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Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), data model, quantities and units, International System of Units (SI), International System of Quantities (ISQ)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Bormann
Request for Comments: 8798 Universität Bremen TZI
Category: Standards Track June 2020
ISSN: 2070-1721
Additional Units for Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)
Abstract
The Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) media type supports the
indication of units for a quantity represented. This short document
registers a number of additional unit names in the IANA registry for
units in SenML. It also defines a registry for secondary units that
cannot be in SenML's main registry, as they are derived by linear
transformation from units already in that registry.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8798.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. New Primary Units
2.1. Rationale
3. New Registry for Secondary Units
4. Operational Considerations
5. Security Considerations
6. IANA Considerations
7. References
7.1. Normative References
7.2. Informative References
Acknowledgements
Author's Address
1. Introduction
The Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) [RFC8428] media type supports
the indication of a unit, using the SenML field "u", for the quantity
given as a data value in a SenML record. For this purpose, SenML
defines an IANA registry of defined unit names and their meanings; in
the present document, we call the unit names registered there
"primary unit names".
This short document registers a number of additional units in the
IANA registry for units in SenML that appear to be necessary for
further adopting SenML in other Standards Development Organizations
(SDOs).
The document also defines a registry for secondary unit names that
cannot be in SenML's main registry, as they are derived by linear
transformation from units already in that registry. Although SenML
version 10 [RFC8428] does not provide for the direct use of these
secondary units, future support is intended via the use of SenML
extension mechanisms, one of which is proposed in [SENML-VERSIONS].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. New Primary Units
IANA has assigned new units in the "SenML Units" subregistry of the
"Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)" registry [IANA.SENML] (as defined
in [RFC8428]):
+========+======================================+=======+===========+
| Symbol | Description | Type | Reference |
+========+======================================+=======+===========+
| B | Byte (information content) | float | RFC 8798 |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| VA | volt-ampere (Apparent Power) | float | RFC 8798 |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| VAs | volt-ampere second (Apparent | float | RFC 8798 |
| | Energy) | | |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| var | volt-ampere reactive (Reactive | float | RFC 8798 |
| | Power) | | |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| vars | volt-ampere-reactive second | float | RFC 8798 |
| | (Reactive Energy) | | |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| J/m | joule per meter (Energy per | float | RFC 8798 |
| | distance) | | |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| kg/m3 | kilogram per cubic meter (mass | float | RFC 8798 |
| | density, mass concentration) | | |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
| deg | degree (angle)* | float | RFC 8798 |
+--------+--------------------------------------+-------+-----------+
Table 1: New Units Registered for SenML
2.1. Rationale
SenML [RFC8428] takes the position that unscaled SI units should
always be used. However, SenML makes one exception: The degree
Celsius (as Cel) is allowed as an alternative to the K (Kelvin).
This document takes the position that the same should apply to a
small number of alternative units in wide use:
The Byte: [IEC-80000-13] defines both the bit (item 13-9.b) and the
byte (item 13-9.c, also called octet) as alternative names for the
coherent unit used for dimensionless quantities, for the purpose
of giving storage capacity and related quantities. While the name
octet is associated with the symbol o, this is in wide use only in
French-speaking countries. Globally more widespread is the symbol
B for byte, even though B is already taken in SI for bel.
[RFC8428] therefore registers dB as the SenML unit for logarithmic
relative power, leaving B free for the usage proposed here. While
this is potentially confusing, the situation is widely understood
in engineering circles and is unlikely to cause actual problems.
The Volt-Ampere: [IEC-80000-6] defines the volt ampere (VA) (item
6-57.a) as a unit for apparent power; items 6-59.a, 6-60.a, and
6-61.a also use the unit for complex, reactive, and non-active
power.
The Volt-Ampere Reactive: [IEC-80000-6] item 6-60.b defines the
volt-ampere reactive (var) as an alternative (and fully
equivalent) unit to VA specifically for reactive power (with the
primary unit VA); it has become clear that there is strong
interest in using this unit specifically for the imaginary content
of complex power, i.e., reactive power [IEEE-1459].
The Joule per meter is not a traditional electromagnetic unit. It
and its scaled derivatives (in particular Wh/km) are used to describe
the energy expended for achieving motion over a given distance, e.g.,
as an equivalent for electrical cars of the inverse of "mileage".
The unit "degree" is in wide use in practice for plane angles (as in
heading, bearing, etc.). It is marked with an asterisk because the
preferred coherent SI unit is radian ("rad").
3. New Registry for Secondary Units
IANA has created a "Secondary Units" subregistry in the "Sensor
Measurement Lists (SenML)" registry [IANA.SENML] defined in
[RFC8428].
The registry has six columns:
* Secondary Unit: a newly registered name allocated within the same
namespace as SenML units
* Description: a short description (usually just the expansion of an
abbreviation)
* SenML Unit: an existing SenML unit from the SenML Units registry
* Scale, Offset: two rational numbers, expressed in decimal
(optionally, with a decimal exponent given) or as a fraction
represented using a "/" character to separate numerator and
denominator
* Reference: where the entry comes from
Quantities expressed in the secondary unit can be converted into the
SenML unit by first multiplying their value with the scale number and
then adding the offset, yielding the value in the given SenML unit.
The initial content of the "Secondary Units" subregistry is provided
in Table 2:
+=========+======================+=====+=========+======+===========+
|Secondary| Description |SenML| Scale |Offset| Reference |
| Unit | |Unit | | | |
+=========+======================+=====+=========+======+===========+
| ms | millisecond | s | 1/1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| min | minute | s | 60 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| h | hour | s | 3600 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| MHz | megahertz | Hz | 1000000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| kW | kilowatt | W | 1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| kVA | kilovolt-ampere | VA | 1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| kvar | kilovar | var | 1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| Ah | ampere-hour | C | 3600 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| Wh | watt-hour | J | 3600 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| kWh | kilowatt-hour | J | 3600000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| varh | var-hour |vars | 3600 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| kvarh | kilovar-hour |vars | 3600000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| kVAh | kilovolt-ampere-hour | VAs | 3600000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| Wh/km | watt-hour per | J/m | 3.6 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
| | kilometer | | | | |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| KiB | kibibyte | B | 1024 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| GB | gigabyte | B | 1e9 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| Mbit/s | megabit per second |bit/s| 1000000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| B/s | byte per second |bit/s| 8 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| MB/s | megabyte per second |bit/s| 8000000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| mV | millivolt | V | 1/1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| mA | milliampere | A | 1/1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| dBm | decibel (milliwatt) | dBW | 1 | -30 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| ug/m3 | microgram per cubic |kg/m3| 1e-9 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
| | meter | | | | |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| mm/h | millimeter per hour | m/s |1/3600000| 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| m/h | meter per hour | m/s | 1/3600 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| ppm | parts per million | / | 1e-6 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| /100 | percent (Note 1) | / | 1/100 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| /1000 | permille | / | 1/1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| hPa | hectopascal | Pa | 100 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| mm | millimeter | m | 1/1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| cm | centimeter | m | 1/100 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| km | kilometer | m | 1000 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
| km/h | kilometer per hour | m/s | 1/3.6 | 0 | RFC 8798 |
+---------+----------------------+-----+---------+------+-----------+
Table 2: Secondary Units Registered for SenML
| Note 1: This registration does not use the obvious name "%"
| because this name has been taken in [RFC8428] already, where it
| is a NOT RECOMMENDED synonym for "/" (unity) for legacy
| reasons. Note that the presence of both "%" and "/100" with
| different meanings is likely to create confusion, so the
| present document adds some weight to the recommendation against
| using the counterintuitive unit name "%".
Example: The value of a quantity given as 100 ms is first multiplied
by 1/1000, yielding the number 0.1, and the offset 0 is then added,
yielding the number 0.1 again, leading to a quantity of 0.1 s. The
value of a quantity given as 10 dBm is first multiplied by 1,
yielding the number 10, and the offset -30 is then added, yielding
the number -20, leading to a quantity of -20 dBW.
New entries can be added to the registration by Expert Review as
defined in [RFC8126]. Experts should exercise their own good
judgment, with the same guidelines as used for SenML units
(Section 12.1 of [RFC8428]), but without applying rules 4, 5, and 8.
Note that rule 7 limits the use of what could be understood as
prefixes on their own, not the use of prefixes inside secondary unit
names. Guidelines to the difference between units (which can go into
the registry) and quantities (which cannot) are widely available;
see, for instance, [RS] and [BIPM].
As of SenML version 10 [RFC8428], SenML packs are limited to using
primary units in "u" fields. The use of primary units enables direct
comparison of measurements from different sources. Also, it
facilitates implementations that trigger on the presence of a
quantity in a certain unit, without the need to track any additional
secondary units that may be registered for this quantity.
Where the benefits of directly using a secondary unit in a SenML pack
outweigh the above considerations, the use of secondary units in "u"
fields MAY be enabled by indicating a new SenML version that
specifically allows this and/or by using a field with a label name
that ends with the "_" character ("must-understand" field) whose
definition specifically allows this. The definition of these
versions and fields is outside the scope of the present
specification; one such definition is proposed in [SENML-VERSIONS].
4. Operational Considerations
The "Secondary Units" subregistry is expected to grow at a faster
pace than the subregistry of primary unit names. It also is amenable
to automatic interpretation, by making use of the scale and offset
columns.
Implementers may be tempted to equip each instance of their systems
with code to download new versions of the registry from IANA
frequently in order to be able to make use of newly defined secondary
unit names. This can create high load at IANA and a potential single
point of failure. Instead of pulling the registry in each individual
instance of the code, the software update mechanism (or a similar
mechanism that leads to less frequent IANA visits) SHOULD be used to
disseminate updated units registries obtained from IANA towards the
instances via common repositories.
5. Security Considerations
The security considerations of [RFC8428] apply.
The introduction of new measurement units poses no additional
security considerations except a potential for additional confusion
about the proper unit to use and the risk that an implementation
based on the assumption described in the penultimate paragraph of
Section 3 no longer works properly. However, an implementation
processing a pack while making use of secondary units is guaranteed
to have been developed with an awareness of the risks of having
multiple units available for the same logical type. In any case, the
existing risk of an existing SenML implementation not understanding a
unit that was not in the initial registry content provided in
[RFC8428] is unchanged, and implementations are warned properly about
the potential use of secondary units by the need for a must-
understand field or an updated version field.
6. IANA Considerations
See Section 2 and Section 3.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[IANA.SENML]
IANA, "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)",
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/senml>.
[IEC-80000-13]
IEC, "Quantities and units - Part 13: Information science
and technology", Edition 1.0, IEC 80000-13, March 2008.
[IEC-80000-6]
IEC, "Quantities and units - Part 6: Electromagnetism",
Edition 1.0, IEC 80000-6, March 2008.
[IEEE-1459]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of
Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal,
Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions", IEEE Std 1459-2010,
DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063, March 2010,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8428] Jennings, C., Shelby, Z., Arkko, J., Keranen, A., and C.
Bormann, "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)", RFC 8428,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8428, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8428>.
7.2. Informative References
[BIPM] Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, "The
International System of Units (SI)", 9th edition, version
1.06, 2019, <https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-
brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf>.
[RS] Rohde & Schwarz, "Standard-compliant usage of quantities,
units and equations", version 5.0, July 2017,
<https://scdn.rohde-
schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/
dl_brochures_and_datasheets/pdf_1/Standard-compliant_usage
_of_quantities_units_and_equations_bro_en_5214-5061-62_v05
00.pdf>.
[SENML-VERSIONS]
Bormann, C., "SenML Features and Versions", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-senml-versions-
00, 13 May 2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-
core-senml-versions-00>.
Acknowledgements
Ari Keränen pointed out the need for additional units in SenML.
Comments provided by him as well as by Thomas Fossati, Joaquin Prado,
Jaime Jiménez, Benjamin Kaduk, and Rob Wilton helped improve the
document.
Author's Address
Carsten Bormann
Universität Bremen TZI
Postfach 330440
D-28359 Bremen
Germany
Phone: +49-421-218-63921
Email: cabo@tzi.org