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Network Working Group N. Williams
Request for Comments: 5178 Sun
Category: Standards Track A. Melnikov
Isode Ltd.
May 2008
Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API)
Internationalization and Domain-Based Service Names and Name Type
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes domain-name-based service principal names and
the corresponding name type for the Generic Security Service
Application Programming Interface (GSS-API). Internationalization of
the GSS-API is also covered.
Domain-based service names are similar to host-based service names,
but using a domain name (not necessarily an Internet domain name) in
addition to a hostname. The primary purpose of domain-based names is
to provide a measure of protection to applications that utilize
insecure service discovery protocols. This is achieved by providing
a way to name clustered services after the "domain" which they
service, thereby allowing their clients to authorize the service's
servers based on authentication of their service names.
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Name Type OID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Name Type OID and Symbolic Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Query and Display Syntaxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. Examples of Domain-Based Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Internationalization (I18N) Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.1. Importing Internationalized Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.2. Displaying Internationalized Names . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Application Protocol Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.1. NFSv4 Domain-Wide Namespace Root Server Discovery . . . . . 6
6.2. LDAP Server Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
1. Introduction
Some applications need to discover the names of servers for a
specific resource. Some common methods for server discovery are
insecure, e.g., queries for DNS [RFC1035] SRV resource records
[RFC2782] without using DNSSEC [RFC4033], and are subject to attacks
whereby a client can be re-directed to incorrect and possibly
malicious servers. A client may even be re-directed to a server that
has credentials for itself and thus may authenticate itself to the
client, and yet it could be incorrect or malicious (because it has
been compromised, say).
Domain-based names allow for GSS-API [RFC2743] initiator applications
(clients) to authorize acceptor principals (servers) to serve the
resource for which the client used insecure server discovery without
either securing the server discovery method or requiring an
additional protocol for server authorization. That is, either a
discovered server has credentials for authenticating the domain-based
service names that it is intended to respond to, or it does not.
Availability of valid credentials for authenticating domain-based
names embodies the authorization of a given server to a domain-wide
service.
A domain-based name consists of three required elements:
o a service name
o a domain name
o a hostname
The domain name and the hostname should be Domain Name System (DNS)
names, though domain-based names could be used in non-DNS
environments. Because of the use of DNS names we must also provide
for internationalization of the GSS-API.
Note that domain-based naming isn't new. According to a report to
the KITTEN WG mailing list, there exists at least one implementation
of LDAP which uses domain-based service naming, and the DIGEST-MD5
HTTP / Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) mechanism
[RFC2831] describes a similar notion. (See section 2.1.2 of
[RFC2831] for a description of the "serv-name" field of the digest-
response.)
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. IANA Considerations
3.1. Name Type OID
The IANA has recorded the following new name-type OID in IANA's "SMI
Security for Name System Designators Codes (nametypes)" registry:
5 gss-domain-based-services [RFC5178]
3.2. Name Type OID and Symbolic Name
This document creates a new GSS-API name-type, with a symbolic name
of "GSS_C_NT_DOMAINBASED_SERVICE" and this OID:
{iso(1) org(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) nametypes(6) gss-
domain-based(5)}
4. Query and Display Syntaxes
There is a single name syntax for domain-based names. It is
expressed using the ABNF [RFC5234].
The syntax is:
domain-based-name = service "@" domain "@" hostname
hostname = domain
domain = sub-domain 1*("." sub-domain)
sub-domain = Let-dig [Ldh-str]
Let-dig = ALPHA / DIGIT
Ldh-str = *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" ) Let-dig
Where <service> is defined in Section 4.1 of [RFC2743]. Other rules
not defined above are defined in Appendix B.1 of [RFC5234].
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
4.1. Examples of Domain-Based Names
These examples are not normative:
o ldap@somecompany.example@ds1.somecompany.example
o nfs@somecompany.example@nfsroot1.somecompany.example
The .example top-level domain is used here in accordance with
[RFC2606].
5. Internationalization (I18N) Considerations
We introduce new versions of GSS_Import_name() and GSS_Display_name()
to better support Unicode. Additionally, we provide for the use of
ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE)-encoded DNS in the non-
internationalized interfaces [RFC3490].
5.1. Importing Internationalized Names
When the input_name_type parameter is the
GSS_C_NT_DOMAINBASED_SERVICE OID, then GSS_Import_name()
implementations and GSS-API mechanisms MUST accept ACE-encoded
internationalized domain names in the hostname and domain name slots
of the given domain-based name string.
Support for non-ASCII internationalized domain names SHOULD also be
provided through a new function, GSS_Import_name_utf8(), that
operates exactly like GSS_Import_name() (with the same input and
output parameters and behavior), except that it MUST accept
internationalized domain names both as UTF-8 strings and as ACE-
encoded strings via its input_name_string argument.
5.2. Displaying Internationalized Names
Implementations of GSS_Display_name() MUST only output US-ASCII or
ACE-encoded internationalized domain names in the hostname and domain
name slots of domain-based names (or mechanism names (MN) that
conform to the mechanism's form for domain-based names).
Support for non-ASCII internationalized domain names SHOULD also be
provided through a new function, GSS_Display_name_utf8(), that
operates exactly like GSS_Display_name() (with the same input and
output parameters and behavior), except that it outputs UTF-8 strings
via its name_string output argument. GSS_Display_name_utf8() MUST
NOT output ACE-encoded internationalized domain names.
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
6. Application Protocol Examples
The following examples are not normative. They describe how the
authors envision two applications' use of domain-based names.
6.1. NFSv4 Domain-Wide Namespace Root Server Discovery
Work is ongoing to provide a method for constructing domain-wide
NFSv4 [RFC3530] filesystem namespaces where there is a single "root"
with one or more servers (replicas) and multiple filesystems glued
into the namespace through use of "referrals". Clients could then
construct a "global" namespace through use of the DNS domain
hierarchy.
Here, clients would always know, from context, when they need to find
the root servers for a given DNS domain. Root server discovery would
be performed using DNS SRV RR lookups, without using DNSSEC where
DNSSEC has not been deployed.
When using RPCSEC_GSS [RFC2203] for security, NFSv4 clients would use
domain-based names to ensure that the servers named in the SRV RRs
are in fact authorized to be the NFSv4 root servers for the target
domain.
6.2. LDAP Server Discovery
LDAP clients using the GSS-API through SASL would also benefit from
use of domain-based names to protect server discovery through
insecure DNS SRV RR lookups, much as described above.
Unlike NFSv4 clients, not all LDAP clients always know from context
when they should use domain-based names. That's because existing
clients may use host-based naming to authenticate servers discovered
through SRV RR lookups. Changing such clients to use domain-based
naming when domain-based acceptor credentials have not been deployed
to LDAP servers, or when LDAP servers have not been modified to allow
use of domain-based naming, would break interoperability. That is,
there is a legacy server interoperability issue here. Therefore,
LDAP clients may require additional configuration at deployment time
to enable (or disable) use of domain-based naming.
Note: whether SASL [RFC4422] or its GSS-API bridges [RFC4752] [GS2]
require updates in order allow use of domain-based names is not
relevant to the theory of how domain-based naming would protect LDAP
clients' server discovery.
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
7. Security Considerations
Use of GSS-API domain-based names may not be negotiable by some GSS-
API mechanisms, and some acceptors may not support GSS-API domain-
based names. In such cases, the initiators are left to fall back on
the use of host-based names, so the initiators MUST also verify that
the acceptor's host-based name is authorized to provide the given
service for the domain that the initiator had wanted.
The above security consideration also applies to all GSS-API
initiators who lack support for domain-based service names.
Note that, as with all service names, the mere existence of a domain-
based service name conveys meaningful information that may be used by
initiators for making authorization decisions; therefore,
administrators of distributed authentication services should be aware
of the significance of the service names for which they create
acceptor credentials.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2743] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program
Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743, January 2000.
[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
February 2000.
[RFC2831] Leach, P. and C. Newman, "Using Digest Authentication as a
SASL Mechanism", RFC 2831, May 2000.
[RFC3490] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello,
"Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)",
RFC 3490, March 2003.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
8.2. Informative References
[GS2] Josefsson, S., "Using GSS-API Mechanisms in SASL: The GS2
Mechanism Family", Work in Progress, October 2007.
[RFC2203] Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol
Specification", RFC 2203, September 1997.
[RFC2606] Eastlake, D. and A. Panitz, "Reserved Top Level DNS
Names", BCP 32, RFC 2606, June 1999.
[RFC3530] Shepler, S., Callaghan, B., Robinson, D., Thurlow, R.,
Beame, C., Eisler, M., and D. Noveck, "Network File System
(NFS) version 4 Protocol", RFC 3530, April 2003.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
RFC 4033, March 2005.
[RFC4422] Melnikov, A. and K. Zeilenga, "Simple Authentication and
Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422, June 2006.
[RFC4752] Melnikov, A., "The Kerberos V5 ("GSSAPI") Simple
Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanism",
RFC 4752, November 2006.
Authors' Addresses
Nicolas Williams
Sun Microsystems
5300 Riata Trace Ct.
Austin, TX 78727
US
EMail: Nicolas.Williams@sun.com
Alexey Melnikov
Isode Ltd.
5 Castle Business Village,
36 Station Road
Hampton, Middlesex TW12 2BX
United Kingdom
EMail: Alexey.Melnikov@isode.com
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008
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Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 9]