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Why averages miss the point

Sydney Finkelstein

Average same store sales have gone up every year I ve been regional sales

manager.

We keep cutting the number of days patients have to wait for an appointment

with a doctor.

We have a laser focus on one goal: maximising market share.

These surely seem like eminently sensible, strong metrics, praiseworthy

accomplishments. Or are they? In our quest for simple solutions to complex

problems or maybe just because nuance and subtlety take too much hard work

many of the seemingly logical equations that govern management thought are just

plain wrong.

Relying on averages, for anything, is a sure-fire method to cover up little

differences that might have big meaning.

Relying on averages, for anything, is a sure-fire method to cover up little

differences that might have big meaning. An average removes the most

interesting data from the discussion.

Don t you want to know who is best, and who is worst, at something? Averages

disguise this.

Don t you want to know what accounts for outlier performance, on either end?

Averages cover this up.

In baseball, sabermetricians (as they re called) split a player s batting

average into all sorts of more fine-grained statistics that can dull the senses

of the uninitiated batting average against left-handed vs. right-handed

pitchers, strike count, men on base, and month of season, among others. This is

one place where Big Data can help by dissecting average performance into its

constituent parts that enables tactical responses.

Restaurant, hotel, and location ratings from companies like Yelp, Trip Advisor,

and Google suffer from a related problem. If you tell me that a restaurant has

an average 3.5 rating on a 4-point scale, I want to know who is doing the

rating. If raters are not much like me, then why is that average score

meaningful?

Averages also bypass potentially vital distinctions and insights with huge

public policy import. For example, it is well known that the average test

scores of American high school students are abysmal relative to the great

students in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan. But it turns out that if you look

only at students in high schools in wealthy US communities, you find they are

often performing at an even higher level than their peers in other countries,

Hong Kong and Taiwan included.

With this insight, we can begin to understand that the problem of American

schools may be less about instruction, spending, and those video-game addicted

kids that can t read, and more about poverty and family support.

Misleading goals

OK, so averages can be misleading, but surely a focus on getting absolutely

better at whatever goal you ve got is smart management.

Think again.

You don t have to go any further than the recent scandal at Veterans

Administration hospitals in the US to see what can go wrong when you create a

stretch goal in an organization that hasn t been primed for efficiency. Faced

with a target that is beyond the ability of historically weak management to

meet, what happened?

With patient wait times for medical appointments consistently longer than

promised, some managers came up with the idea of creating a second ledger that

miraculously showed a perfect record of hitting performance targets. Except

none of it was true.

The same thing has happened at schools under tremendous pressure to boost

student test scores. Unable to accomplish that goal in a conventional manner

via leadership, hard work, and innovation some teachers began altering

student exams to make it look as if they were doing better, when in fact they

weren t.

I don t think we can chalk up these appallingly unethical, and likely illegal,

incidents to just some bad apples. They re much more about bad management.

Setting a goal that can t be met by the team in place, or in a culture that

hasn t been fine-tuned for success, is a waste of time. And worse.

Culture and management ability are prerequisites for any type of challenging

goal. Even when we can check those boxes we re not out of the danger zone.

The endless quest for market share is a perfect example. The problem with

market share is that the best way to get there is by lowering price and that

doesn t always lead to bottom-line success. See Amazon is you re not sure what

I m talking about.

The other problem with market share is that there comes a point when the law of

diminishing returns starts to kick in. It s one thing to go from 10% share to

15%, but quite another to top off share once the numbers get much higher. Not

only does the cost of adding that point of share increase, but the likelihood

of picking it up goes down.

Logic warning labels

Unfortunately, many executives are afflicted with the curse of linear thinking.

The truth is that more isn t always better, and not only for the reasons just

noted.

Linear thinking also pushes people to hyper-focus on just one thing. We keep

striving for more market share, or shorter wait time for patients, but we don t

consider whether there s something else we should be doing.

Instead of pushing for that one additional point of share, maybe we should be

targeting a different customer group where the upside is much greater. Rather

than just try to mindlessly cut wait times for patients, why not consider

different ways to provide medical service to war veterans that don t require

doctor office visits? Instead of pushing incremental product improvements, what

about creating entirely new products?

Seemingly logical targets higher average sales, shorter wait times, greater

market share should come with a warning label: May become toxic when applied

incorrectly.

Sometimes the mathematics of management just doesn t add up.