💾 Archived View for gmi.noulin.net › rfc › rfc3422.gmi captured on 2021-12-05 at 23:47:19. Gemini links have been rewritten to link to archived content
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Keywords: tunneling, ethernet frames
Network Working Group O. Okamoto
Request for Comments: 3422 M. Maruyama
Category: Informational NTT Laboratories
T. Sajima
Sun Microsystems
November 2002
Forwarding Media Access Control (MAC) Frames over Multiple
Access Protocol over Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (MAPOS)
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
IESG Note
This memo documents a way of tunneling Ethernet frames over MAPOS
networks. This document is NOT the product of an IETF working group
nor is it a standards track document. It has not necessarily
benefited from the widespread and in-depth community review that
standards track documents receive.
Abstract
This memo describes a method for forwarding media access control
(MAC) frames over Multiple Access Protocol over Synchronous Optical
Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (MAPOS), thus providing a way
to unify MAPOS network environment and MAC-based Local Area Network
(LAN) environment.
1. Network Model
In the Network model assumed in this memo, MAC-based LAN traffic is
forwarded by a MAPOS switched network. This model allows distant
LANs to be interconnected to form a single LAN segment. Transparent
LAN Service (TLS) is provided by encapsulating MAC frames in MAPOS
frames and by mapping MAC addresses to MAPOS addresses.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
This network model is shown in figure 1. "MAPOS network" is composed
of MAPOS switches, SONET/SDH leased lines and optical fiber cables.
A LAN is connected to a MAPOS network by a Network Adapter (NA) which
has a MAPOS interface and an ethernet interface. A unique MAPOS
address is assigned to each NA by NSP (Node-Switch Protocol) [2].
+-----------+
MAC-based LAN N1 +---+ | MAPOS | +---+ MAC-based LAN N2
---------------| |----| network |----| |---------------
| +---+ | | +---+ |
+-----+ Network | N0 | Network +-----+
| | adapter +-----------+ adapter | |
+-----+ B1 B2 +-----+
Host H1 Host H2
Figure 1. VPN network service model with LANs N1 and N2
Host H1 in LAN N1 and host H2 in LAN N2 are connected to distinct
MAC-based LANs. Transparent LAN service is provided by MAPOS network
N0 exchanging MAC frames between Host H1 and Host H2.
Using this mechanism, a single VLAN segment can be setup from
multiple LANs that may be geographically located far away from each
other.
The use of a switched technology is recommended for building a MAC-
based LAN. In some cases, however, this becomes a requirement. A
likely example is the situation where a MAC-based LAN having two
network adapters, both attached to the same MAPOS network (for
redundancy). If the LAN is built using shared (non-switched)
technology, then this loop configuration is bound to be stormed by
incessant broadcast traffic. This can only be circumvented by using
switched technology with support for broadcast spanning tree [7].
2. Forwarding a MAC Frame
This section describes the MAC frame forwarding mechanism in the
MAPOS network.
2.1. Outline
In figure 2, LANs N1 and N2 communicates via MAPOS network N0. NAs
B1 and B2 are gateways into Network N0, and they each have a MAPOS
interface and an ethernet interface.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 2]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
+------------+
|MAPOS header|
+-----------+ +------------+ +-----------+
| MAC header| encapsulate | MAC header| decapsulate | MAC header|
+-----------+ ----------> +------------+ ----------> +-----------+
|information| | information| |information|
+-----------+ +------------+ +-----------+
MAC frame Bridged MAPOS frame MAC frame
+------------+
LAN N1 +---+ | MAPOS | +---+ LAN N2
---------------| |----| network |----| |---------------
| +---+ | | +---+ |
+-----+ B1 | N0 | B2 +-----+
| | +------------+ | |
+-----+ +-----+
Host H1 Host H2
Figure 2. Forwarding a MAC frame from H1 to H2 over the VPN
The process of forwarding a MAC frame transparently from host H1 to
host H2 is also shown in figure 2. NA B1 encapsulates a MAC frame
from host H1, and forwards it to MAPOS network N0. NA B2
decapsulates the MAPOS frame, then forwards the MAC frame to host H2.
2.2. MAPOS encapsulation format
To transmit a MAC frame into MAPOS network, the NA encapsulates the
frame as shown in the following figures. This frame format is based
on Bridged LAN Traffic for PPP [4]; only the fields with semantics
specific to this document are described below. The fields are
transmitted from left to right.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 3]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HDLC Flag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address and Control | 0xFE | 0x31 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (reserved) | Source MAPOS Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|0|Z|0| Pads | MAC Type | Destination MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source MAC Address | Length/Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LLC data ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LAN FCS (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| potential line protocol pad |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Frame FCS (16/32bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3. 802.3 Frame format (IEEE 802 Un-tagged Frame)
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 4]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HDLC FLAG |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address and Control | 0xFE | 0x31 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (reserved) | Source MAPOS Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|0|Z|0| Pads | MAC Type | Pad Byte | Frame Control |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination MAC Address | Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LLC data ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LAN FCS (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| optional Data Link Layer padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Frame FCS (16/32bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4. 802.4/802.5/FDDI Frame format (IEEE 802 Un-tagged Frame)
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 5]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HDLC Flag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address and Control | 0xFE | 0x31 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (reserved) | Source MAPOS Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|0|Z|0| Pads | MAC Type | Destination MAC address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source MAC Address | 0x81 | 0x00 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Pri |C| VLAN ID | Length/Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LLC data ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LAN FCS (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| potential line protocol pad |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Frame FCS (16/32bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5. 802.3 Frame format (IEEE 802 Tagged Frame)
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 6]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HDLC FLAG |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address and Control | 0xFE | 0x31 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (reserved) | Source MAPOS Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|0|Z|0| Pads | MAC Type | Pad Byte | Frame Control |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination MAC Address | Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source MAC Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SNAP-encoded TPID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SNAP-encoded TPID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Pri |C| VLAN ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LLC data ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LAN FCS (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| optional Data Link Layer padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Frame FCS (16/32bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6. 802.4/802.5/FDDI Frame format (IEEE 802 Tagged Frame)
Address and Control
These fields contain the destination HDLC address as defined by
MAPOS Version 1 [1] and MAPOS 16 [3].
Protocol Field
0xFE31 for bridged LAN traffic for MAPOS. NA should only accept
NSP (0xFE03) and bridged MAPOS frames (0xFE31) frames; others
should be silently discarded.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 7]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
Source MAPOS address
Contains the MAPOS address of the sending NA. For MAPOS version 1
[1] the 8-bit HDLC address is placed in the least significant
place of the 16-bit field and the upper eight bits must be zero.
3. Determination of the Destination MAPOS Address
The destination MAPOS address for a MAC frame to be bridged is
determined by searching the address table composed of entries of the
form
{destination MAC address, destination MAPOS address}
during the encapsulation phase.
For example, in figure 2, when a MAC frame to be sent to host H2 is
encapsulated, the destination MAPOS address corresponding to NA B2 is
used.
Determination of the destination MAPOS address for forwarding a MAC
unicast frame is described in 3.1. The way for forwarding a MAC
broadcast or multicast frame is described in 3.2. Methods for
populating the address table are explained in 3.3.
3.1. Destination MAPOS address for forwarding a MAC unicast frame
In NA, entries of the form
{destination MAC address, destination MAPOS address}
are held in its address table. When a MAC frame is received by the
ethernet interface, the address table is searched using the
destination MAC address as the key. If a matching entry is found,
the corresponding MAPOS address is used as the destination MAPOS
address. If no matching entry exists, MAC broadcast forwarding (3.2)
is used.
3.2. Forwarding a MAC broadcast or multicast frame
All MAC broadcast or multicast frames must be duplicated for
transmission (via MAPOS unicast) to each of the peer network adapters
in the same VLAN as the sending network adapter.
Consider an example shown in figure 7 where six LANs N1 through N6
are connected to the MAPOS network via network adapters B1 through
B6.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 8]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
+------------+
LAN N1 +---+ | | +---+ LAN N2
---------------| |----| |----| |---------------
| +---+ | | +---+ |
+-----+ Network | | Network +-----+
| | adapter | | adapter | |
+-----+ B1 | | B2 +-----+
Host H1 | | Host H2
| |
| |
| |
LAN N3 +---+ | MAPOS | +---+ LAN N4
---------------| |----| network |----| |---------------
| +---+ | | +---+ |
+-----+ Network | N0 | Network +-----+
| | Adapter | | adapter | |
+-----+ B3 | | B4 +-----+
Host H3 | | Host H4
| |
| |
| |
LAN N5 +---+ | | +---+ LAN N6
---------------| |----| |----| |---------------
| +---+ | | +---+ |
+-----+ Network | | Network +-----+
| | adapter +------------+ adapter | |
+-----+ B5 B6 +-----+
Host H5 Host H6
Figure 7. Six networks connected to the MAPOS network
If a VLAN is configured with LANs N1, N2, and N3, a MAC broadcast or
multicast frame originating from LAN N1 must not be forwarded to LAN
N4, N5, or N6 but only to LANs N1, N2, and N3. It is duplicated
twice for encapsulation and delivery to B2 and B3 via MAPOS unicast.
A set of network adapters that belongs to the same VLAN defines the
broadcast scope of the VLAN. Before a VLAN is put to use, each NA in
the VLAN must be configured with the MAPOS addresses of its peer NAs.
A NA should silently discard bridged MAPOS frames with a MAPOS source
address that is not among the peers that the NA knows about.
The use of MAPOS multicast for forwarding MAC broadcast frames is
under further study.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 9]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
3.3. Methods for configuring the address table
This section describes two methods for setting up an address table:
static and dynamic. NA must implement the static method described in
3.3.1. The dynamic method (3.3.2) is optional, but an implementation
must provide an option to disable this feature.
3.3.1. Static setup of address table
The address table can be set up statically. Before using a VLAN,
address table entries for each NA in the VLAN must be populated
manually.
These entries are considered permanent until they are manually
removed, and must not be "aged" or overwritten by the dynamic
procedure described in 3.3.2.
3.3.2. Dynamic setup of address table
The address table can also be set up dynamically. A NA discovers
entries for its address table from incoming encapsulated MAPOS
frames.
The NA adds the pair
{source MAC address, source MAPOS address}
to its address table when it receives an encapsulated MAPOS frame.
Entries discovered this way are subject to aging timer (should be
configurable with the default of 300 seconds). Once the timer for an
entry expires, the entry is removed from the address table. The
timer is reset each time an encapsulated MAPOS frame with the same
source MAC address is received.
There must be at most one entry for a source MAC address. If a
discovered MAPOS address for a MAC address differs from the
previously discovered address, the new one takes precedence and the
address table entry must be overwritten. Under no circumstance may a
discovered entry overwrite a statically created entry (3.3.1).
Discovery process using ARP [6] packets between host H1 (the MAC
address is h1) in LAN N1 and host H2 (the MAC address is h2) in LAN
N2 is shown below.
The MAPOS addresses of NAs B1, B2, B3 are b1, b2, b3 respectively.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 10]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
+-----------+
LAN N1 +---+ | |
-------------| |----| |
| +---+ | |
+-----+ Network | |
| | adapter | MAPOS | +---+ LAN N2
+-----+ B1 | network |----| |------------
Host H1 | | +---+ |
(ARP request) | N0 | Network +-----+
| | adapter | |
| | B2 +-----+
LAN N3 +---+ | | Host H2
-------------| |----| | (ARP reply)
| +---+ | |
+-----+ Network +-----------+
| | adapter
+-----+ B3
Host H3
Figure 8. Three networks connected to the MAPOS network
(1) Host H1 transmits an ARP request frame. An ARP request frame is
a MAC broadcast Frame.
(2) At NA B1, ARP request frame is received and is encapsulated.
Because the VPN is composed of LANs N1, N2, and N3, the NA B1
must send a MAPOS frame that has destination MAPOS address b2
and another MAPOS frame that has destination MAPOS address b3.
MAPOS address b1 is stored in the source MAPOS address field of
each frame.
(3) The bridged MAPOS frame arrives at NAs B2 and B3 from the MAPOS
network.
(4) NAs B2 and B3 receive the bridged MAPOS frame, and the pair
{h1, b1}
is added to their address tables.
(5) In NA B2, the received MAPOS frame is decapsulated, and the MAC
frame is forwarded to LAN N2. Similarly, in NA B3, the received
MAPOS frame is decapsulated, and the MAC frame is forwarded to
LAN N3.
(6) At host H2, which exists in LAN N2, an ARP reply frame is
transmitted to host H1.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 11]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
(7) Via the ethernet interface on NA B2, the ARP reply frame is
received, and MAPOS encapsulation is done.
Because the entry
{h1, b1}
is registered in the address table, b1 is determined to be the
destination MAPOS address. The bridged frame is forwarded to
the MAPOS network.
(8) MAPOS network delivers the bridged MAPOS frame to NA B1.
(9) NA B1 decapsulates the bridged MAPOS frame, and forwards the MAC
frame to LAN N1. At the same time, the entry {h2 , b2} is
registered into NA B1 address table.
(10) Host H1 receives the ARP reply frame.
4. Connecting a MAPOS Host to the VLAN
In order for a native MAPOS host to connect to a VLAN, it must have
its own unique MAC address and implement all the features of a
network adapter appropriate for the MAC framing that it wishes to
use.
5. Security Considerations
This section discusses some of the security factors that need to be
considered when planning a transparent LAN service described in
section 1, "Network Model."
5.1 Management boundaries
In a large network, different parts of the network are managed by
different organizations, and it is essential to clearly define the
boundaries of management responsibilities.
A probable scenario is that a common carrier provides transparent LAN
service to a variety of customers. Each customer is a distinct
organization, expecting virtual private network service. In such a
case, the common carrier should take management responsibility for
the MAPOS network, optical cables to customer sites, and the network
adapters that reside in customer premises.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 12]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
+----+
MAPOS Net +-------- ... --------+ NA +---- MAC-based LAN
+----+
Common Carrier Responsibility --->|<-- Customer Responsibility
In essence, the customer is allowed to do no more than connecting the
cable from their MAC-based LAN to the network adapters. Common
carrier should be very careful to monitor and protect their assets,
including SONET/SDH connections and network adapters. In particular,
network adapters serve as the primary line of defense against attacks
and should be closely guarded.
5.2 Risks
Privacy of every customer connected to the carrier's MAPOS network
may be compromised.
5.3 Attack against network adapters
A network adapter should be a dedicated device. This makes the
device simple and easier to harden against break-in attempts. In the
worst case, the device may crash causing network outage that only
affects the customer that the failed network adapter serves. At this
point, the privacy of other customers is still safe.
A more meaningful attack would be to replace a network adapter with
some other intelligent agent that knows how network adapters work.
This is possible because network adapters are customer premise
equipment. Using such a device, an attacker can infiltrate the
networks of other customers. Filtering based on source MAPOS address
in bridging traffic is ineffective because this field is filled-in by
network adapters -- MAPOS networks do not forward source addresses.
5.4 Filtering at network adapters and MAPOS switches
Network adapters should have the following frame filtering functions.
- Each NA in a VLAN is configured with the MAPOS addresses of its
peer NAs that belongs to the same VLAN. A NA should only accept
bridged MAPOS frames with a source MAPOS address of one of its
VLAN peers.
- A NA should never import discovered address table entries with a
MAPOS address that is not the address of one of its VLAN peers.
- If a NA detects that the amount of broadcast traffic from a host
on MAC-base LAN exceeds a predefined threshold, the NA should stop
forwarding traffic from that host.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 13]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
By default, frame filtering by MAPOS switches is optional. It is
desirable for a MAPOS switch to implement the following filtering
features.
- A line interface of a MAPOS switch is made aware of the MAPOS
addresses in the VLAN to which the interface participates. The
interface discards all incoming bridged traffic (from the NA) that
is destined to addresses outside of the VLAN's set.
- MAPOS switch assigns a MAPOS address to a NA using NSP. The
switch discards all incoming bridged traffic (from the NA) with
the source MAPOS address different from the one that is assigned
by NSP.
5.5 Additional protection measures
A common carrier can implement additional protective measures such as
the following.
- SONET/SDH connection is closely monitored. Once a network adapter
is detected to have gone down, subsequent attempts at
re-connecting to the MAPOS network are refused until manually
re-enabled.
- Above method is effective against real attacks, but it also
hinders timely recovery from accidents such as power outages. A
reasonable trade-off solution is to implement an authentication
mechanism between the MAPOS network and network adapters. Much
like Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) [8] used
in PPP connection. Something similar may be implemented by
defining additional message types to NSP.
6. References
[1] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol
over SONET/SDH, Version 1", RFC 2171, June 1997.
[2] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
Node-Switch Protocol", RFC 2173, June 1997.
[3] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS16 - Multiple Access Protocol
over SONET/SDH with 16 Bit Addressing", RFC 2175, June 1997.
[4] Higashiyama, M. and F.Baker, "PPP Bridging Control Protocol
(BCP)", RFC 2878, July 2000.
[5] Reynolds, J., Ed., "Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is Replaced by an
On-line Database", RFC 3232, January 2002.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 14]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
[6] Plummer, D.C., "Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol: Or
converting network protocol addresses to 48.bit Ethernet address
for transmission on Ethernet hardware", STD 37, RFC 826, November
1982.
[7] IEEE 802.1D-1993, "Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges," ISO/IEC
15802-3:1993 ANSI/IEEE Std 802.1D, 1993 edition, July 1993.
[8] Simpson, W., "PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocols",
RFC 1994, August 1996.
7. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and
thoughtful suggestions of Naohisa Takahashi, Tetsuo Kawano and
Tsuyoshi Ogura.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 15]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
Appendix - Validation of the MAC Frame Forwarding Mechanism
This appendix describes the configuration and procedure used to
validate the soundness of the mechanism described in this document.
The key points are:
- MAC frames are correctly forwarded by MAPOS network, and
- Even if a network contains loops, broadcast packets do not storm
the network. MAC-based networks must use broadcast spanning tree
technology in order for this to work.
(1) Verification of MAC frame forwarding on MAPOS network
Hosts H1 and H2, Ethernet switches S1 and S2, network adapters B1
and B2, and a MAPOS switch are connected as shown below. An
ethernet protocol analyzer is placed between S1 and B1 for
traffic monitoring.
In the diagrams that follow, the hosts are x86 PC running FreeBSD
4.4-RELEASE, ethernet switches are Extreme Summit5i, network
adapters are OKI Electric MA-1, and the MAPOS switch is CSR
CoreSwitch80.
+--------------+
+------+ MAPOS SWITCH + ------+
| +--------------+ |
+---+---+ +---+---+
| NA B1 | | NA B2 |
+---+---+ +---+---+
+----------+ | |
| Protocol |____| |
| Analyzer | | |
+----------+ | |
| (P1) (P1) |
+------+ +----+----+ +----+----+ +------+
| Host |___| EtherSW | | EtherSW |___| Host |
| H1 | | S1 | | S2 | | H2 |
+------+ +---------+ +---------+ +------+
Correct forwarding of unicast MAC frames (ping) are observed
between H1 and H2 through path (P1).
(2) Verification of spanning tree operation
- Enable spanning tree on S1 and S2.
- Connect S1 and S2 via path (P2) for redundancy.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 16]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
+--------------+
+------+ MAPOS SWITCH + ------+
| +--------------+ |
+---+---+ +---+---+
| NA B1 | | NA B2 |
+---+---+ +---+---+
+----------+ | |
| Protocol |____| |
| Analyzer | | |
+----------+ | |
| (P1) (P1) |
+------+ +----+----+ +----+----+ +------+
| Host |___| EtherSW | | EtherSW |___| Host |
| H1 | | S1 | | S2 | | H2 |
+------+ +----+----+ +----+----+ +------+
(P2)| |(P2)
+-----------------------------+
It is observed that broadcast packets are correctly exchanged
between S1 and S2, and that broadcast forwarding loop does not
exist.
(3) Verification of spanning tree fail over
- H1 and H2 communication takes place through path (P1).
Spanning tree is configured such that Path (P2) is blocked.
It is observed that severing the link at any point along path
(P1) makes the spanning tree configure itself to use path (P2).
It is also observed that restoring path (P1) makes the spanning
tree configures itself to use path (P1).
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 17]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
Authors' Addresses
Osamu Okamoto
NTT Network Service System Laboratories
3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi
Tokyo 180-8585, Japan
EMail: okamoto.osamu@lab.ntt.co.jp
Mitsuru Maruyama
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories
3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi
Tokyo 180-8585, Japan
EMail: mitsuru@core.ecl.net
Takahiro Sajima
Sun Microsystems, K.K.
4-10-1, Yoga Setagaya-ku
Tokyo 158-8633, Japan
EMail: tjs@sun.com
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 18]
RFC 3422 Forwarding MAC Frames over MAPOS November 2002
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Okamoto, et. al. Informational [Page 19]