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In a landmark battle between man and artificial intelligence (AI), the world
champion of the game Go was narrowly defeated by his computer opponent.
Google's DeepMind AlphaGo program beat South Korea's Lee Se-dol in the first of
a series of games in Seoul.
In October 2015, AlphaGo beat the European Go champion, an achievement that was
not expected for years.
A computer has beaten the world chess champion, but the Chinese game Go is seen
as significantly more complex.
The BBC's Stephen Evans in Seoul said Mr Lee appeared "nervous, sighing and
shaking his head" at the outset of the match.
Throughout most of the game Mr Lee seemed to have the upper hand but in the
last 20 minutes, AlphaGo took an unassailable lead. Mr Lee than forfeited,
handing victory to his opponent.
The two sides will play a total of five games over the next five days for a
prize of about $1m ( 700,000).
Algorithm vs intuition
The five-day battle is being seen as a major test of what scientists and
engineers have achieved in the sphere of artificial intelligence.
Go is a 3,000-year old Chinese board game and is considered to be a lot more
complex than chess where artificial intelligence scored its most famous victory
to date when IBM's Deep Blue beat grandmaster Gary Kasparov in 1997.
But experts say Go presents an entirely different challenge because of the
game's incomputable number of move options which means that the computer must
be capable of human-like "intuition" to prevail.
Image copyright Google
Image caption "I hope this advanced technology will be used for useful things,"
Mr Lee told the BBC
"Playing against a machine is very different from an actual human opponent," Mr
Lee told the BBC ahead of the match.
"Normally, you can sense your opponent's breathing, their energy. And lots of
times you make decisions which are dependent on the physical reactions of the
person you're playing against.
"With a machine, you can't do that."
What is Go?
Go is thought to date back to ancient China, several thousand years ago.
Using black-and-white stones on a grid, players gain the upper hand by
surrounding their opponents pieces with their own.
The rules are simpler than those of chess, but a player typically has a choice
of 200 moves compared with about 20 in chess.
There are more possible positions in Go than atoms in the universe, according
to DeepMind's team.
It can be very difficult to determine who is winning, and many of the top human
players rely on instinct.
Learning from mistakes
Google's AlphaGo was developed by British computer company DeepMind which was
bought by Google in 2014.
The computer program first studied common patterns that are repeated in past
games, Demis Hassabis, DeepMind chief executive explained to the BBC.
"After it's learned that, it's got to reasonable standards by looking at
professional games. It then played itself, different versions of itself
millions and millions of times and each time get incrementally slightly better
- it learns from its mistakes"
Learning and improving from its own matchplay experience means the super
computer is now even stronger than when it beat the European champion late last
year.