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By MIKE STOBBE
NEW YORK (AP) U.S. births fell for the fourth year in a row, the government
reported Wednesday, with experts calling it more proof that the weak economy
has continued to dampen enthusiasm for having children.
But there may be a silver lining: The decline in 2011 was just 1 percent not
as sharp a fall-off as the 2 to 3 percent drop seen in other recent years.
"It may be that the effect of the recession is slowly coming to an end," said
Carl Haub, a senior demographer with the Population Reference Bureau, a
Washington, D.C.-based research organization.
Most striking in the new report were steep declines in Hispanic birth rates and
a new low in teen births. Hispanics have been disproportionately affected by
the flagging economy, experts say, and teen birth rates have been falling for
20 years.
Falling births is a relatively new phenomenon in this country. Births had been
on the rise since the late 1990s and hit an all-time high of more than 4.3
million in 2007.
But fewer than 4 million births were counted last year the lowest number
since 1998.
Among the people who study this sort of thing, the flagging economy has been
seen as the primary explanation. The theory is that many women or couples who
are out of work, underemployed or have other money problems feel they can't
afford to start a family or add to it.
The economy officially was in a recession from December 2007 until June 2009.
But well into 2011, polls show most Americans remained gloomy, citing anemic
hiring, a depressed housing market and other factors.
The report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a first glimpse
at 2011 birth certificate data from state health departments. More analysis
comes later but officials don't expect the numbers to change much.
Early data for 2012 is not yet available, and it's too soon to guess whether
the birth decline will change, said the CDC's Stephanie Ventura, one of the
study's authors.
Highlights of the report include:
The birth rate for single women fell for the third straight year, dropping by
3 percent from 2010 to 2011. The birth rate for married women, however, rose 1
percent. In most cases, married women are older and more financially secure.
The birth rate for Hispanic women dropped a whopping 6 percent. But it
declined only 2 percent for black women, stayed the same for whites and
actually rose a bit for Asian-American and Pacific Islanders.
Birth rates fell again for women in their early 20s, down 5 percent from 2010
the lowest mark for women in that age group since 1940, when comprehensive
national birth records were first compiled. For women in their late 20s, birth
rates fell 1 percent.
But birth rates held steady for women in their early 30s, and rose for moms
ages 35 and older. Experts say that's not surprising: Older women generally
have better jobs or financial security, and are more sensitive to the ticking
away of their biological clocks.
Birth rates for teen moms have been falling since 1991 and hit another
historic low. The number of teen births last year about 330,000 was the
fewest in one year since 1946. The teen birth rate fell 8 percent, and at 31
per 1,000 girls ages 15 through 19 was the lowest recorded in more than seven
decades.
"The continued decline in the teen birth rates is astounding," said John
Santelli, a Columbia University professor of population and family health.
Did the economy have anything to do with a drop in teen births?
Yes, indirectly, Santelli said. Teenagers watch the struggles and decisions
that older sisters and older girlfriends are making, and what they see
influences their thinking about sex and birth control, he said.
"Teens tend to emulate young adults," Santelli said. "They are less influenced
directly by the economy than by people."
Studies show that since 2007, larger percentages of sexually active teenage
girls are using the pill and other effective birth control. Studies also show a
small decline in the proportion of girls ages 15 through 17 who say they've had
sex, Santelli noted.
The new birth report also noted a fourth straight decline in a calculation of
how many children women have over their lifetimes, based on the birth rates of
a given year.
A rate of a little more than 2 children per woman means each couple is helping
keep the population stable. The U.S. rate last year was slightly below 1.9.
Countries with rates close to 1 such as Japan and Italy face future labor
shortages and eroding tax bases as they fail to reproduce enough to take care
of their aging elders.
Officials here aren't as worried.
The U.S. replacement rate is still close to 2. And it has dropped in the past
and then bounced back up again, said Ventura, an official at the CDC's National
Center for Health Statistics.
"And we haven't seen any studies that show couples want to have fewer children
or no children," she added.
One more report highlight: The U.S. C-section rate may have finally peaked at
just under 33 percent, the same level as last year.
Cesarean deliveries are sometimes medically necessary. But health officials
have worried that many C-sections are done out of convenience or unwarranted
caution, and in the 1980s set a goal of keeping the national rate at 15
percent.
The C-section rate had been rising steadily since 1996, until it dropped
slightly in 2010.
"It does suggest the upward trend may be halted," said Joyce Martin, a CDC
epidemiologist who co-authored the new report. But CDC officials want a few
more years of data before declaring victory, she added.
___
Online:
CDC report: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/