified by path in a new process.
path
Path of executable file.
argv
Tuple or list of strings.
env
Dictionary of strings mapping to strings.
file_actions
A sequence of file action tuples.
setpgroup
The pgroup to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP flag.
resetids
If the value is `True` the POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS will be activated.
setsid
If the value is `True` the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID or POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID_NP will be activated.
setsigmask
The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK flag.
setsigdef
The sigmask to use with the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF flag.
scheduler
A tuple with the scheduler policy (optional) and parameters.
pread(fd, length, offset, /) Read a number of bytes from a file descriptor starting at a particular offset. Read length bytes from file descriptor fd, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of the file. The file offset remains unchanged.
preadv(fd, buffers, offset, flags=0, /) Reads from a file descriptor into a number of mutable bytes-like objects. Combines the functionality of readv() and pread(). As readv(), it will transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. Its fourth argument, specifies the file offset at which the input operation is to be performed. It will return the total number of bytes read (which can be less than the total capacity of all the objects). The flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags: - RWF_HIPRI - RWF_NOWAIT Using non-zero flags requires Linux 4.6 or newer.
putenv(name, value, /) Change or add an environment variable.
pwrite(fd, buffer, offset, /) Write bytes to a file descriptor starting at a particular offset. Write buffer to fd, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of the file. Returns the number of bytes writte. Does not change the current file offset.
pwritev(fd, buffers, offset, flags=0, /) Writes the contents of bytes-like objects to a file descriptor at a given offset. Combines the functionality of writev() and pwrite(). All buffers must be a sequence of bytes-like objects. Buffers are processed in array order. Entire contents of first buffer is written before proceeding to second, and so on. The operating system may set a limit (sysconf() value SC_IOV_MAX) on the number of buffers that can be used. This function writes the contents of each object to the file descriptor and returns the total number of bytes written. The flags argument contains a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags: - RWF_DSYNC - RWF_SYNC Using non-zero flags requires Linux 4.7 or newer.
read(fd, length, /) Read from a file descriptor. Returns a bytes object.
readlink(path, *, dir_fd=None) Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points. If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory, and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory. dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform. If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
readv(fd, buffers, /) Read from a file descriptor fd into an iterable of buffers. The buffers should be mutable buffers accepting bytes. readv will transfer data into each buffer until it is full and then move on to the next buffer in the sequence to hold the rest of the data. readv returns the total number of bytes read, which may be less than the total capacity of all the buffers.
register_at_fork(...)
Register callables to be called when forking a new process.
before
A callable to be called in the parent before the fork() syscall.
after_in_child
A callable to be called in the child after fork().
after_in_parent
A callable to be called in the parent after fork().
'before' callbacks are called in reverse order.
'after_in_child' and 'after_in_parent' callbacks are called in order.
remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as unlink()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
removedirs(name)
removedirs(name)
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are
ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.
removexattr(path, attribute, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Remove extended attribute attribute on path.
path may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, removexattr will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
rename(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
renames(old, new)
renames(old, new)
Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
path segments of the old name will be pruned until either the
whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.
Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
file.
replace(src, dst, *, src_dir_fd=None, dst_dir_fd=None)
Rename a file or directory, overwriting the destination.
If either src_dir_fd or dst_dir_fd is not None, it should be a file
descriptor open to a directory, and the respective path string (src or dst)
should be relative; the path will then be relative to that directory.
src_dir_fd and dst_dir_fd, may not be implemented on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
rmdir(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a directory.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
scandir(path=None) Return an iterator of DirEntry objects for given path. path can be specified as either str, bytes, or a path-like object. If path is bytes, the names of yielded DirEntry objects will also be bytes; in all other circumstances they will be str. If path is None, uses the path='.'.
sched_get_priority_max(policy) Get the maximum scheduling priority for policy.
sched_get_priority_min(policy) Get the minimum scheduling priority for policy.
sched_getaffinity(pid, /) Return the affinity of the process identified by pid (or the current process if zero). The affinity is returned as a set of CPU identifiers.
sched_getparam(pid, /) Returns scheduling parameters for the process identified by pid. If pid is 0, returns parameters for the calling process. Return value is an instance of sched_param.
sched_getscheduler(pid, /) Get the scheduling policy for the process identified by pid. Passing 0 for pid returns the scheduling policy for the calling process.
sched_rr_get_interval(pid, /) Return the round-robin quantum for the process identified by pid, in seconds. Value returned is a float.
sched_setaffinity(pid, mask, /) Set the CPU affinity of the process identified by pid to mask. mask should be an iterable of integers identifying CPUs.
sched_setparam(pid, param, /) Set scheduling parameters for the process identified by pid. If pid is 0, sets parameters for the calling process. param should be an instance of sched_param.
sched_setscheduler(pid, policy, param, /) Set the scheduling policy for the process identified by pid. If pid is 0, the calling process is changed. param is an instance of sched_param.
sched_yield() Voluntarily relinquish the CPU.
sendfile(out_fd, in_fd, offset, count) Copy count bytes from file descriptor in_fd to file descriptor out_fd.
set_blocking(fd, blocking, /) Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor. Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False, clear the O_NONBLOCK flag otherwise.
set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, /) Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.
setegid(egid, /) Set the current process's effective group id.
seteuid(euid, /) Set the current process's effective user id.
setgid(gid, /) Set the current process's group id.
setgroups(groups, /) Set the groups of the current process to list.
setpgid(pid, pgrp, /) Call the system call setpgid(pid, pgrp).
setpgrp() Make the current process the leader of its process group.
setpriority(which, who, priority) Set program scheduling priority.
setregid(rgid, egid, /) Set the current process's real and effective group ids.
setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid, /) Set the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids.
setresuid(ruid, euid, suid, /) Set the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids.
setreuid(ruid, euid, /) Set the current process's real and effective user ids.
setsid() Call the system call setsid().
setuid(uid, /) Set the current process's user id.
setxattr(path, attribute, value, flags=0, *, follow_symlinks=True)
Set extended attribute attribute on path to value.
path may be either a string, a path-like object, or an open file descriptor.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, setxattr will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
spawnl(mode, file, *args) spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnle(mode, file, *args) spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnlp(mode, file, *args) spawnlp(mode, file, *args) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnlpe(mode, file, *args) spawnlpe(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnv(mode, file, args) spawnv(mode, file, args) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnve(mode, file, args, env) spawnve(mode, file, args, env) -> integer Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the specified environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnvp(mode, file, args) spawnvp(mode, file, args) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) -> integer Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
stat(path, *, dir_fd=None, follow_symlinks=True)
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
path
Path to be examined; can be string, bytes, a path-like object or
open-file-descriptor int.
dir_fd
If not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be a relative string; path will then be relative to
that directory.
follow_symlinks
If False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic link,
stat will examine the symbolic link itself instead of the file
the link points to.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be implemented
on your platform. If they are unavailable, using them will raise a
NotImplementedError.
It's an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path as
an open file descriptor.
statvfs(path)
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
strerror(code, /) Translate an error code to a message string.
symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False, *, dir_fd=None)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.
target_is_directory is required on Windows if the target is to be
interpreted as a directory. (On Windows, symlink requires
Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a NotImplementedError otherwise.)
target_is_directory is ignored on non-Windows platforms.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
sync() Force write of everything to disk.
sysconf(name, /) Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.
system(command) Execute the command in a subshell.
tcgetpgrp(fd, /) Return the process group associated with the terminal specified by fd.
tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid, /) Set the process group associated with the terminal specified by fd.
times()
Return a collection containing process timing information.
The object returned behaves like a named tuple with these fields:
(utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
All fields are floating point numbers.
truncate(path, length)
Truncate a file, specified by path, to a specific length.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
ttyname(fd, /)
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.
fd
Integer file descriptor handle.
umask(mask, /) Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
uname()
Return an object identifying the current operating system.
The object behaves like a named tuple with the following fields:
(sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)
unlink(path, *, dir_fd=None)
Remove a file (same as remove()).
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
unsetenv(name, /) Delete an environment variable.
urandom(size, /) Return a bytes object containing random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
utime(...)
Set the access and modified time of path.
path may always be specified as a string.
On some platforms, path may also be specified as an open file descriptor.
If this functionality is unavailable, using it raises an exception.
If times is not None, it must be a tuple (atime, mtime);
atime and mtime should be expressed as float seconds since the epoch.
If ns is specified, it must be a tuple (atime_ns, mtime_ns);
atime_ns and mtime_ns should be expressed as integer nanoseconds
since the epoch.
If times is None and ns is unspecified, utime uses the current time.
Specifying tuples for both times and ns is an error.
If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
and path should be relative; path will then be relative to that directory.
If follow_symlinks is False, and the last element of the path is a symbolic
link, utime will modify the symbolic link itself instead of the file the
link points to.
It is an error to use dir_fd or follow_symlinks when specifying path
as an open file descriptor.
dir_fd and follow_symlinks may not be available on your platform.
If they are unavailable, using them will raise a NotImplementedError.
wait()
Wait for completion of a child process.
Returns a tuple of information about the child process:
(pid, status)
wait3(options)
Wait for completion of a child process.
Returns a tuple of information about the child process:
(pid, status, rusage)
wait4(pid, options)
Wait for completion of a specific child process.
Returns a tuple of information about the child process:
(pid, status, rusage)
waitid(idtype, id, options, /)
Returns the result of waiting for a process or processes.
idtype
Must be one of be P_PID, P_PGID or P_ALL.
id
The id to wait on.
options
Constructed from the ORing of one or more of WEXITED, WSTOPPED
or WCONTINUED and additionally may be ORed with WNOHANG or WNOWAIT.
Returns either waitid_result or None if WNOHANG is specified and there are
no children in a waitable state.
waitpid(pid, options, /)
Wait for completion of a given child process.
Returns a tuple of information regarding the child process:
(pid, status)
The options argument is ignored on Windows.
waitstatus_to_exitcode(status) Convert a wait status to an exit code. On Unix: * If WIFEXITED(status) is true, return WEXITSTATUS(status). * If WIFSIGNALED(status) is true, return -WTERMSIG(status). * Otherwise, raise a ValueError. On Windows, return status shifted right by 8 bits. On Unix, if the process is being traced or if waitpid() was called with WUNTRACED option, the caller must first check if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true. This function must not be called if WIFSTOPPED(status) is true.
walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)
Directory tree generator.
For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple
dirpath, dirnames, filenames
dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of
the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').
filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).
If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
(directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple
for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).
When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
(e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune the
search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying dirnames when
topdown is false has no effect on the behavior of os.walk(), since the
directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames
itself is generated. No matter the value of topdown, the list of
subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its
subdirectories are generated.
By default errors from the os.scandir() call are ignored. If
optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
will be called with one argument, an OSError instance. It can
report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
filename attribute of the exception object.
By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the
optional argument 'followlinks' to true.
Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never
changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
either.
Example:
import os
from os.path import join, getsize
for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
print(root, "consumes", end="")
print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end="")
print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
if 'CVS' in dirs:
dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
write(fd, data, /) Write a bytes object to a file descriptor.
writev(fd, buffers, /) Iterate over buffers, and write the contents of each to a file descriptor. Returns the total number of bytes written. buffers must be a sequence of bytes-like objects.
CLD_CONTINUED = 6
CLD_DUMPED = 3
CLD_EXITED = 1
CLD_KILLED = 2
CLD_STOPPED = 5
CLD_TRAPPED = 4
EX_CANTCREAT = 73
EX_CONFIG = 78
EX_DATAERR = 65
EX_IOERR = 74
EX_NOHOST = 68
EX_NOINPUT = 66
EX_NOPERM = 77
EX_NOUSER = 67
EX_OK = 0
EX_OSERR = 71
EX_OSFILE = 72
EX_PROTOCOL = 76
EX_SOFTWARE = 70
EX_TEMPFAIL = 75
EX_UNAVAILABLE = 69
EX_USAGE = 64
F_LOCK = 1
F_OK = 0
F_TEST = 3
F_TLOCK = 2
F_ULOCK = 0
GRND_NONBLOCK = 1
GRND_RANDOM = 2
MFD_ALLOW_SEALING = 2
MFD_CLOEXEC = 1
MFD_HUGETLB = 4
MFD_HUGE_16GB = -2013265920
MFD_HUGE_16MB = 1610612736
MFD_HUGE_1GB = 2013265920
MFD_HUGE_1MB = 1342177280
MFD_HUGE_256MB = 1879048192
MFD_HUGE_2GB = 2080374784
MFD_HUGE_2MB = 1409286144
MFD_HUGE_32MB = 1677721600
MFD_HUGE_512KB = 1275068416
MFD_HUGE_512MB = 1946157056
MFD_HUGE_64KB = 1073741824
MFD_HUGE_8MB = 1543503872
MFD_HUGE_MASK = 63
MFD_HUGE_SHIFT = 26
NGROUPS_MAX = 65536
O_ACCMODE = 3
O_APPEND = 1024
O_ASYNC = 8192
O_CLOEXEC = 524288
O_CREAT = 64
O_DIRECT = 16384
O_DIRECTORY = 65536
O_DSYNC = 4096
O_EXCL = 128
O_LARGEFILE = 0
O_NDELAY = 2048
O_NOATIME = 262144
O_NOCTTY = 256
O_NOFOLLOW = 131072
O_NONBLOCK = 2048
O_PATH = 2097152
O_RDONLY = 0
O_RDWR = 2
O_RSYNC = 1052672
O_SYNC = 1052672
O_TMPFILE = 4259840
O_TRUNC = 512
O_WRONLY = 1
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED = 4
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE = 5
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL = 0
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM = 1
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL = 2
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED = 3
POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE = 1
POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2 = 2
POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN = 0
PRIO_PGRP = 1
PRIO_PROCESS = 0
PRIO_USER = 2
P_ALL = 0
P_NOWAIT = 1
P_NOWAITO = 1
P_PGID = 2
P_PID = 1
P_PIDFD = 3
P_WAIT = 0
RTLD_DEEPBIND = 8
RTLD_GLOBAL = 256
RTLD_LAZY = 1
RTLD_LOCAL = 0
RTLD_NODELETE = 4096
RTLD_NOLOAD = 4
RTLD_NOW = 2
RWF_DSYNC = 2
RWF_HIPRI = 1
RWF_NOWAIT = 8
RWF_SYNC = 4
R_OK = 4
SCHED_BATCH = 3
SCHED_FIFO = 1
SCHED_IDLE = 5
SCHED_OTHER = 0
SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK = 1073741824
SCHED_RR = 2
SEEK_CUR = 1
SEEK_DATA = 3
SEEK_END = 2
SEEK_HOLE = 4
SEEK_SET = 0
ST_APPEND = 256
ST_MANDLOCK = 64
ST_NOATIME = 1024
ST_NODEV = 4
ST_NODIRATIME = 2048
ST_NOEXEC = 8
ST_NOSUID = 2
ST_RDONLY = 1
ST_RELATIME = 4096
ST_SYNCHRONOUS = 16
ST_WRITE = 128
TMP_MAX = 238328
WCONTINUED = 8
WEXITED = 4
WNOHANG = 1
WNOWAIT = 16777216
WSTOPPED = 2
WUNTRACED = 2
W_OK = 2
XATTR_CREATE = 1
XATTR_REPLACE = 2
XATTR_SIZE_MAX = 65536
X_OK = 1
altsep = None
confstr_names = {'CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION': 2, 'CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION': 3, 'CS_LFS64_CFLAGS': 1004, 'CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS': 1005, 'CS_LFS64_LIBS': 1006, 'CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS': 1007, 'CS_LFS_CFLAGS': 1000, 'CS_LFS_LDFLAGS': 1001, 'CS_LFS_LIBS': 1002, 'CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS': 1003, 'CS_PATH': 0, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS': 1100, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS': 1101, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS': 1102, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS': 1103, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS': 1104, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS': 1105, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS': 1106, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS': 1107, 'CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS': 1108, 'CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS': 1109, 'CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS': 1110, 'CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS': 1111, 'CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS': 1112, 'CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS': 1113, 'CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS': 1114, 'CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS': 1115}
curdir = '.'
defpath = '/bin:/usr/bin'
devnull = '/dev/null'
environ = environ({'PYTHONNOUSERSITE': 'true', 'PWD': '/', 'LOGNAME': 'amethyst', 'SYSTEMD_EXEC_PID': '27066', 'LANG': 'en_US.UTF-8', 'INVOCATION_ID': 'a1db69cfaebd4e51a5b84a86a18988dd', 'USER': 'amethyst', 'TZDIR': '/nix/store/75fx9v2b6my3f7f5p41k8v3ckw0s606a-tzdata-2021c/share/zoneinfo', 'SHLVL': '0', 'LOCALE_ARCHIVE': '/nix/store/3r85lm08ki2jcypv7dh1gza4x11ij4hk-glibc-locales-2.33-59/lib/locale/locale-archive', 'STATE_DIRECTORY': '/var/lib/amethyst', 'JOURNAL_STREAM': '8:51299', 'PATH': '/nix/store/wl02plhc6zf84m6x9984l42wnnnbly5m-python3-3.9.6/bin:/nix/store/w0pyxlpxd2x7hp5nd3a90kaf7ywsprld-amethyst-0.0.1/bin:/nix/store/wrw3b1mp1dc5hvzbqi6dr37yslxvjxxk-coreutils-9.0/bin:/nix/store/8x1kf2pcaw45b8yvvk49d0dnk3vvgyzj-findutils-4.8.0/bin:/nix/store/s0c1m63ajbd63aw3qsd3823dwffr55h7-gnugrep-3.7/bin:/nix/store/3p96qwx1bgdjmam1whg3f728kkz8svl4-gnused-4.8/bin:/nix/store/666g7fh28rclhjfr7q224p005fggj724-systemd-249.7/bin:/nix/store/wrw3b1mp1dc5hvzbqi6dr37yslxvjxxk-coreutils-9.0/sbin:/nix/store/8x1kf2pcaw45b8yvvk49d0dnk3vvgyzj-findutils-4.8.0/sbin:/nix/store/s0c1m63ajbd63aw3qsd3823dwffr55h7-gnugrep-3.7/sbin:/nix/store/3p96qwx1bgdjmam1whg3f728kkz8svl4-gnused-4.8/sbin:/nix/store/666g7fh28rclhjfr7q224p005fggj724-systemd-249.7/sbin'})
environb = environ({b'PYTHONNOUSERSITE': b'true', b'PWD': b'/', b'LOGNAME': b'amethyst', b'SYSTEMD_EXEC_PID': b'27066', b'LANG': b'en_US.UTF-8', b'INVOCATION_ID': b'a1db69cfaebd4e51a5b84a86a18988dd', b'USER': b'amethyst', b'TZDIR': b'/nix/store/75fx9v2b6my3f7f5p41k8v3ckw0s606a-tzdata-2021c/share/zoneinfo', b'SHLVL': b'0', b'LOCALE_ARCHIVE': b'/nix/store/3r85lm08ki2jcypv7dh1gza4x11ij4hk-glibc-locales-2.33-59/lib/locale/locale-archive', b'STATE_DIRECTORY': b'/var/lib/amethyst', b'JOURNAL_STREAM': b'8:51299', b'PATH': b'/nix/store/wl02plhc6zf84m6x9984l42wnnnbly5m-python3-3.9.6/bin:/nix/store/w0pyxlpxd2x7hp5nd3a90kaf7ywsprld-amethyst-0.0.1/bin:/nix/store/wrw3b1mp1dc5hvzbqi6dr37yslxvjxxk-coreutils-9.0/bin:/nix/store/8x1kf2pcaw45b8yvvk49d0dnk3vvgyzj-findutils-4.8.0/bin:/nix/store/s0c1m63ajbd63aw3qsd3823dwffr55h7-gnugrep-3.7/bin:/nix/store/3p96qwx1bgdjmam1whg3f728kkz8svl4-gnused-4.8/bin:/nix/store/666g7fh28rclhjfr7q224p005fggj724-systemd-249.7/bin:/nix/store/wrw3b1mp1dc5hvzbqi6dr37yslxvjxxk-coreutils-9.0/sbin:/nix/store/8x1kf2pcaw45b8yvvk49d0dnk3vvgyzj-findutils-4.8.0/sbin:/nix/store/s0c1m63ajbd63aw3qsd3823dwffr55h7-gnugrep-3.7/sbin:/nix/store/3p96qwx1bgdjmam1whg3f728kkz8svl4-gnused-4.8/sbin:/nix/store/666g7fh28rclhjfr7q224p005fggj724-systemd-249.7/sbin'})
extsep = '.'
linesep = '\n'
name = 'posix'
pardir = '..'
pathconf_names = {'PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN': 18, 'PC_ASYNC_IO': 10, 'PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED': 6, 'PC_FILESIZEBITS': 13, 'PC_LINK_MAX': 0, 'PC_MAX_CANON': 1, 'PC_MAX_INPUT': 2, 'PC_NAME_MAX': 3, 'PC_NO_TRUNC': 7, 'PC_PATH_MAX': 4, 'PC_PIPE_BUF': 5, 'PC_PRIO_IO': 11, 'PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE': 14, 'PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE': 15, 'PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE': 16, 'PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN': 17, 'PC_SOCK_MAXBUF': 12, 'PC_SYMLINK_MAX': 19, 'PC_SYNC_IO': 9, 'PC_VDISABLE': 8}
pathsep = ':'
sep = '/'
supports_bytes_environ = True
supports_dir_fd = {<built-in function readlink>, <built-in function chmod>, <built-in function rename>, <built-in function unlink>, <built-in function access>, <built-in function open>, <built-in function rmdir>, <built-in function symlink>, <built-in function utime>, <built-in function link>, <built-in function stat>, <built-in function chown>, <built-in function mknod>, <built-in function mkdir>, <built-in function mkfifo>}
supports_effective_ids = {<built-in function access>}
supports_fd = {<built-in function chdir>, <built-in function chmod>, <built-in function listdir>, <built-in function execve>, <built-in function statvfs>, <built-in function pathconf>, <built-in function scandir>, <built-in function utime>, <built-in function stat>, <built-in function chown>, <built-in function truncate>}
supports_follow_symlinks = {<built-in function access>, <built-in function link>, <built-in function utime>, <built-in function stat>, <built-in function chown>}
sysconf_names = {'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 95, 'SC_2_C_BIND': 47, 'SC_2_C_DEV': 48, 'SC_2_C_VERSION': 96, 'SC_2_FORT_DEV': 49, 'SC_2_FORT_RUN': 50, 'SC_2_LOCALEDEF': 52, 'SC_2_SW_DEV': 51, 'SC_2_UPE': 97, 'SC_2_VERSION': 46, 'SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX': 23, 'SC_AIO_MAX': 24, 'SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX': 25, 'SC_ARG_MAX': 0, 'SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO': 12, 'SC_ATEXIT_MAX': 87, 'SC_AVPHYS_PAGES': 86, 'SC_BC_BASE_MAX': 36, 'SC_BC_DIM_MAX': 37, 'SC_BC_SCALE_MAX': 38, 'SC_BC_STRING_MAX': 39, 'SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX': 45, 'SC_CHAR_BIT': 101, 'SC_CHAR_MAX': 102, 'SC_CHAR_MIN': 103, 'SC_CHILD_MAX': 1, 'SC_CLK_TCK': 2, 'SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX': 40, 'SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX': 26, 'SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX': 41, 'SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX': 42, 'SC_FSYNC': 15, 'SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX': 69, 'SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX': 70, 'SC_INT_MAX': 104, 'SC_INT_MIN': 105, 'SC_IOV_MAX': 60, 'SC_JOB_CONTROL': 7, 'SC_LINE_MAX': 43, 'SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX': 71, 'SC_LONG_BIT': 106, 'SC_MAPPED_FILES': 16, 'SC_MB_LEN_MAX': 108, 'SC_MEMLOCK': 17, 'SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE': 18, 'SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION': 19, 'SC_MESSAGE_PASSING': 20, 'SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX': 27, 'SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX': 28, 'SC_NGROUPS_MAX': 3, 'SC_NL_ARGMAX': 119, 'SC_NL_LANGMAX': 120, 'SC_NL_MSGMAX': 121, 'SC_NL_NMAX': 122, 'SC_NL_SETMAX': 123, 'SC_NL_TEXTMAX': 124, 'SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF': 83, 'SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN': 84, 'SC_NZERO': 109, 'SC_OPEN_MAX': 4, 'SC_PAGESIZE': 30, 'SC_PAGE_SIZE': 30, 'SC_PASS_MAX': 88, 'SC_PHYS_PAGES': 85, 'SC_PII': 53, 'SC_PII_INTERNET': 56, 'SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM': 62, 'SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM': 61, 'SC_PII_OSI': 57, 'SC_PII_OSI_CLTS': 64, 'SC_PII_OSI_COTS': 63, 'SC_PII_OSI_M': 65, 'SC_PII_SOCKET': 55, 'SC_PII_XTI': 54, 'SC_POLL': 58, 'SC_PRIORITIZED_IO': 13, 'SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING': 10, 'SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS': 9, 'SC_RE_DUP_MAX': 44, 'SC_RTSIG_MAX': 31, 'SC_SAVED_IDS': 8, 'SC_SCHAR_MAX': 111, 'SC_SCHAR_MIN': 112, 'SC_SELECT': 59, 'SC_SEMAPHORES': 21, 'SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX': 32, 'SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX': 33, 'SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS': 22, 'SC_SHRT_MAX': 113, 'SC_SHRT_MIN': 114, 'SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX': 34, 'SC_SSIZE_MAX': 110, 'SC_STREAM_MAX': 5, 'SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO': 14, 'SC_THREADS': 67, 'SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR': 77, 'SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE': 78, 'SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS': 73, 'SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX': 74, 'SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING': 79, 'SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT': 80, 'SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT': 81, 'SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED': 82, 'SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS': 68, 'SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN': 75, 'SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX': 76, 'SC_TIMERS': 11, 'SC_TIMER_MAX': 35, 'SC_TTY_NAME_MAX': 72, 'SC_TZNAME_MAX': 6, 'SC_T_IOV_MAX': 66, 'SC_UCHAR_MAX': 115, 'SC_UINT_MAX': 116, 'SC_UIO_MAXIOV': 60, 'SC_ULONG_MAX': 117, 'SC_USHRT_MAX': 118, 'SC_VERSION': 29, 'SC_WORD_BIT': 107, 'SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32': 125, 'SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG': 126, 'SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64': 127, 'SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG': 128, 'SC_XOPEN_CRYPT': 92, 'SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N': 93, 'SC_XOPEN_LEGACY': 129, 'SC_XOPEN_REALTIME': 130, 'SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS': 131, 'SC_XOPEN_SHM': 94, 'SC_XOPEN_UNIX': 91, 'SC_XOPEN_VERSION': 89, 'SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION': 90, 'SC_XOPEN_XPG2': 98, 'SC_XOPEN_XPG3': 99, 'SC_XOPEN_XPG4': 100}