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It's a good disclosure, so I don't want to remove the merit out of it.
But it also shows they have the capacity to target and remove accounts when they need to, but they let bots run rampant.
Last week I quoted HN on twitter, and the article name contained something about a pirated instagram account.
In under a minute, I received a dozen answers to that tweet, phishing attempts by bots pretenting they could help me with what they thougth was me, loosing my insta account.
So twitter can easily find them: setup a honeypot, wait for bots to show up, ban them to oblivion.
Since the service is now playing a game where you need to provide your phone number to create an account (they say they don't, but practically, they do), it's quite pricey to create bots nowaday.
They could destroy thousands of bots in a week.
They don't.
It's the same thing the Match Group does with their dating apps. They leave the bots up to drive traffic, and keep real users engaged.
Then they clear out the bots after letting them run for a bit. You see 20 matches, likes, etc. The moment you pull out your credit card, to "see" your matches you'll find most of them are from bots/ deleted accounts.
It's against Twitter's profit motives to clamp down on bots in any meaningful way. Ultimately, these bots do simulate traffic, and when you get your endorphin rush from getting your bot retweets, Wells Fargo or whoever else is advertising on, Twitter gets to monetize you.
Alternate interpretation assuming incompetence instead of malice: they _do_ ban thousands of bots a week, but their security staff isn’t aware of this particular attack vector and so they haven’t banned these particular ones (or the attackers have some way of evading analysis, honeypots, …).
Every casual twitter user jokes about it, so the "they dont know about it" is a claim that would require a lot of evidence - they've taken action against the "elon musk" twitter bots, but the same scam is effected constantly.
After years of incompetence you can start to assume incompetence.
It's simply not a priority for them.
This is the right answer.
It's never that they can't do it, they just don't care enough to do it.
They won't care until liability is attached to it which will make their entire business model of profiting off "engagement" at the expense of others unviable.
Devil's advocate;
1) Number of bad actors will always be several orders of magnitude more than number of people twitter can appoint to the topic to. For example: this is the first time I'm hearing instagram-lost-password bots. There should be bots for every topic you haven't even heard about.
2) Increasing the "police" will increase the false-positives. Bots are an inconvenience, but undeserved punishment is a reason to leave the platform. Multiply this by number of connections that user has.
3) You'll inevitably hire one person who will police for fun, trolling, personal gain or religious/political/philosophical agenda for every N number of people you can hire to "police".
4) Bad actors have a lot of time, sometimes capable and rarely even well organized. They create sophisticated tools to mimic real users to "warm up" bot accounts.
5) Bad actors could be, and quite often are, from 3rd world countries. It is expensive for twitter to hire good engineers to fight them, but for bad actors, several dollars per hour could be the best thing they can do with their life at the moment.
The obvious answer why Twitter hasn’t banned bots is to help keep their DAU metrics up
Bingo. Just the other day I saw someone arguing with bob8374922 in a very long thread. When I clicked on bobs profile he had zero followers and account was created this year, no tweets that weren’t replied to others arguing insane “I’m a critical thinker!” Positions.
A very common theme.
So is this a bot or a brand new user who decided to spill his frustration about society online and accepted the default username suggestion that Twitter offered him?
I myself had a full conversation with one of the bots that appears if you say "Metamask" before I realized that @meta2mask was not really a helpful support person from the internet, and was actually a scammer trying to get crypto seeds.
In an efficient market public investors would demand to know the true/accurate DAU metrics with bots removed.
Only if the benefit of actually knowing outweighed the effort of finding out.
Twitter is a mature business. Revenue is driven by ad rates. Ad rates are driven by big buyers who know how effective their buys are — regardless of bots and whatever stats Twitter gives them or us. Therefore, investors have little reason to care about bots.
Bots contribute to “engagement” numbers. Engagement-driven platforms will only take action when the bad PR from the bots outweighs their “engagement” contributions such as when they post the “wrong” things that go against the narrative they want or when such actions fit nicely within said narrative (and state-sponsored misinformation is all the rage in the current political climate).
Take example of the January 6 insurrection against the US Capitol - the whole thing has been brewing for a year on Facebook out in the open (this wasn’t some sort of advanced terrorist attack organised in the shadows protected by end-to-end encryption) but nothing was done because all this craziness has been generating insane amounts of “engagement”. It’s only when the whole thing blew up that the bad PR from being associated with it outweighed the engagement that actions were finally taken.
Same goes for the Elon Musk scams[0]. They have the same photo as Musk this is not rocket science. On photo upload do a similarity check before allowing new tweets to go live.
[0] There is a vast, unending sea of bots that shill scam cryptocoins or other scams that copy Musk's account and name.
Not just elon, any popular account, movie star, politician, has some scam bots in any thread.
And that's just what is visible. The bot to farm clicks, likes and rt are less so, and probably more numerous.
Twitter allows parody, so this would be hard to enforce without banning legitimate uses.
You could say the same about every other law against actions that are outlawed, and yet things seem to work out well. People can't set up a Ponzi scheme and then claim they're merely running a parody of Bernie Madoff and nobody seems to complain.
The subject is automated enforcement, not law.
Devil's advocate- bots running rampant is merely an annoyance but not necessarily horrible. Targeted disinformation campaigns designed to hurt an individual or group is bad.
Given finite resources- you go after the activity that causes the most harm.
Twitter is a tool of the US national security state and will do its bidding when told/forced to. The famous publicly acknowledged/bragged about one is when the Obama administration tried to do regime change in Iran in 2009. Jared Cohen has go on the record multiple times bragging on how he got Twitter to follow orders:
The Obama administration, while insisting it is not meddling in Iran, yesterday confirmed it had asked Twitter to remain open to help anti-government protesters.
The company had planned a temporary shutdown to overhaul its service in the middle of the night on Monday but the US state department put in a request to postpone this.
Many protesters have being using Twitter to spread information about rallies and to share news.
White House spokesman Robert Gibbs, asked about this at a press conference yesterday, would neither confirm or deny it, saying only that a free press and a means of communication were important.
But the state department yesterday confirmed a request was made to Twitter.
The New York Times last night identified the author of the request as Jared Cohen, a 27-year-old state department official. Twitter complied with the request, delaying its overhaul until last night.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/obama-iran-twi...
-
Washington Taps Into a Potent New Force in Diplomacy
Yet on Monday afternoon, a 27-year-old State Department official, Jared Cohen, e-mailed the social-networking site Twitter with an unusual request: delay scheduled maintenance of its global network, which would have cut off service while Iranians were using Twitter to swap information and inform the outside world about the mushrooming protests around Tehran.
The request, made to a Twitter co-founder, Jack Dorsey, is yet another new-media milestone: the recognition by the United States government that an Internet blogging service that did not exist four years ago has the potential to change history in an ancient Islamic country.
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/17/world/middleeast/17media....
From my limited understanding as a Canadian, Twitter is more accurately a tool of the _Democratic Party run national security state_. I don’t recall them really ever playing ball with the past administration.
Pretty sure they would have played ball with a Romney administration, or even a Cruz administration. The national security state is bipartisan, but it is by definition establishment.
Well, I mean, who likes fascists?
Seriously, though, Twitter didn’t seem to care a whole lot til certain executive official accounts were attempting to sow public mistrust of free and fair elections in the US.
Twitter didn't take action against these certain accounts until it was clear their show was over.
These certain accounts (well, one of them at least) have been misbehaving for a while, but Twitter didn't want to bite the hand that fed them. When it became clear that this hand would soon fade into irrelevance, suddenly Twitter started caring to protect its PR and appease the upcoming new "hand".
Pretty much.
CGTN tweets are tagged with "China state-affiliated media" (
https://twitter.com/cgtnofficial
). RT (which Twitter seems to remove from search results) tweets are tagged with "Russia state-affiliated media" (
). Voice of America has no such tags (
).
Voice of America is part of the US government's executive branch, and was created and is funded by Congress, which comes from the State Department budget. It had some aspects of independence from executive control, many of which Trump did away with. RT similarly is a creation of the Russian government with similar aspects of independence to VOA. One country gets tagged, one does not.
There are many Israeli organizations operating in the U.S. that flat-out state "we are propaganda, please spread us" and they aren't tagged as anything (and never will be):
https://twitter.com/Hasbarafellows
https://twitter.com/CAMERAonCampus
100%. To be honest, I'd rather they also tagged NPR and the BBC as state-affiliated media. They're more more independent than VOA or RFA, but they still know what side their bread is buttered on.
>Many protesters have being using Twitter to spread information about rallies and to share news.
2008-09 feels like a different world - the term "fake news" took too much time to become mainstream
you: "Twitter is a tool of the US national security state",
me: "stops reading"
you will not educate anyone or create a healthy discussion with anyone if you start your argumentation with sentences like this, which are without a doubt false affirmations, which is sad because your post might be full of good arguments that I would agree with if I would have read it all... the irony about this is that the article is about fighting misinformation and you try comment on that topic by doing exactly that, posting misleading and factually inaccurate information
Not to ding on you, but rather to make a general observation:
There is certain irony to posting a strong "allergic" reaction to a rather mundane phrase in discussion of propaganda. One could say there was effective propaganda for the phrase to become a thought-terminating cliche.
The US military and State Depts don't run their own troll farms? Or twitter just isn't talking about those yet?
How about corporate ones? Are we gonna do "sentiment analysis" on employee posts to see if the bosses are leaning on them to tweet about how great the new product is? Why not?
They do. See the removed Reddit blog article about Eglin AFB being the most "Reddit addicted city" removed after commenters pointing out Eglin AFB had social media pilot programs
https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042751/http://www.reddit...
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.5644.pdf
[PDF Warning]
They most certainly do, but I’d assume that stuff gets freely discussed.
I’ve seen a few articles around the FBI’s connections to the Jan 6 protest and the Proud Boys (for example).
But yes, I agree they should call it out whoever is driving it.
But, I’d also assume any smart intelligence agency will make it look like some 3rd country is doing it. I presume Twitter can flag IPs but that’s about it?
Edit: Indeed. Russian accounts linked to the IRA for an information operation in the Central African Republic.
It does get discussed freely in some circles.
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-op...
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/08/darpa-social-n...
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/mar/30/us-military-ac...
Snowden exposed/mentioned
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Threat_Research_Intellig...
Plus you have Assange.
I can tell you the spooks have been operating online and monitoring people online since the internet started to get popular in the 80's & 90's, just like they have been using other technology like phone calls, postal services, financial transactions, medical records, school records, etc etc in the offline world and they will target you as a kid to manipulate you in a pre-emptive military fashion, but you and your parents will not always know this.
LINX was used to disrupt communication in the 90's, but you dont always know at the time what is going on, but the spooks have some patterns of their own which most wont pick up on and thats their give away, but its taken me decades to get close to spotting their tricks and you cant always say definitely that action was spook related at the time something goes on, so there is some truth in the saying Time always tells. Although if you look at what secrets get declassified and what doesnt, there is still alot that is not declassified because its still relevant today. The ol' honeypot is probably thousands of years old and still relevant today as a technique.
Spying & manipulation has been going on for hundreds if not thousands of years, its not a new phenomena, but it does evolve to keep up with or even lead technology.
After all do you think a DoD invention, aka the internet would not be used for spying and manipulation? LOL
_> I’ve seen a few articles around the FBI’s connections to the Jan 6 protest and the Proud Boys_
I'm not sure what you're talking about? Link?
this touches a lot of that:
https://www.revolver.news/2021/10/meet-ray-epps-the-fed-prot...
Additional context:
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/nov/04/tucker-car...
The fact the FBI had several informants in the Proud Boys is public knowledge.
The FBI is well known for “encouraging” radical Muslims to commit terrorism in the US so not surprisingly they’d do the same with right wing groups.
https://www.reuters.com/world/us/exclusive-before-jan-6-fbi-...
The FBI seemed to consider the right wingers to be the good guys; the common adversary was the anti-fascists.
> The US military and State Depts don't run their own troll farms?
whatabout
You should at least cite some sources that detail US military and state department troll farms or you're just pointing a finger at ghosts.
How is it whataboutism? Twitter is posting about state info ops but don't mention any American ones.
If you want evidence the US military is running info ops, here it is straight from the horse's mouth :
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.5644.pdf
Beyond that Snowden gave up a few more details, see
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/16/britains-twi...
That paper says nothing about the US military or US govt running a troll farm. The Snowden article says nothing about it either- it talks about Brits.
It is a paper from the US military detailing research on how to better run troll farms. It's pretty clear that they are actually running troll farms. Then from the same place that the research was taking place, unusually high traffic into Reddit was found. There is literally no better evidence you will ever get except for Milley coming out and saying "We are running troll farms".
JTRIG operated in alliance with the US at least two time that we know of for Iran and Afghanistan.
Are they running troll farms or are they researching to better understand troll farms? You should always study your enemy. I don't buy it. I love how in every thread, for one reason or another, the evidence doesn't exist or is hidden so I'm expected to just make a leap of faith. No thanks.
They are definitely running troll farms. How else do you explain that the exact base where this research is taking place was, at the time, the place in the US with the highest concentration of Reddit posts?
Also, the research isn't on how to detect troll farms. It's on how to optimize running your own.
It's pretty damn obvious. If you saw from China that their leading social media manipulation research center had unusually high traffic to Facebook, would you conclude that it's a leap of faith? Of course not.
The US has such a deeply successful propaganda program that they don't need to - a bunch of individual "patriots" will gladly just publish government ideology on their own without needing any sort of coordination or leadership. This is a much harder problem to solve and basically isn't really solvable by someone like Twitter.
They clearly have both.
> They clearly have both.
Twitter provided data to back up their claims. Do you have any accounts/posts to share that back up your?
IIRC Snowden said that this was the purpose of JTRIG.
Not evidence, but it makes sense to at least have the capability in case you need a focused push. As long as it's not illegal, there's just no downside.
Yeah find virtually any US "journalist" with a blue check mark.
Where are the disclosing of state-linked information operations linked to USA, UK, or France? Just to name a few but not complete list.
Twitter didn't remove them so there's nothing to report.
Indeed, when it comes to state censorship and propaganda enablement, Twitter have clearly chosen sides. Providing they say as much and don't try to pretend they occupy any moral high ground, and this is widely known, fair enough.
> Where are the disclosing of state-linked information operations linked to USA, UK, or France?
Government-run accounts are already visibly marked as such. The US, UK, France or most Western nations don't need to resort to dirty, "undercover" operations as there are way more than enough people to spread our respective governments' position.
Wow, do you really believe that? Snowden's claims directly contradict that. Not to mention, in a broader sense, the US army's massive propaganda efforts (e.g. paying for Hollywood to exclusively portray them in an excellent light, with revision rights for the final edit for any film that accesses any of these resources).
Snowden's data, however, does not describe a troll-farm to influence public political opinion in another country, like, say, Russia did when promoting Brexit on the English internet.
It is very likely they do this though. But they seem to focus on amplifying truths and correcting the record. PR opinion on Uyghur concentration camps has exploded, just order Reddit frontpage by most popular posts. Does not look entirely natural. But those concentration camps likely do exist, the media without access to intelligence agencies just was not writing about them.
And of course, the US being an exporter of culture, European countries follow suit. Nasty, when the views exported are the result of an information-warfare attack.
No he means stuff like the Hong Kong protests semi-robotic stream of inane content maybe ? Like I know americans are a bit like adult babies and it may not be inauthentic state run accounts, but the speed and amount of disinformation on twitter vs what happened in reality was like wow, everyone around me in HK is basically like "ofc it was a CIA attempt, look at how fast it stopped", which may be exagerated but...
Like I had a german friend, who barely comes to HK once a year as a tourist, send demands to... american senators (!!!!) to sanction HK representatives. I was like wtf the amount of disinformation do they receive to be so extreme and how does it make sense that a tourist send to a foreign government that kind of panicked demand like we were dying of starvation under the beatings of the Chinese or what :D
It seems weird to claim that your friend must have been fooled by government bots. Maybe he just was influenced by the huge anti-CCP demonstrations in HK.
I don't think the "adult babies" phrase adds much to the conversation, btw.
Have I got a crypto-bridge to sell, special offer just for you!
It's surprising to see that they removed more accounts from Mexico, China, Tanzania, Uganda and Venezuela than from Russia.
As an aside, why is China here called "People’s Republic of China"? Mexico isn't called the "United Mexican States", Venezuela isn't called the "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela".
Probably because both Taiwan (Republic of China) and PRC (People
s Republic of China) claim that they are the one true China
Is anyone outside China or Taiwan or international affairs circles even aware of Taiwan's officially desired name?
Mexico doesn't have a competing People's United Mexican States to be confused with...
In Japan, before the snap elections that happened this year, the government paid a propaganda staff to denigrate the congress members of the main opposition party (CDP) on Twitter.
You can search for "Dappi", that was the name of one of these accounts and it gave its name to the scandal.
Am I missing something, or is the PRC dataset the only one they don't disclose the real size and instead are releasing a "representative sample of 2048 accounts"?
I wonder how massive that network might have been.
Feb. 2020
> We must recognize with clear mind the butterfly effect, broken windows effect, and snowball effect triggered by this event, and the unprecedented challenge that it has posed to our online opinion management and control work.
> _All_ Cyberspace Administration bureaus must pay heightened attention to online opinion, and resolutely control anything that seriously damages party and government credibility and attacks the political system ...
Interesting to search for "Daszak" on ycombinator itself, who was used early on as a Chinese propaganda mouthpiece.
Check the lab-leak discussions and when you wonder about a user, check if they were dormant/hacked accounts re-activated, or created in late 2019. Check how knowledgeable they are about Nuclear Engineering and how they all moved to Germany or Canada as a foreign student. Check if they know specific details about Asia/HK/China to counterargument. Check if they show up with negative comments if Tesla or Amazon is discussed. Check the order of comments in these threads to spot a pattern. Check if the top comment addresses the issue, or proposes a derail or invokes whataboutism. Check for how long you feel like reading the top comment thread, before clicking away. Check which comments were flagged. Check how long the article remained on the frontpage.
May be more massive than we could envision.
cool now do it for the USA
I guess the USA's information operations are on Vkontakt and Weibo.
Nah they are on Western social media too, according to Snowden and a bunch of other evidence.
It would be interesting to see the likes and retweets they accrued. Just guessing, but I doubt many people saw them.
There is misdirection for content-boosting. Twitter has put some features in place to make this more involved, such as asking you to read an article before retweeting it, or making the follower- and like-count inexact.
Basically they just search Twitter for conversations or views which are in line with their objective, then they boost it by retweeting and liking. Not many people see their retweets, but many more people now see the "organic" tweet, due to increased engagement numbers.
A secondary effect to this boosting is that Twitter users are social-reward trained to focus their Tweets more on the issue the attackers want to promote. Every time they post a controversial or flaming Tweet, they gain followers and likes. Every time they take a nuanced stance, they lose a noticeable amount of followers. After a while you have trained an organic propaganda source, with a legit following, parroting your propaganda.
Another is diversion building, which exposes a lot of people to strong emotions and polarization. You take a Tweet that many people saw and is controversial "The Oscar awards are racist" then you create the counter-narrative, lots of Tweets and comments with small number of likes and close to zero retweets, where you state that the Oscars are colorblind. Then sit back, and watch American culture and politics eat itself.
So it is more than just getting eyeballs to some pre-written Tweets. They enflame and convert.
Interesting how US official enemies get censored, but the US's own propaganda doesn't.
State-linked information-warfare offense and defense is part of the US military.
US analysts should have more information than even Twitter has. When they find an enemy operation, they could tip of Twitter and let them discover, remove, and unveil the entire network.
If you can show an obvious US state-linked propaganda network on Twitter, you too, can get US propaganda censored.
These smaller and blatant networks seems to be what the US experimented with decades ago. Offensive and defense now should be very strong. Twitter being a US company surely contributes to that strong position.
Strategically, Uganda is an ally of the US, in the East and Central African region, but progressive Twitter heads obviously don't like Uganda's politics right now.
One exception (possibly used as cover) does not invalidate a trend.
It's like how Reddit banned /r/chapotraphouse the same day they banned /r/thedonald in order to look "fair and balanced".
Forgive my cynicism but this isn't even scratching the surface of the problem(s). The narrative of the blog post makes it sound like a biblical win against an intergalactic army but in reality the main problems still persist: While social media giants focus on large networks on misinformation, smaller networks are thriving like never before in history. That is a lot coming from someone born and raised in a country ruled by communism for 45 years(technically more but let's spare the details). Decentralization is beating the giants big time - they never bother to look at what happens in smaller countries or communities. It's not even damage control at this point. Take my country for instance: I steer clear of social media, but it only takes one click and the only thing I see are oceans of conspiracy theories and misinformation - from covid being the work of Bill Gates himself, to vaccines are population control mechanism to destroy the human reproductive system and perform genocide on us, to oxygen masks causing lung burns(yes, a week ago a 27 year old died after refusing an oxygen mask in hospital because according to him oxygen caused lung burns). On one hand that is one of the most worthy candidates for a Darwin award but we are no longer talking about isolated cases. Social media platforms are making issues(like covid for example) magnitudes worse then they actually are. As I've said multiple times before, the hobo standing on a wooden crate on the main square 20 years ago became an intellectual, teacher and leader with one tool only - a cheap second hand smartphone.
Oxygen therapy is generally safe, but has some known side-effects. These include a dry or bloody nose, tiredness, lung burn, and morning headaches.
The benefits of oxygen therapy in patients with COPD outweigh the modest risk of burn injury associated with home oxygen use. However, with the increasing number of patients being prescribed oxygen, health care professionals must educate and counsel patients regarding the potential risk of burn injury.
Patients with lung disease experiencing difficulty breathing can be treated with oxygen therapy. This involves the delivery of "extra" oxygen by a face-mask or through small tubes placed in the nose called nasal prongs. This extra oxygen can have concentrations as high as 100% pure oxygen. The concentration of oxygen in normal air is only 21%. The high concentration of oxygen can help to provide enough oxygen for all of the organs in the body. Unfortunately, breathing 100% oxygen for long periods of time can cause changes in the lungs, which are potentially harmful.
For your other conspiracy theories I need to prepare more data than just a simple academic search. For instance, are you aware that Bill Gates blocked open-sourcing the Oxford vaccine? Do you know why his wife divorced him? When dealing with possible misinformation, it is needed to keep an open mind. If you just say: it is 100% impossible for Bill Gates to have been involved in the pandemic-planning, pancorona-vaccine program which moved to China, and any coverup where he had more information about COVID than the public, but choose not to share for ulterior motives. Then it will remain a 100% no matter what. That's dogma, and it is misinformation for everybody else.
Here's another one for you: Mary Maxwell Gates(Bill Gates' mom) is the largest shareholder in Pfizer and is personally lobbying governments to buy the Pfizer vaccine, even though she died almost 30 years ago.
For that angle:
> Just before breakfast on the morning of March 4, Private Albert Gitchell of the U.S. Army reports to the hospital at Fort Riley, Kansas, complaining of the cold-like symptoms of sore throat, fever and headache. Soon after, over 100 of his fellow soldiers had reported similar symptoms, marking what are believed to be the first cases in the historic influenza pandemic of 1918, later known as Spanish flu. The flu would eventually kill 675,000 Americans and an estimated 20 million to 50 million people around the world, proving to be a far deadlier force than even the First World War.
> A REPORT ON ANTIMENINGITIS VACCINATION AND OBSERVATIONS ON AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF CHRONIC MENINGOCOCCUS CARRIERS. By FREDERICK L. GATES, M.D. First Lieutenant, Medical Corps, U. S. Army. (From the Base Hospital, Fort Riley, Kansas, and The Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research, New York.) (Received for publication, July 20, 1918.) ... An officer in Group II had reacted severely to the typhoid and paratyphoid vaccinations developed a severe local and general reaction, with headache and malaise, after the first injection of 750 million cocci ... From this time on, a small number of the men in each group reported some local or general discomfort following the vaccination. The symptom most frequently mentioned was a "feverish sensation" often accompanied by headache, which was sometimes severe enough to cause loss of sleep.
> When the United States entered WWI in April 1917, the fledgling pharmaceutical industry had something they had never had before: a large supply of human test subjects. During the war years of 1918 to 1919, the U.S. Army ballooned to 6 million men, of which 2 million were sent overseas. The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research took advantage of this new pool of human guinea pigs to conduct vaccine experiments. ... According to a 2008 National Institute of Health paper, bacterial pneumonia was the killer in a minimum of 92.7% of the autopsies of those who died of so-called “Spanish flu” between 1918 and 1919.
> Vaccination is one of the most successful immunology applications that has considerably improved human health. The DNA vaccine is a new vaccine being developed since the early 1990s. Although the DNA vaccine is promising, no human DNA vaccine has been approved to date. ... Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients.
You don't understand the enemy they are really fighting with. Social media is a challenge to the power of the legacy media in the US, and misinformation is their job (e.g. Iraq WMD's and Russiagate), damn it! These companies that wield social and political power in the US and their representatives in congress are fighting to weaken social media's legal liability shield for user generated content (forcing them to censor more) in order to preserve their dominance in the information marketplace. Social media companies are taking steps to crack down on this in order to head off this regulation. They don't give a shit about other countries because the legacy US media that are behind this don't serve that market, and by extension, don't care. And their default position is to just let anything go, because that is cheaper and drives engagement.
Can anyone shed light on what is going on with Africa such that there is a Russian interest there?
There has always been a Russian interest in Africa, both in weapons sales, infrastructure, and general economic issues.
Nothing from Brazil? I'm disappointed.
Smart branding
So they removed a lot of _"accounts that amplified Chinese Communist Party narratives"_ I see. How about removing all the nationalist (sorry "patriotic") US accounts? What a sham - or should I say - what a nice hit piece for the US propaganda apparatus.
They removed them for being fake accounts, not because of what they said. They outline their principles here:
https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2019/informati...
.
I don't say there's no possibility of this work being biased towards the US or the West. But you have to prove it, not just assume it.