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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) R. Bush
Request for Comments: 8635 IIJ Lab & Arrcus
Category: Standards Track S. Turner
ISSN: 2070-1721 sn3rd
K. Patel
Arrcus, Inc.
August 2019
Router Keying for BGPsec
Abstract
BGPsec-speaking routers are provisioned with private keys in order to
sign BGPsec announcements. The corresponding public keys are
published in the Global Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI),
enabling verification of BGPsec messages. This document describes
two methods of generating the public-private key pairs: router-driven
and operator-driven.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8635.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 8635 Router Keying for BGPsec August 2019
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Management/Router Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Exchange Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Generate PKCS#10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.1. Router-Driven Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2. Operator-Driven Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.2.1. Using PKCS#8 to Transfer Private Keys . . . . . . . . 6
7. Send PKCS#10 and Receive PKCS#7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. Install Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9. Advanced Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10. Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10.1. Key Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10.2. Key Rollover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10.3. Key Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.4. Router Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix A. Management/Router Channel Security . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix B. An Introduction to BGPsec Key Management . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Introduction
BGPsec-speaking routers are provisioned with private keys, which
allow them to digitally sign BGPsec announcements. To verify the
signature, the public key, in the form of a certificate [RFC8209], is
published in the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI). This
document describes provisioning of BGPsec-speaking routers with the
appropriate public-private key pairs. There are two methods: router-
driven and operator-driven.
These two methods differ in where the keys are generated: on the
router in the router-driven method, and elsewhere in the operator-
driven method.
The two methods also differ in who generates the private/public key
pair: the operator generates the pair and sends it to the router in
the operator-driven method, and the router generates its own pair in
the router-driven method.
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
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The router-driven method mirrors the model used by traditional PKI
subscribers; the private key never leaves trusted storage (e.g.,
Hardware Security Module (HSM)). This is by design and supports
classic PKI Certification Policies for (often human) subscribers that
require the private key only ever be controlled by the subscriber to
ensure that no one can impersonate the subscriber. For non-humans,
this method does not always work. The operator-driven method is
motivated by the extreme importance placed on ensuring the continued
operation of the network. In some deployments, the same private key
needs to be installed in the soon-to-be online router that was used
by the soon-to-be offline router, since this "hot-swapping" behavior
can result in minimal downtime, especially compared with the normal
RPKI procedures to propagate a new key, which can take a day or
longer to converge.
For example, when an operator wants to support hot-swappable routers,
the same private key needs to be installed in the soon-to-be online
router that was used by the soon-to-be offline router. This
motivated the operator-driven method.
Sections 3 through 8 describe the various steps involved for an
operator to use the two methods to provision new and existing
routers. The methods described involve the operator configuring the
two endpoints (i.e., the management station and the router) and
acting as the intermediary. Section 9 describes another method that
requires more-capable routers.
Useful References: [RFC8205] describes the details of BGPsec,
[RFC8209] specifies the format for the PKCS#10 certification request,
and [RFC8608] specifies the algorithms used to generate the PKCS#10
signature.
2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Management/Router Communication
Operators are free to use either the router-driven or the operator-
driven method as supported by the platform. Prudent security
practice recommends router-generated keying, if the delay in
replacing a router (or router engine) is acceptable to the operator.
Regardless of the method chosen, operators first establish a
protected channel between the management system and the router; this
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
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protected channel prevents eavesdropping, tampering, and message
forgery. It also provides mutual authentication. How this protected
channel is established is router-specific and is beyond scope of this
document. Though other configuration mechanisms might be used, e.g.,
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) (see [RFC6470]), the
protected channel used between the management platform and the router
is assumed to be an SSH-protected CLI. See Appendix A for security
considerations for this protected channel.
The previous paragraph assumes the management-system-to-router
communications are over a network. When the management system has a
direct physical connection to the router, e.g., via the craft port,
there is no assumption that there is a protected channel between the
two.
To be clear, for both of these methods, an initial leap of faith is
required because the router has no keying material that it can use to
protect communications with anyone or anything. Because of this
initial leap of faith, a direct physical connection is safer than a
network connection because there is less chance of a monkey in the
middle. Once keying material is established on the router, the
communications channel must prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and
message forgery. This initial leap of faith will no longer be
required once routers are delivered to operators with operator-
trusted keying material.
4. Exchange Certificates
A number of options exist for the operator's management station to
exchange PKI-related information with routers and with the RPKI
including:
o Using application/pkcs10 media type [RFC5967] to extract
certificate requests and application/pkcs7-mime [RFC8551] to
return the issued certificate,
o Using FTP or HTTP per [RFC2585], and
o Using the Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) protocol per
[RFC7030].
Despite the fact that certificates are integrity-protected and do not
necessarily need additional protection, transports that also provide
integrity protection are RECOMMENDED.
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5. Setup
To start, the operator uses the protected channel to install the
appropriate RPKI Trust Anchor's Certificate (TA Certificate) in the
router. This will later enable the router to validate the router
certificate returned in the PKCS#7 certs-only message [RFC8551].
The operator configures the Autonomous System (AS) number to be used
in the generated router certificate. This may be the sole AS
configured on the router or an operator choice if the router is
configured with multiple ASes. A router with multiple ASes can
generate multiple router certificates by following the process
described in this document for each desired certificate. This
configured AS number is also used during verification of keys, if
generated by the operator (see Section 6.2), as well as during
certificate verification steps (see Sections 7, 8, and 9).
The operator configures or extracts from the router the BGP
Identifier [RFC6286] to be used in the generated router certificate.
In the case where the operator has chosen not to use unique per-
router certificates, a BGP Identifier of 0 MAY be used.
The operator configures the router's access control mechanism to
ensure that only authorized users are able to later access the
router's configuration.
6. Generate PKCS#10
The private key, and hence the PKCS#10 certification request, which
is sometimes referred to as a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), may
be generated by the router or by the operator.
Retaining the CSR allows for verifying that the returned public key
in the certificate corresponds to the private key used to generate
the signature on the CSR.
NOTE: The PKCS#10 certification request does not include the AS
number or the BGP Identifier for the router certificate. Therefore,
the operator transmits the AS it has chosen on the router as well as
the BGP Identifier when it sends the CSR to the CA.
6.1. Router-Driven Keys
In the router-driven method, once the protected channel is
established and the initial setup (Section 5) performed, the operator
issues a command or commands for the router to generate the public-
private key pair, to generate the PKCS#10 certification request, and
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to sign the PKCS#10 certification request with the private key. Once
the router has generated the PKCS#10 certification request, it
returns it to the operator over the protected channel.
The operator includes the chosen AS number and the BGP Identifier
when it sends the CSR to the CA.
Even if the operator cannot extract the private key from the router,
this signature still provides a link between a private key and a
router. That is, the operator can verify the proof of possession
(POP), as required by [RFC6484].
NOTE: The CA needs to know that the router-driven CSR is authorized.
The easiest way to accomplish this is for the operator to mediate the
communication with the CA. Other workflows are possible, e.g., where
the router sends the CSR to the CA but the operator logs in to the CA
independently and is presented with a list of pending requests to
approve. See Section 9 for an additional workflow.
If a router was to communicate directly with a CA to have the CA
certify the PKCS#10 certification request, there would be no way for
the CA to authenticate the router. As the operator knows the
authenticity of the router, the operator mediates the communication
with the CA.
6.2. Operator-Driven Keys
In the operator-driven method, the operator generates the public-
private key pair on a management station and installs the private key
into the router over the protected channel. Beware that experience
has shown that copy-and-paste from a management station to a router
can be unreliable for long texts.
The operator then creates and signs the PKCS#10 certification request
with the private key; the operator includes the chosen AS number and
the BGP Identifier when it sends the CSR to the CA.
6.2.1. Using PKCS#8 to Transfer Private Keys
A private key can be encapsulated in a PKCS#8 Asymmetric Key Package
[RFC5958] and SHOULD be further encapsulated in Cryptographic Message
Syntax (CMS) SignedData [RFC5652] and signed with the operator's End
Entity (EE) private key.
The router SHOULD verify the signature of the encapsulated PKCS#8 to
ensure the returned private key did in fact come from the operator,
but this requires that the operator also provision via the CLI or
include in the SignedData the RPKI CA certificate and relevant
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operators' EE certificate(s). The router SHOULD inform the operator
whether or not the signature validates to a trust anchor; this
notification mechanism is out of scope.
7. Send PKCS#10 and Receive PKCS#7
The operator uses RPKI management tools to communicate with the
Global RPKI system to have the appropriate CA validate the PKCS#10
certification request, sign the key in the PKCS#10 (i.e., certify
it), generate a PKCS#7 certs-only message, and publish the
certificate in the Global RPKI. External network connectivity may be
needed if the certificate is to be published in the Global RPKI.
After the CA certifies the key, it does two things:
1. Publishes the certificate in the Global RPKI. The CA must have
connectivity to the relevant publication point, which, in turn,
must have external network connectivity as it is part of the
Global RPKI.
2. Returns the certificate to the operator's management station,
packaged in a PKCS#7 certs-only message, using the corresponding
method by which it received the certificate request. It SHOULD
include the certificate chain below the TA Certificate so that
the router can validate the router certificate.
In the operator-driven method, the operator SHOULD extract the
certificate from the PKCS#7 certs-only message and verify that the
public key the operator holds corresponds to the returned public key
in the PKCS#7 certs-only message. If the operator saved the PKCS#10,
it can check this correspondence by comparing the public key in the
CSR to the public key in the returned certificate. If the operator
has not saved the PKCS#10, it can check this correspondence by
regenerating the public key from the private key and then verifying
that the regenerated public key matches the public key returned in
the certificate.
In the operator-driven method, the operator has already installed the
private key in the router (see Section 6.2).
8. Install Certificate
The operator provisions the PKCS#7 certs-only message into the router
over the protected channel.
The router SHOULD extract the certificate from the PKCS#7 certs-only
message and verify that the public key corresponds to the stored
private key. If the router stored the PKCS#10, it can check this
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
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correspondence by comparing the public key in the CSR to the public
key in the returned certificate. If the router did not store the
PKCS#10, it can check this correspondence by generating a signature
on any data and then verifying the signature using the returned
certificate. The router SHOULD inform the operator whether it
successfully received the certificate and whether or not the keys
correspond; the mechanism is out of scope.
The router SHOULD also verify that the returned certificate validates
back to the installed TA Certificate, i.e., the entire chain from the
installed TA Certificate through subordinate CAs to the BGPsec
certificate validate. To perform this verification, the CA
certificate chain needs to be returned along with the router's
certificate in the PKCS#7 certs-only message. The router SHOULD
inform the operator whether or not the signature validates to a trust
anchor; this notification mechanism is out of scope.
NOTE: The signature on the PKCS#8 and Certificate need not be made by
the same entity. Signing the PKCS#8 permits more-advanced
configurations where the entity that generates the keys is not the
direct CA.
9. Advanced Deployment Scenarios
More PKI-capable routers can take advantage of increased
functionality and lighten the operator's burden. Typically, these
routers include either preinstalled manufacturer-driven certificates
(e.g., IEEE 802.1 AR [IEEE802-1AR]) or preinstalled manufacturer-
driven Pre-Shared Keys (PSKs) as well as PKI-enrollment functionality
and transport protocol, e.g., CMC's "Secure Transport" [RFC7030] or
the original CMC transport protocols [RFC5273]. When the operator
first establishes a protected channel between the management system
and the router, this preinstalled key material is used to
authenticate the router.
The operator's burden shifts here to include:
1. Securely communicating the router's authentication material to
the CA prior to the operator initiating the router's CSR. CAs
use authentication material to determine whether the router is
eligible to receive a certificate. At a minimum, authentication
material includes the router's AS number and BGP Identifier as
well as the router's key material, but it can also include
additional information. Authentication material can be
communicated to the CA (i.e., CSRs signed by this key material
are issued certificates with this AS and BGP Identifier) or to
the router (i.e., the operator uses the vendor-supplied
management interface to include the AS number and BGP Identifier
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RFC 8635 Router Keying for BGPsec August 2019
in the router-driven CSR). The CA stores this authentication
material in an account entry for the router so that it can later
be compared against the CSR prior to the CA issuing a certificate
to the router.
2. Enabling the router to communicate with the CA. While the
router-to-CA communications are operator-initiated, the
operator's management interface need not be involved in the
communications path. Enabling the router-to-CA connectivity may
require connections to external networks (i.e., through
firewalls, NATs, etc.).
3. Ensuring the cryptographic chain of custody from the
manufacturer. For the preinstalled key material, the operator
needs guarantees that either no one has accessed the private key
or an authenticated log of those who have accessed it MUST be
provided to the operator.
Once configured, the operator can begin the process of enrolling the
router. Because the router is communicating directly with the CA,
there is no need for the operator to retrieve the PKCS#10
certification request from the router as in Section 6 or return the
PKCS#7 certs-only message to the router as in Section 7. Note that
the checks performed by the router in Section 8 (namely, extracting
the certificate from the PKCS#7 certs-only message, verifying that
the public key corresponds to the private key, and verifying that the
returned certificate validated back to an installed trust anchor)
SHOULD be performed. Likewise, the router SHOULD notify the operator
if any of these fail, but this notification mechanism is out of
scope.
When a router is so configured, the communication with the CA SHOULD
be automatically re-established by the router at future times to
renew the certificate automatically when necessary (see Section 10).
This further reduces the tasks required of the operator.
10. Key Management
Key management not only includes key generation, key provisioning,
certificate issuance, and certificate distribution, it also includes
assurance of key validity, key rollover, and key preservation during
router replacement. All of these responsibilities persist for as
long as the operator wishes to operate the BGPsec-speaking router.
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RFC 8635 Router Keying for BGPsec August 2019
10.1. Key Validity
It is critical that a BGPsec-speaking router is signing with a valid
private key at all times. To this end, the operator needs to ensure
the router always has an unexpired certificate. That is, the key
used to sign BGPsec announcements always has an associated
certificate whose expiry time is after the current time.
Ensuring this is not terribly difficult but requires that either:
1. The router has a mechanism to notify the operator that the
certificate has an impending expiration, and/or
2. The operator notes the expiry time of the certificate and uses a
calendaring program to remind them of the expiry time, and/or
3. The RPKI CA warns the operator of pending expiration, and/or
4. The operator uses some other kind of automated process to search
for and track the expiry times of router certificates.
It is advisable that expiration warnings happen well in advance of
the actual expiry time.
Regardless of the technique used to track router certificate expiry
times, additional operators in the same organization should be
notified as the expiry time approaches, thereby ensuring that the
forgetfulness of one operator does not affect the entire
organization.
Depending on inter-operator relationships, it may be helpful to
notify a peer operator that one or more of their certificates are
about to expire.
10.2. Key Rollover
Routers that support multiple private keys also greatly increase the
chance that routers can continuously speak BGPsec because the new
private key and certificate can be obtained and distributed prior to
expiration of the operational key. Obviously, the router needs to
know when to start using the new key. Once the new key is being
used, having the already-distributed certificate ensures continuous
operation.
More information on how to proceed with a key rollover is described
in [RFC8634].
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RFC 8635 Router Keying for BGPsec August 2019
10.3. Key Revocation
In certain circumstances, a router's BGPsec certificate may need to
be revoked. When this occurs, the operator needs to use the RPKI CA
system to revoke the certificate by placing the router's BGPsec
certificate on the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) as well as re-
keying the router's certificate.
The process of revoking an active router key consists of requesting
the revocation from the CA, the CA actually revoking the router's
certificate, the re-keying/renewing of the router's certificate
(possibly) distributing a new key and certificate to the router, and
distributing the status. During the time this process takes, the
operator must decide how they wish to maintain continuity of
operation (with or without the compromised private key) or whether
they wish to bring the router offline to address the compromise.
Keeping the router operational and BGPsec-speaking is the ideal goal;
but, if operational practices do not allow this, then reconfiguring
the router to disable BGPsec is likely preferred to bringing the
router offline.
Routers that support more than one private key, where one is
operational and other(s) are soon-to-be-operational, facilitate
revocation events because the operator can configure the router to
make a soon-to-be-operational key operational, request revocation of
the compromised key, and then make a next generation soon-to-be-
operational key. Hopefully, all this can be done without needing to
take the router offline or reboot it. For routers that support only
one operational key, the operators should create or install the new
private key and then request revocation of the certificate
corresponding to the compromised private key.
10.4. Router Replacement
At the time of writing, routers often generate private keys for uses
such as Secure Shell (SSH), and the private keys may not be seen or
exported from the router. While this is good security, it creates
difficulties when a routing engine or whole router must be replaced
in the field and all software that accesses the router must be
updated with the new keys. Also, any network-based initial contact
with a new routing engine requires trust in the public key presented
on first contact.
To allow operators to quickly replace routers without requiring
update and distribution of the corresponding public keys in the RPKI,
routers SHOULD allow the private BGPsec key to be inserted via a
protected channel, e.g., SSH, NETCONF (see [RFC6470]), and SNMP.
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 8635 Router Keying for BGPsec August 2019
This lets the operator escrow the old private key via the mechanism
used for operator-driven keys (see Section 6.2), such that it can be
reinserted into a replacement router. The router MAY allow the
private key to be exported via the protected channel after key
generation, but this SHOULD be paired with functionality that sets
the newly generated key into a permanent non-exportable state to
ensure that it is not exported at a future time by unauthorized
operations.
11. Security Considerations
The router's manual will describe which of the key-generation options
discussed in the earlier sections of this document a router supports
or if it supports both of them. The manual will also describe other
important security-related information (e.g., how to SSH to the
router). After becoming familiar with the capabilities of the
router, an operator is encouraged to ensure that the router is
patched with the latest software updates available from the
manufacturer.
This document defines no protocols. So, in some sense, it introduces
no new security considerations. However, it relies on many other
protocols, and the security considerations in the referenced
documents should be consulted; notably, the documents listed in
Section 1 should be consulted first. PKI-relying protocols, of which
BGPsec is one, have many issues to consider -- so many, in fact,
entire books have been written to address them -- so listing all PKI-
related security considerations is neither useful nor helpful.
Regardless, some bootstrapping-related issues that are worth
repeating are listed here:
o Public-private key pair generation: Mistakes here are, for all
practical purposes, catastrophic because PKIs rely on the pairing
of a difficult-to-generate public-private key pair with a signer;
all key pairs MUST be generated from a good source of non-
deterministic random input [RFC4086].
o Private key protection at rest: Mistakes here are, for all,
practical purposes, catastrophic because disclosure of the private
key allows another entity to masquerade as (i.e., impersonate) the
signer; all private keys MUST be protected when at rest in a
secure fashion. Obviously, how each router protects private keys
is implementation specific. Likewise, the local storage format
for the private key is just that: a local matter.
o Private key protection in transit: Mistakes here are, for all
practical purposes, catastrophic because disclosure of the private
key allows another entity to masquerade as (i.e., impersonate) the
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
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signer; therefore, transport security is strongly RECOMMENDED.
The level of security provided by the transport layer's security
mechanism SHOULD be at least as good as the strength of the BGPsec
key; there's no point in spending time and energy to generate an
excellent public-private key pair and then transmit the private
key in the clear or with a known-to-be-broken algorithm, as it
just undermines trust that the private key has been kept private.
Additionally, operators SHOULD ensure the transport security
mechanism is up to date, in order to address all known
implementation bugs.
Though the CA's certificate is installed on the router and used to
verify that the returned certificate is in fact signed by the CA, the
revocation status of the CA's certificate is rarely checked as the
router may not have global connectivity or CRL-aware software. The
operator MUST ensure that the installed CA certificate is valid.
12. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[IEEE802-1AR]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area
Networks - Secure Device Identity", IEEE Std 802.1AR,
<https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_1AR-2018.html>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
"Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.
[RFC4253] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, DOI 10.17487/RFC4253,
January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4253>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
Bush, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 8635 Router Keying for BGPsec August 2019
[RFC5958] Turner, S., "Asymmetric Key Packages", RFC 5958,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5958, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5958>.
[RFC6286] Chen, E. and J. Yuan, "Autonomous-System-Wide Unique BGP
Identifier for BGP-4", RFC 6286, DOI 10.17487/RFC6286,
June 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6286>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8608] Turner, S. and O. Borchert, "BGPsec Algorithms, Key
Formats, and Signature Formats", RFC 8608,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8608, June 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8608>.
[RFC8209] Reynolds, M., Turner, S., and S. Kent, "A Profile for
BGPsec Router Certificates, Certificate Revocation Lists,
and Certification Requests", RFC 8209,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8209, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8209>.
[RFC8551] Schaad, J., Ramsdell, B., and S. Turner, "Secure/
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0
Message Specification", RFC 8551, DOI 10.17487/RFC8551,
April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8551>.
[RFC8634] Weis, B., Gagliano, R., and K. Patel, "BGPsec Router
Certificate Rollover", BCP 224, RFC 8634,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8634, August 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8634>.
13.2. Informative References
[RFC2585] Housley, R. and P. Hoffman, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Operational Protocols: FTP and HTTP",
RFC 2585, DOI 10.17487/RFC2585, May 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2585>.
[RFC3766] Orman, H. and P. Hoffman, "Determining Strengths For
Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric Keys", BCP 86,
RFC 3766, DOI 10.17487/RFC3766, April 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3766>.
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[RFC5273] Schaad, J. and M. Myers, "Certificate Management over CMS
(CMC): Transport Protocols", RFC 5273,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5273, June 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5273>.
[RFC5480] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk,
"Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key
Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5480>.
[RFC5647] Igoe, K. and J. Solinas, "AES Galois Counter Mode for the
Secure Shell Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 5647,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5647, August 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5647>.
[RFC5656] Stebila, D. and J. Green, "Elliptic Curve Algorithm
Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer",
RFC 5656, DOI 10.17487/RFC5656, December 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5656>.
[RFC5967] Turner, S., "The application/pkcs10 Media Type", RFC 5967,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5967, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5967>.
[RFC6187] Igoe, K. and D. Stebila, "X.509v3 Certificates for Secure
Shell Authentication", RFC 6187, DOI 10.17487/RFC6187,
March 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6187>.
[RFC6470] Bierman, A., "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)
Base Notifications", RFC 6470, DOI 10.17487/RFC6470,
February 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6470>.
[RFC6484] Kent, S., Kong, D., Seo, K., and R. Watro, "Certificate
Policy (CP) for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
(RPKI)", BCP 173, RFC 6484, DOI 10.17487/RFC6484, February
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6484>.
[RFC6668] Bider, D. and M. Baushke, "SHA-2 Data Integrity
Verification for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer
Protocol", RFC 6668, DOI 10.17487/RFC6668, July 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6668>.
[RFC7030] Pritikin, M., Ed., Yee, P., Ed., and D. Harkins, Ed.,
"Enrollment over Secure Transport", RFC 7030,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7030, October 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7030>.
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[RFC8205] Lepinski, M., Ed. and K. Sriram, Ed., "BGPsec Protocol
Specification", RFC 8205, DOI 10.17487/RFC8205, September
2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8205>.
[SP800-57]
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
"Recommendation for Key Management - Part 1: General",
NIST Special Publication 800-57 Revision 4,
DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-57pt1r4, January 2016,
<https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/
NIST.SP.800-57pt1r4.pdf>.
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Appendix A. Management/Router Channel Security
Encryption, integrity, authentication, and key-exchange algorithms
used by the protected channel should be of equal or greater strength
than the BGPsec keys they protect, which for the algorithm specified
in [RFC8608] is 128 bits; see [RFC5480] and [SP800-57] for
information about this strength claim as well as [RFC3766] for "how
to determine the length of an asymmetric key as a function of a
symmetric key strength requirement". In other words, for the
encryption algorithm, do not use export grade crypto (40-56 bits of
security), and do not use Triple-DES (112 bits of security).
Suggested minimum algorithms would be AES-128, specifically the
following:
o aes128-cbc [RFC4253] and AEAD_AES_128_GCM [RFC5647] for
encryption,
o hmac-sha2-256 [RFC6668] or AESAD_AES_128_GCM [RFC5647] for
integrity,
o ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 [RFC5656] for authentication, and
o ecdh-sha2-nistp256 [RFC5656] for key exchange.
Some routers support the use of public key certificates and SSH. The
certificates used for the SSH session are different than the
certificates used for BGPsec. The certificates used with SSH should
also enable a level of security at least as good as the security
offered by the BGPsec keys; x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 [RFC6187]
could be used for authentication.
The protected channel must provide confidentiality, authentication,
and integrity and replay protection.
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Appendix B. An Introduction to BGPsec Key Management
This appendix is informative. It attempts to explain some of the PKI
jargon.
BGPsec speakers send signed BGPsec updates that are verified by other
BGPsec speakers. In PKI parlance, the senders are referred to as
"signers", and the receivers are referred to as "relying parties".
The signers with which we are concerned here are routers signing
BGPsec updates. Signers use private keys to sign, and relying
parties use the corresponding public keys, in the form of X.509
public key certificates, to verify signatures. The third party
involved is the entity that issues the X.509 public key certificate,
the Certification Authority (CA). Key management is all about making
these key pairs and the certificates, as well as ensuring that the
relying parties trust that the certified public keys in fact
correspond to the signers' private keys.
The specifics of key management greatly depend on the routers as well
as management interfaces provided by the routers' vendor. Because of
these differences, it is hard to write a definitive "how to", but
this guide is intended to arm operators with enough information to
ask the right questions. The other aspect that makes this guide
informative is that the steps for the do-it-yourself (DIY) approach
involve arcane commands while the GUI-based vendor-assisted
management console approach will likely hide all of those commands
behind some button clicks. Regardless, the operator will end up with
a BGPsec-enabled router. Initially, we focus on the DIY approach and
then follow up with some information about the GUI-based approach.
The first step in the DIY approach is to generate a private key.
However, in fact, what you do is create a key pair: one part (the
private key) is kept very private, and the other part (the public
key) is given out to verify whatever is signed. The two methods for
how to create the key pair are the subject of this document, but it
boils down to either doing it on-router (router-driven) or off-router
(operator-driven).
If you are generating keys on the router (router-driven), then you
will need to access the router. Again, how you access the router is
router-specific, but generally the DIY approach involves using the
CLI and accessing the router either directly via the router's craft
port or over the network on an administrative interface. If
accessing the router over the network, be sure to do it securely
(i.e., use SSHv2). Once logged into the router, issue a command or a
series of commands that will generate the key pair for the algorithms
referenced in the main body of this document; consult your router's
documentation for the specific commands. The key-generation process
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will yield one or more files containing the private key and the
public key; the file format varies depending on, among other things,
the arcane command the operator issued; however, the files are
generally DER- or PEM-encoded.
The second step is to generate the certification request, which is
often referred to as a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) or PKCS#10
certification request, and to send it to the CA to be signed. To
generate the CSR, the operator issues some more arcane commands while
logged into the router; using the private key just generated to sign
the certification request with the algorithms referenced in the main
body of this document; the CSR is signed to prove to the CA that the
router has possession of the private key (i.e., the signature is the
proof-of-possession). The output of the command is the CSR file; the
file format varies depending on the arcane command you issued, but
generally the files are DER- or PEM-encoded.
The third step is to retrieve the signed CSR from the router and send
it to the CA. But before sending it, you need to also send the CA
the subject name (i.e., "ROUTER-" followed by the AS number) and
serial number (i.e., the 32-bit BGP Identifier) for the router. The
CA needs this information to issue the certificate. How you get the
CSR to the CA is beyond the scope of this document. While you are
still connected to the router, install the trust anchor for the root
of the PKI. At this point, you no longer need access to the router
for BGPsec-related initiation purposes.
The fourth step is for the CA to issue the certificate based on the
CSR you sent. The certificate will include the subject name, serial
number, public key, and other fields; it will also be signed by the
CA. After the CA issues the certificate, the CA returns the
certificate and posts the certificate to the RPKI repository. Check
that the certificate corresponds to the public key contained in the
certificate by verifying the signature on the CSR sent to the CA;
this is just a check to make sure that the CA issued a certificate
that includes a public key that is the pair of the private key (i.e.,
the math will work when verifying a signature generated by the
private key with the returned certificate).
If generating the keys off-router (operator-driven), then the same
steps are used as with on-router key generation (possibly with the
same arcane commands as those used in the on-router approach).
However, no access to the router is needed, and the first three steps
are done on an administrative workstation:
Step 1: Generate key pair.
Step 2: Create CSR and sign CSR with private key.
Step 3: Send CSR file with the subject name and serial number to CA.
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After the CA has returned the certificate and you have checked the
certificate, you need to put the private key and trust anchor in the
router. Assuming the DIY approach, you will be using the CLI and
accessing the router either directly via the router's craft port or
over the network on an admin interface; if accessing the router over
the network, make doubly sure it is done securely (i.e., use SSHv2)
because the private key is being moved over the network. At this
point, access to the router is no longer needed for BGPsec-related
initiation purposes.
NOTE: Regardless of the approach taken, the first three steps could
trivially be collapsed by a vendor-provided script to yield the
private key and the signed CSR.
Given a GUI-based vendor-assisted management console, all of these
steps will likely be hidden behind pointing and clicking the way
through BGPsec-enabling the router.
The scenarios described above require the operator to access each
router, which does not scale well to large networks. An alternative
would be to create an image, perform the necessary steps to get the
private key and trust anchor on the image, and then install the image
via a management protocol.
One final word of advice: certificates include a notAfter field that
unsurprisingly indicates when relying parties should no longer trust
the certificate. To avoid having routers with expired certificates,
follow the recommendations in the Certification Policy (CP) [RFC6484]
and make sure to renew the certificate at least one week prior to the
notAfter date. Set a calendar reminder in order not to forget!
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Authors' Addresses
Randy Bush
IIJ & Arrcus
5147 Crystal Springs
Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110
United States of America
Email: randy@psg.com
Sean Turner
sn3rd
Email: sean@sn3rd.com
Keyur Patel
Arrcus, Inc.
Email: keyur@arrcus.com
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