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Keywords: MTP, email
Network Working Group S. Sluizer
Request for Comments: 772 J. Postel
ISI
September 1980
MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL
PREFACE
This is a first draft of this protocol and comments are very
definitely requested.
INTRODUCTION
The objective of Mail Transfer Protocol (MTP) is to transfer mail
reliably and efficiently.
This paper assumes knowledge of the following protocols described in
the ARPA Internet Protocol Handbook. The reader will note strong
similarities to portions of the File Transfer Protocol; in part, this
is due to the original ARPA Network implementation of computer mail
as a feature of FTP.
The ARPANET Host-to-Host Protocol [Network Control Protocol] (NCP)
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The TELNET Protocol (TELNET)
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
DISCUSSION
In this section, the terminology and the MTP model are discussed.
The terms defined in this section are only those that have special
significance in MTP. Some of the terminology is very specific to the
MTP model; some readers may wish to turn to the section on the MTP
model while reviewing the terminology.
TERMINOLOGY
ASCII
The ASCII character set as defined in the ARPA Internet
Protocol Handbook. In MTP, ASCII characters are defined to be
the lower half of an eight-bit code set (i.e., the most
significant bit is zero) and is called NVT-ASCII.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
control connection
The TCP full-duplex communication path or two NCP simplex
communication paths between a sender-MTP and a receiver-MTP for
the exchange of commands, replies, and mail text. The control
connection operates according to the TELNET Protocol.
data mode
The mail is transmitted over the control connection as a stream
of octets. (In FTP terminology this is called stream mode.)
data structure
The internal structure of mail is considered to be a continuous
sequence of data octets. (In FTP terminology this is called
file-structure.)
data representation
The internal representation of all data (i.e., mail) is in
NVT-ASCII.
host
A computer in the internetwork environment on which mailboxes
reside.
MTP commands
A set of commands which comprise the control information
flowing from the sender-MTP to the receiver-MTP.
mail
An ordered set of computer data of arbitrary length, which
conforms to the standard set in RFC 733 (Standard for the
Format of ARPA Network Text Messages).
mailbox
A character string (address) which identifies a user to whom
mail is to be sent. Mailbox normally consists of the host and
user specifications. The standard mailbox naming convention is
defined to be "user@host". Additionally, the "container" in
which mail is stored.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
NVT
The Network Virtual Terminal as defined in the TELNET Protocol.
octet
Bytes in MTP are octets (8 bits). This is not necessarily the
same byte size in which data is stored in a host.
reply
A reply is an acknowledgment (positive or negative) sent from
receiver to sender via the control connection in response to a
MTP command. The general form of a reply is a completion code
(including error codes) followed by a text string. The codes
are for use by programs and the text is usually intended for
human users.
receiver-MTP process
A process which transfers mail in cooperation with a sender-MTP
process. It "listens" on its port/socket L for a connection
from a sender-MTP and establishes a control connection using
the TELNET Protocol. It receives MTP commands from the
sender-MTP, sends replies, and governs the transfer of mail.
sender-MTP process
A process which transfers mail in cooperation with a
receiver-MTP process. A local language may be used in the user
interface command/reply dialogue. The sender-MTP initiates the
control connection from its port/socket U to the receiver-MTP
process. It initiates MTP commands, receives replies, and
governs the transfer of mail.
user
A human being (or a process on behalf of a human being) wishing
to obtain mail transfer service. In addition, a recipient of
computer mail.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
THE MTP MODEL
With the above definitions in mind, the following model (shown in
Figure 1) may be diagrammed for an MTP service.
------------ ------------
| | | | --------
| | MTP | |<-->| User |
| Receiver-|Commands/Replies| Sender- | --------
-------- | MTP |<-------------->| MTP | --------
| Mail |<-->| | Mail | |<-->| Mail |
|System| | | | | |System|
-------- ------------ ------------ --------
Receiver-MTP Sender-MTP
Model for MTP Use
Figure 1
In the model described in Figure 1, the sender-MTP initiates the
TCP/NCP control connection which follows the TELNET Protocol. At
the initiation of the user, standard MTP commands are generated by
the sender-MTP and transmitted to the receiver-MTP via the control
connection. Standard replies are sent from the receiver-MTP to
the sender-MTP over the control connection in response to the
commands. In addition, mail is sent over the control connection.
MAIL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
The control connection is used for the transfer of commands which
describe the functions to be performed, the replies to commands, as
well as the actual transfer of mail. Mail is transferred only via
the control connection.
The communication channel from the sender-MTP to the receiver-MTP is
established by a TCP/NCP control connection from the sender to a
standard receiver port/socket. The sender-MTP is responsible for
sending MTP commands, interpreting the replies received, and sending
the mail; the receiver-MTP interprets commands, sends replies, and
receives the mail.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
MAIL REPRESENTATION AND STORAGE
Mail is transferred from a storage device in the sending host to a
storage device in the receiving host. It may be necessary to
perform certain transformations on the mail because data storage
representations in the two systems are different. For example,
NVT-ASCII has different data storage representations in different
systems. PDP-10's generally store NVT-ASCII as five 7-bit ASCII
characters, left-justified in a 36-bit word. 360's store
NVT-ASCII as four 8-bit EBCDIC codes in a 32-bit word. Multics
stores NVT-ASCII as four 9-bit characters in a 36-bit word.
For the sake of simplicity, all data must be represented in MTP as
NVT-ASCII. This means that characters must be converted into the
standard NVT-ASCII representation when transmitting text,
regardless of whether the sending and receiving hosts are
dissimilar. The sender converts the data from its internal
character representation to the standard 8-bit NVT-ASCII
representation (see the TELNET specification). The receiver
converts the data from the standard form to its own internal form.
In accordance with this standard, the <CRLF> sequence should be
used to denote the end of a line of text.
The mail in MTP has no internal structure and is considered to be
a continuous sequence of data octets.
ERROR RECOVERY AND RESTART
There is no provision for detecting bits lost or scrambled in data
transfer; this level of error control is handled by the TCP/NCP.
In addition, there is no restart procedure provided to protect
senders from gross system failures (including failures of a host,
an MTP-process, or the underlying network).
MTP COMMANDS
COMMAND SEMANTICS
The MTP commands define the mail transfer or the mail system
function requested by the user. The syntax of mailboxes must
conform to receiver site conventions (with standard defaults
applicable). In response to an MTP transfer command, the mail
shall always be transferred over the control connection.
The Mail Transfer Protocol follows the specifications of the
TELNET Protocol for all communications over the control
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
connection. Although the language used for TELNET communication
can be a negotiated option, the "TELNET language" and the
corresponding "TELNET end of line code" are required to be
NVT-ASCII and <CRLF> respectively. No other specifications of the
TELNET Protocol will be cited.
MTP commands are NVT-ASCII strings terminated by <CRLF>. The
command codes themselves are alphabetic characters terminated by
the character <SP> (space) if parameters follow and <CRLF>
otherwise.
The MTP commands are discussed below. In the description of a few
of the commands in this section the possible replies are given
explicitly. MTP replies are discussed in the next section.
MAIL (MAIL)
This command allows a sender-MTP to send mail over the
control connection. The argument field contains a sender
and optional path sequence. If the path sequence is
present, it consists of an optional list of hosts and a
destination mailbox. When the list of hosts is present, it
is source routing information and indicates that the mail
must be forwarded to the first host on the list. Following
this command line the receiver treats all subsequent
characters as mail text from the sender. The mail text is
terminated by the character sequence "CRLF.CRLF".
As mail is forwarded along the path sequence, each
forwarding host must remove itself from the list. When mail
reaches its ultimate destination (the path sequence has only
a (possibly empty) destination mailbox), the receiver
inserts it into the destination mailbox in accordance with
its host mail conventions. If the second argument field is
blank (one or more spaces) or empty (<CRLF>), the mail is
destined for a printer or other designated place for site
general delivery mail. The mail may be marked as sent from
the sender as specified by the first argument field.
MAIL RECIPIENT SCHEME QUESTION (MRSQ)
This MTP command is used to select a scheme for the
transmission of mail to several users at the same host. The
schemes are to list the recipients first, or to send the
mail first.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
MAIL RECIPIENT (MRCP)
This command is used to identify the individual recipients
of the mail in the transmission of mail for multiple users
at one host.
HELP (HELP)
This command causes the receiver to send helpful information
regarding its implementation status over the control
connection to the receiver. The command may take an
argument (e.g., any command name) and return more specific
information as a response. The reply is type 211 or 214.
QUIT (QUIT)
This command specifies that the receiver must close the
control connection.
NOOP (NOOP)
This command does not affect any parameters or previously
entered commands. It specifies no action other than that
the receiver send an OK reply.
COMMAND SYNTAX
The commands (and their functions and semantics) are TELNET
NVT-ASCII strings transmitted over the control connection. The
functions and semantics of commands are described in the section
on MTP Commands. The reply sequences are discussed in the section
on Sequencing of Commands and Replies. Scenarios illustrating the
use of commands are provided in the section on Typical MTP
Scenarios. The command syntax is specified in this section.
The commands begin with a command code followed by an argument
field. The command codes are four alphabetic characters. Upper
and lower case alphabetic characters are to be treated
identically. Thus any of the following may represent the mail
command:
MAIL Mail mail MaIl mAIl
This also applies to any symbols representing parameter values,
such as R or r for RECIPIENT first. The command codes and the
argument fields are separated by one or more spaces.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
The argument field consists of a variable length character string
ending with the character sequence <CRLF>. It should be noted
that the receiver is to take no action until the end of line code
is received.
The syntax is specified below in NVT-ASCII. All characters in the
argument field are ASCII characters. Square brackets denote an
optional argument field. If the option is not taken, the
appropriate default is implied.
The following are the MTP commands:
MAIL <SP> FROM:<sender> [<SP> TO:<path>] <CRLF>
MRSQ [<SP> <scheme>] <CRLF>
MRCP <SP> TO:<path> <CRLF>
HELP [<SP> <string>] <CRLF>
QUIT <CRLF>
NOOP <CRLF>
The syntax of the above argument fields (using BNF notation where
applicable) is given below. The "..." notation indicates that a
field may be repeated one or more times.
<sender> ::= "<" <mailbox> ">"
<path> ::= "<" ["@" <host> "," ...] <mailbox> ">"
<scheme> ::= "R" | "T" | "?"
<string> ::= <char> | <char><string>
<mailbox> ::= <user> "@" <host>
<host> ::= <string>
<user> ::= <string>
<char> ::= any of the 128 ASCII characters except <CR> and <LF>
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
Most time-sharing systems provide mechanisms to allow a terminal
user to regain control of a "runaway" process. When used locally,
such systems have access to all user-supplied signals, whether
these are normal characters or special "out of band" signals.
When terminals are connected to the system through the network,
the system does not necessarily have access to all user signals;
the network's flow control mechanisms may cause such signals to be
buffered elsewhere, for example in the user's host.
To counter this problem, the TELNET "Synch" mechanism is used. A
Synch signal consists of a TCP Urgent or an NCP Interrupt
notification, coupled with the TELNET command DATA MARK (DM).
This notification, which is not subject to the flow control
pertaining to the TELNET connection, is used to invoke special
handling of the data stream by the process which receives it. In
this mode the data stream is immediately scanned for a TELNET
Interrupt Process (IP) command. (The rationale for the use of the
TELNET IP command is to allow an existing server TELNET module to
sit "under" the MTP. If this code were directly implemented in
the MTP the IP command would be unnecessary.) The TELNET command
DM is the synchronizing mark in the data stream which indicates
that any special signal has already occurred and the recipient can
return to normal processing of the data stream. For a more
complete understanding of this mechanism, see the TELNET Protocol
Specification in the Internet Protocol Handbook.
The effect of this mechanism is to to discard all characters (up
to the DM) between the sender of the Synch and its recipeint.
Thus, all characters in the control connection are ignored until
the TELNET command DM is received. The full sequence is
illustrated below. Each vertical bar (|) represents the boundary
between data octets; IAC refers to the TELNET command code
Interpret As Command.
Old New
-+-+-+-+-+-----+---+--+---+--+-
...|M|A|I|L| ... |IAC|IP|IAC|DM|...
-+-+-+-+-+-----+---+--+---+--+-
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
MTP REPLIES
Replies to Mail Transfer Protocol commands are devised to ensure the
synchronization of requests and actions in the process of mail
transfer, and to guarantee that the sender-MTP always knows the state
of the receiver. Every command must generate at least one reply,
although there may be more than one. In the latter case, the
multiple replies must be easily distinguished. Additionally, some
commands must occur sequentially, such as MRSQ T->MAIL->MRCP or
MRSQ R->MRCP->MAIL. Replies to these sequences show the existence of
an intermediate state if all preceding commands have been successful.
A failure at any point in the sequence necessitates the repetition of
the entire sequence from the beginning.
The details of the command-reply sequence are made explicit in the
section on State Diagrams.
An MTP reply consists of a three digit number (transmitted as three
alphanumeric characters) followed by some text. The number is
intended for use by automata to determine what state to enter next;
the text is meant for the human user. It is intended that the three
digits contain enough encoded information that the sender-MTP will
not need to examine the text and may either discard it or pass it on
to the user, as appropriate. In particular, the text may be
receiver-dependent, so there are likely to be varying texts for each
reply code.
Formally, a reply is defined to be the sequence: a three-digit code,
space <SP>, one line of text (where the maximum line length is 65),
and a terminal <CRLF>. Occasionally the text is longer than a single
line; in these cases the complete text must be bracketed so the
sender-MTP knows when it can stop reading the reply. This requires a
special first line format to indicate a multiple line reply, and
another on the last line to so designate it. Both lines will contain
the appropriate reply code which indicates the transaction state.
Thus the format for multi-line replies is that the first line will
begin with the exact required reply code, followed immediately by
a Hyphen, "-" (also known as minus), followed by text. The last
line will begin with the same code, followed immediately by space
<SP>, optionally some text, and <CRLF>.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
For example:
123-First line
Second line
234 A line beginning with numbers
123 The last line
The sender-MTP then simply needs to search for the second
occurrence of the same reply code followed by <SP> (space> at the
beginning of a line, and ignore all intermediary lines. If an
intermediary line begins with a three-digit number, the receiver
must pad the front to avoid confusion.
This scheme allows standard system routines to be used for
reply information, with "artificial" first and last lines
tacked on. In the rare cases where these routines are able to
generate three digits and a space at the beginning of any line,
the beginning of each text line should be offset by some
neutral text, like space.
This scheme assumes that multi-line replies may not be nested. In
general, reply nesting will not occur except for random system
messages (also called spontaneous replies) which may interrupt
another reply. System messages (i.e., those not processed by the
receiver-MTP) will NOT carry reply codes and may occur anywhere in
the command-reply sequence. They may be ignored by the sender-MTP
as they are only information for the human user.
The three digits of the reply each have a special significance. This
is intended to allow a range of very simple to very sophisticated
response by the sender-MTP. The first digit denotes whether the
response is good, bad or incomplete. (Referring to the state
diagram) an unsophisticated sender-MTP will be able to determine its
next action (proceed as planned, redo, retrench, etc.) by simply
examining this first digit. A sender-MTP that wants to know
approximately what kind of error occurred (e.g., mail system error,
command syntax error) may examine the second digit, reserving the
third digit for the finest gradation of information.
There are five values for the first digit of the reply code:
1yz Positive Preliminary reply
The requested action is being initiated; expect another
reply before proceeding with a new command. (The sender-MTP
sending another command before the completion reply would be
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
in violation of protocol. However, receiver-MTP processes
should queue any commands that arrive while a preceding
command is in progress.)
2yz Positive Completion reply
The requested action has been successfully completed. A new
request may be initiated.
3yz Positive Intermediate reply
The command has been accepted, but the requested action is
being held in abeyance, pending receipt of further
information. The sender-MTP should send another command
specifying this information. This reply is used in command
sequence groups.
4yz Transient Negative Completion reply
The command was not accepted and the requested action did
not occur. However, the error condition is temporary and
the action may be requested again. The sender should return
to the beginning of the command sequence (if any). It is
difficult to assign a meaning to "transient" when two
different sites (receiver- and sender- MTPs) must agree on
the interpretation. Each reply in this category might have
a different time value, but the sender-MTP is encouraged to
try again. A rule of thumb to determine if a reply fits
into the 4yz or the 5yz category (see below) is that replies
are 4yz if they can be repeated without any change in
command form or in properties of the sender or receiver.
(E.g., the command is repeated identically; the receiver
does not put up a new implementation).
5yz Permanent Negative Completion reply
The command was not accepted and the requested action did
not occur. The sender-MTP is discouraged from repeating the
exact request (in the same sequence). Even some "permanent"
error conditions can be corrected, so the human user may
want to direct the sender-MTP to reinitiate the command
sequence by direct action at some point in the future (e.g.,
after the spelling has been changed, or the user has altered
his/her directory status.)
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
The second digit encodes responses in specific categories:
x0z Syntax -- These replies refer to syntax errors,
syntactically correct commands that don't fit any
functional category, and unimplemented or superfluous
commands.
x1z Information -- These are replies to requests for
information, such as status or help.
x2z Connections -- These are replies referring to the control
connection.
x3z Unspecified as yet.
x4z Unspecified as yet.
x5z Mail system -- These replies indicate the status of the
receiver mail system vis-a-vis the requested transfer or
other mail system action.
The third digit gives a finer gradation of meaning in each
category specified by the second digit. The list of replies below
will illustrate this. Each reply text is recommended rather than
mandatory, and may even change according to the command with which
it is associated. On the other hand, the reply codes must
strictly follow the specifications in this section. Receiver
implementations should not invent new codes for slightly different
situations from the ones described here, but rather adapt codes
already defined.
A command such as NOOP whose successful execution does not
offer the sender-MTP any new information will return a 200
reply. The response is 502 when the command requests an
unimplemented non-site-specific action. A refinement of that
is the 504 reply for a command that IS implemented, but that
requests an unimplemented parameter.
REPLY CODES BY FUNCTION GROUPS
200 Command okay
500 Syntax error, command unrecognized
[This may include errors such as command line too long]
501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments
502 Command not implemented
503 Bad sequence of commands
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
211 System status, or system help reply
214 Help message
[Information on how to use the receiver or the meaning of a
particular non-standard command; this reply is useful only to
the human user]
215 <scheme> is the preferred scheme
120 <host> Service ready in nnn minutes
220 <host> Service ready for new user
221 <host> Service closing control connection
421 <host> Service not available, closing control connection
[This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it
must shut down]
151 User not local; will forward to <user>@<host>
152 User unknown; mail will be forwarded by the operator
250 Requested mail action okay, completed
450 Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable
[E.g., mailbox busy]
550 Requested action not taken: mailbox unavailable
[E.g., mailbox not found, no access]
451 Requested action aborted: local error in processing
452 Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage space
552 Requested mail action aborted: exceeded storage allocation
[For current mailbox location]
553 Requested action not taken: mailbox name not allowed
354 Start mail input; end with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
NUMERIC ORDER LIST OF REPLY CODES
120 <host> Service ready in nnn minutes
151 User not local; will forward to <user>@<host>
152 User unknown; mail will be forwarded by the operator
200 Command okay
211 System status, or system help reply
214 Help message
[Information on how to use the receiver or the meaning of a
particular non-standard command; this reply is useful only to
the human user]
215 <scheme> is the preferred scheme
220 <host> Service ready for new user
221 <host> Service closing control connection
250 Requested mail action okay, completed
354 Start mail input; end with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
421 <host> Service not available, closing control connection
[This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it
must shut down]
450 Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable
[E.g., mailbox busy]
451 Requested action aborted: local error in processing
452 Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage space
500 Syntax error, command unrecognized
[This may include errors such as command line too long]
501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments
502 Command not implemented
503 Bad sequence of commands
550 Requested action not taken: mailbox unavailable
[E.g., mailbox not found, no access]
552 Requested mail action aborted: exceeded storage allocation
[For current mailbox location]
553 Requested action not taken: mailbox name not allowed
DISCUSSION OF MAIL TRANSFER
The basic command for transmitting mail is MAIL. This command causes
the transmitted data to be entered into the recipient's mailbox.
MAIL <SP> "FROM:" <sender> [<SP> "TO:" <path>] <CRLF>
<sender> is a mailbox and <path> is a source routing list of
hosts and destination mailbox. If accepted, it returns a 354
reply and considers all succeeding lines to be the message
text. It is terminated by a line containing only a period,
upon which a 250 completion reply is returned. Various errors
are possible.
There are two possible preliminary replies that a receiver may use to
indicate that it is accepting mail for a user whose mailbox is not at
that receiver.
151 User not local; will forward to <user>@<host>
This reply indicates that the receiver knows the user's mailbox
is on another host and will take responsibility for forwarding
the mail to that host. For example, at BBN (or ISI) there are
several hosts. Each has a list of many of the users on the
hosts. Each host can accept mail for any user on their list
and forward it to the correct host.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
152 User Unknown; mail will be forwarded by the operator
This reply indicates that the host does not recognize the user
name, but that it will accept the mail and have the operator
attempt to deliver it. This is useful if the user name is
misspelled, but may be a disservice if the mail is really
undeliverable.
If forwarding by the operator is unacceptable or if the user would
prefer to send the mail directly to the recipient's actual host, the
dialogue may be terminated upon receipt of one of these preliminary
responses.
There are two MTP commands which allow the text of a message to be
mailed to several recipients simultaneously; such message
transmission is far more efficient than the practice of sending the
text again and again for each additional recipient at a site. In
one, all recipients are specified first, and then the text is sent.
In the other, the order is reversed and the text is sent first,
followed by the recipients. Both schemes are necessary because
neither by itself is optimal for all systems, as will be explained
later. To select a particular scheme, the MRSQ command is used; to
specify recipients after a scheme is chosen, MRCP commands are given;
and to furnish text, the MAIL command is used.
SCHEME SELECTION: MRSQ
MRSQ is the means by which a sender-MTP can test for MRSQ/MRCP
implementation, select a particular scheme, reset its state, and
even do some rudimentary negotiation. Its format is as follows:
MRSQ [<SP> <scheme>] <CRLF>
<scheme> is a single character. The following are defined:
R Recipients first. If this is not implemented, T must be.
T Text first. If this is not implemented, R must be.
? Request for preference. This must always be implemented.
No argument means a "selection" of none of the schemes (the
default).
Possible replies are:
200 OK, we'll use specified scheme
215 <scheme> This is the scheme I prefer
501 I understand MRSQ but can't use that scheme
5xx Command unrecognized or unimplemented
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
There are three aspects of MRSQ. The first is that an MRSQ with
no argument must always return a 200 reply and restore the default
state of having no scheme selected. Any other reply implies that
MRSQ and hence MRCP are not understood or cannot be performed
correctly.
The second is that the use of "?" as a <scheme> asks the MTP
receiver to return a 215 reply in which the receiver specifies a
"preferred" scheme. The format of this reply is simple:
215 <SP> <scheme> [<SP> <arbitrary text>] <CRLF>
Any other reply (e.g., 4xx or 5xx) implies that MRSQ and MRCP
are not implemented, because "?" must always be implemented if
MRSQ is.
The third important point about MRSQ is that it always has the
side effect of resetting all schemes to their initial state. This
reset must be done no matter what the reply will be -- 200, 215,
or 501. The actions necessary for a reset will be explained when
discussing how each scheme actually works.
MESSAGE TEXT SPECIFICATION: MAIL
Regardless of which scheme (if any) has been selected, a MAIL
command with a non-null "TO" argument will behave exactly as
before; the MRSQ/MRCP commands have no effect on it. However, a
normal MAIL command does have the same side effect as MRSQ; it
"resets" the current scheme to its initial state.
It is only when the "TO" argument is null (e.g., MAIL FROM:<X@Y>
<CRLF>) that the particular scheme chosen is important. Rather
than producing an error (as most receivers currently do), the
receiver will accept message text for this "null" specification.
What it does with it depends on which scheme is in effect, and
will be described in the section on Scheme Mechanics.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
RECIPIENT SPECIFICATION: MRCP
In order to specify recipient names (i.e., mailboxes) and receive
some acknowledgment (or refusal) for each name, the following
command is used:
MRCP <SP> TO:<path> <CRLF>
Reply for no scheme:
503 No scheme specified yet; use MRSQ
Replies for scheme T are identical to those for MAIL.
Replies for scheme R (recipients first):
200 OK, name stored
452 Recipient table full, this name not stored
553 Recipient name rejected
4xx Temporary error, try this name again later
5xx Permanent error, report to sender
Note that use of this command is an error if no scheme has been
selected yet; an MRSQ <scheme> must have been given if MRCP is to
be used.
SCHEME MECHANICS: MRSQ R (RECIPIENTS-FIRST)
In the recipients-first scheme, MRCP is used to specify names
which the MTP receiver stores in a list or table. Normally the
reply for each MRCP will be either a 200 for acceptance or a
4xx/5xx rejection code. All 5xx codes are permanent rejections
(e.g., user not known) which should be reported to the human user,
whereas 4xx codes in general connote some temporary error that may
be rectified later. None of the 4xx/5xx replies impinge on
previous or succeeding MRCP commands, except for 452 which
indicates that no further MRCPs will succeed unless a message is
sent to the already stored recipients or a reset is done.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
Sending message text to stored recipients is done by giving a MAIL
command with no "TO" argument; that is, just MAIL <SP> <sender>
<CRLF>. Transmission of the message text is exactly the same as
for normal MAIL. However, a positive acknowledgment at the end of
transmission means the message has been sent to ALL recipients
that were remembered with MRCP, and a failure code means that it
should be considered to have failed for ALL of these specified
recipients. This applies regardless of the actual error code.
Regardless of what the reply signifies, all stored recipient names
are flushed and forgotten -- in other words, things are reset to
their initial state. This purging of the recipient name list must
also be done as the reset side effect of any use of MRSQ.
A 452 reply to an MRCP can be handled by using MAIL to specify the
message for currently stored recipients, and then sending more
MRCPs and another MAIL, as many times as necessary. For example,
if a receiver only had room for 10 names this would result in a
50-recipient message being sent 5 times, to 10 different
recipients each time.
If a sender attempts to specify message text (MAIL with no "TO"
argument) before any successful MRCPs have been given, this should
be treated exactly as a "normal" MAIL with a null recipient would
be; some receivers return an error, such as "550 Null recipient".
See the example in Appendix A for a mail transfer using MRSQ R.
SCHEME MECHANICS: MRSQ T (TEXT-FIRST)
In the text-first scheme, MAIL with no "TO" argument is used to
specify message text, which the receiver stores away. Succeeding
MRCPs are then treated as if they were MAIL commands, except that
none of the text transfer manipulations are done; the stored
message text is sent to the specified recipient, and a reply code
is returned identical to that which an actual MAIL would invoke.
(Note that ANY 2xx code indicates success.)
The stored message text is not forgotten until the next MAIL or
MRSQ, which will either replace it with new text or flush it
entirely. Any use of MRSQ will reset this scheme by flushing
stored text, as will any use of MAIL with a non-null argument.
If an MRCP is seen before any message text has been stored, the
sender in effect is trying to send a null message; some receivers
might allow this, others would return an error code.
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See the example in Appendix B for a mail transfer using MRSQ T.
WHY TWO SCHEMES ANYWAY?
Because neither by itself is optimal for all systems. MRSQ R
allows more of a "bulk" mailing because everything is saved up and
then mailed simultaneously. This is very useful for systems such
as ITS where the MTP-receiver does not itself write mail directly,
but hands it on to a central mailer demon of great power. The
more information (e.g., recipients) associated with a single
"hand-off", the more efficiently mail can be delivered.
By contrast, MRSQ T is geared to receiver-MTPs which want to
deliver mail directly, in one-by-one incremental fashion. For
each given recipient this scheme returns an individual
success/failure reply code which may depend on variable mail
system factors such as exceeding disk allocation, mailbox access
conflicts, and so forth. If these receiver-MTPs tried to emulate
MRSQ Rs bulk mailing, they would have to ensure that a success
reply to the MAIL indeed meant that it had been delivered to ALL
recipients specified -- not just some.
NOTES:
* Because these commands are not required in the minimum
implementation of MTP, one must be prepared to deal with sites
which don't recognize either MRSQ or MRCP. "MRSQ" and "MRSQ ?"
are explicitly designed as tests to see whether either scheme is
implemented. MRCP is not designed as a test, and a failure
return of the "unimplemented" variety could be confused with "No
scheme selected yet", or even with "Recipient unknown".
* There is no way to indicate in a positive response to "MRSQ ?"
that the preferred "scheme" for a receiver is that of the
default state; i.e., none of the multi-recipient schemes. The
rationale is that in this case, it would be pointless to
implement MRSQ/MRCP at all, and the response would therefore be
negative.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
* One reason that the use of MAIL is restricted to null "TO"
arguments with this multi-recipient extension is the ambiguity
that would result if a non-null "TO" argument were allowed. For
example, if MRSQ R was in effect and some MRCPs had been given,
and a MAIL FROM:<X@Y> TO:<FOO><CRLF> was done, there would be no
way to distinguish a failure reply for mailbox "FOO" from a
global failure for all recipients specified. A similar
situation exists for MRSQ T; it would not be clear whether the
text was stored and the mailbox failed, or vice versa, or both.
* "Resets" are done by all MRSQs and "normal" MAILs to avoid
confusion and overly complicated implementation. The MRSQ
command implies a change or uncertainty of status, and the MAIL
command would otherwise have to use some independent mechanisms
to avoid clobbering the data bases (e.g., message text storage
area) used by the T/R schemes. However, once a scheme is
selected, it remains "in effect" just as an FTP "TYPE A" remains
selected. The recommended way for doing a reset, without
changing the current selection, is with "MRSQ ?". Remember that
"MRSQ" alone reverts to the no-scheme state.
* It is permissible to intersperse other MTP commands among the
MRSQ/MRCP/MAIL sequences.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
DECLARATIVE SPECIFICATIONS
MINIMUM IMPLEMENTATION
In order to make MTP workable without needless error messages, the
following minimum implementation is required for all receivers:
COMMANDS -- QUIT
MAIL
NOOP
In terms of FTP, the values of the transfer parameters must be:
TYPE -- ASCII
MODE -- STREAM
STRU -- FILE-STRUCTURE
All hosts must use the above values for mail transfer.
CONNECTIONS
The receiver-MTP shall "listen" on Port L. The sender-MTP shall
initiate the TCP/NCP control connection. The control connection
consists of a full-duplex connection under TCP; it is two simplex
connections under NCP. Receiver- and sender- MTPs should follow
the conventions of the TELNET Protocol as specified in the ARPA
Internet Protocol Handbook. Receivers are under no obligation to
provide for editing of command lines and may specify that it be
done in the sender host. The control connection shall be closed
by the receiver at the sender's request after all transfers and
replies are completed.
SEQUENCING OF COMMANDS AND REPLIES
The communication between the sender and receiver is intended to
be an alternating dialogue. As such, the sender issues an MTP
command and the receiver responds with a prompt primary reply.
The sender should wait for this initial primary success or failure
response before sending further commands.
Certain commands require a second reply for which the sender
should also wait. These replies may, for example, report on the
progress or completion of mail transfer. They are secondary
replies to mail transfer commands.
One important group of informational replies is the connection
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
greetings. Under normal circumstances, a receiver will send a 220
reply, "awaiting input", when the connection is completed. The
sender should wait for this greeting message before sending any
commands. If the receiver is unable to accept input right away,
it should send a 120 "expected delay" reply immediately and a 220
reply when ready. The sender will then know not to hang up if
there is a delay.
Note: all the greeting type replies have the official name of
the server host as the first word following the reply code.
The table below lists alternative success and failure replies for
each command. These must be strictly adhered to; a receiver may
substitute text in the replies, but the meaning and action implied
by the code numbers and by the specific command reply sequence
cannot be altered.
COMMAND-REPLY SEQUENCES
In this section, the command-reply sequence is presented. Each
command is listed with its possible replies; command groups are
listed together. Preliminary replies are listed first (with
their succeeding replies indented under them), then positive
and negative completion, and finally intermediary replies with
the remaining commands from the sequence following. The 421
reply (service not available, closing control connection) may
be given at any point if the MTP-receiver knows it must shut
down. This listing forms the basis for the state diagrams,
which will be presented separately.
CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
120
220
220
421
MAIL ACTION COMMANDS
MAIL
151, 152
354
250
451, 552
354
250
451, 552
450, 550, 452, 553
500, 501, 502, 421
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
MRSQ
200, 215
500, 501, 502, 421
MRCP
151, 152
200
200
450, 550, 452, 553
500, 501, 502, 503, 421
QUIT
221
INFORMATIONAL COMMANDS
HELP
211, 214
500, 501, 502, 421
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
NOOP
200
500 421
STATE DIAGRAMS
Here we present state diagrams for a very simple minded MTP
implementation. Only the first digit of the reply codes is used.
There is one state diagram for each group of MTP commands.
The command groupings were determined by constructing a model for
each command and then collecting together the commands with
structurally identical models.
For each command there are three possible outcomes: "success" (S),
"failure" (F), and "error" (E). In the state diagrams below we use
the symbol B for "begin", and the symbol W for "wait for reply".
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
We first present the diagram that represents the most MTP commands:
1,3 +---+
----------->| E |
| +---+
|
+---+ cmd +---+ 2 +---+
| B |---------->| W |---------->| S |
+---+ +---+ +---+
|
| 4,5 +---+
----------->| F |
+---+
This diagram models the commands:
HELP, MRCP, MRSQ, NOOP, QUIT.
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
A more complex diagram models the MAIL command:
---- 1
| |
+---+ cmd -->+---+ 2 +---+
| B |---------->| W |---------->| E |
+---+ +---+ -->+---+
| | |
3 | | 4,5 |
-------------- ------ |
| | | +---+
| ------------->| S |
| | 1,3 | | +---+
| 2| --------
| | | |
V | | |
+---+ text +---+ 4,5 ----->+---+
| |---------->| W |---------->| F |
+---+ +---+ +---+
Note that the "text" here is a series of lines sent from the
sender to the receiver with no response expected until the last
line is sent. (The last line must consist of only a single
period.)
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
Finally we present a generalized diagram that could be used to model
the command and reply interchange:
------------------------------------
| |
Begin | |
| V |
| +---+ cmd +---+ 2 +---+ |
-->| |------->| |---------->| | |
| | | W | | S |-----|
-->| | -->| |----- | | |
| +---+ | +---+ 4,5 | +---+ |
| | | | | | |
| | | 1| |3 | +---+ |
| | | | | | | | |
| | ---- | ---->| F |-----
| | | | |
| | | +---+
-------------------
|
|
V
End
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
The MTP control connection is established via TCP/NCP between the
receiver process port/socket L and the sender process port/socket U.
This protocol is assigned the service port/socket 57 (71 octal), that
is L=57.
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
APPENDIX A
Example of MRSQ R (Recipients-first)
This is an example of how MRSQ R is used. First the sender must
establish that the receiver in fact implements MRSQ.
S: MRSQ <CRLF>
R: 200 OK, no scheme selected
An MRSQ with a null argument always returns a 200 if implemented,
selecting the default "scheme", i.e., none of them. If MRSQ were not
implemented, a code of 4xx or 5xx would be returned.
S: MRSQ R <CRLF>
R: 200 OK, using that scheme
All is well; now the recipients can be specified.
S: MRCP TO:<Foo@Y> <CRLF>
R: 200 OK
S: MRCP TO:<Raboof@Y> <CRLF>
R: 553 No such user here
S: MRCP TO:<bar@Y> <CRLF>
R: 200 OK
S: MRCP TO:<@Y,@X,fubar@Z> <CRLF>
R: 200 OK
Note that the failure of "Raboof" has no effect on the storage of
mail for "Foo", "bar" or the mail to be forwarded to "fubar@Z"
through host "X". Now the message text is furnished, by giving a
MAIL command with no "TO" argument.
S: MAIL FROM:<waldo@A><CRLF>
R: 354 Type mail, ended by <CRLF>.<CRLF>
S: Blah blah blah blah....etc. etc. etc.
S: <CRLF>.<CRLF>
R: 250 Mail sent
The mail text has now been sent to "Foo" and "bar" as well as
forwarded to "fubar@Z".
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September 1980 RFC 772
Mail Transfer Protocol
APPENDIX B
Example of MRSQ T (Text-first)
Using the same message as the previous example to establish that the
receiver implements MRSQ.
S: MRSQ ? <CRLF>
R: 215 T Text first, please
MRSQ is indeed implemented, and the receiver says that it prefers
"T", but that needn't stop the sender from trying something else.
S: MRSQ R <CRLF>
R: 501 Sorry, I really can't do that
It's possible that it could have understood "R" also, but in general
it's best to use the "preferred" scheme, since the receiver knows
which is most efficient for its particular site.
S: MRSQ T <CRLF>
R: 200 OK, using that scheme
Scheme "T" is now selected, and the message text is sent by giving a
mail command with no "TO" argument.
S: MAIL FROM:<WALDO@A><CRLF>
R: 354 Type mail, ended by <CRLF>.<CRLF>
S: Blah blah blah blah....etc. etc. etc.
S: <CRLF>.<CRLF>
R: 250 Mail stored
Now recipients can be specified.
S: MRCP TO:<Foo@Y> <CRLF>
R: 250 Stored mail sent
S: MRCP TO:<Raboof@Y> <CRLF>
R: 553 No such user here
S: MRCP TO:<bar@Y> <CRLF>
R: 250 Stored mail sent
S: MRCP TO:<@Y,@X,fubar@Z> <CRLF>
R: 200 OK
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RFC 772 September 1980
Mail Transfer Protocol
The text has now been sent to "Foo" and "bar" at host "Y" and will be
forwarded to "fubar@Z" through host "X", and still remains stored. A
new message can be sent with another MAIL/MRCP ... sequence, but a
careful sender would reset the state using the exchange below.
S: MRSQ ? <CRLF>
R: 215 T Text first, please
Which resets the state without altering the scheme in effect.
31