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Cumulative Act Effect aka Swiss cheese model
If you imagine hazards over on the left, and a person over on the right.
Now imagine a swiss cheese slice between the two.
The cheese has holes, it is swiss cheese. So the hazards can easily get through and harm our little person.
So, add another slice of cheese. The holes do not line up, but there are a few places where the holes do partly align in places. Less hazards are possible.
Add more cheese. Now, even less holes align in any places at all. Each layer of cheese added reduces the risk. Never perfectly, but more and more for each layer.
This is the swiss cheese model of accident causation.
A good example this might be avoiding Covid-19. With no "cheese" you have a good chance of getting it, in a variety of ways. But if you add some slices of "cheese", you can repeatedly lower the risk.
1. You can wash your hands
2. Wear a mask
3. Keep your distance
4. Don't make un-needed trips out
And so on. Each defense is one less chance of failure. The more you do, the less the risk.
Life can never be 100% safe, but a sensible mitigation strategy can make you safer.
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