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By Jonathan Amos Science correspondent, BBC News
A rocket carrying China's first space laboratory, Tiangong-1, has launched from
the north of the country.
The Long March vehicle lifted clear from the Jiuquan spaceport in the Gobi
Desert at 21:16 local time (13:16 GMT).
The rocket's ascent took the lab out over the Pacific, and on a path to an
orbit some 350km above the Earth.
The 10.5m-long, cylindrical module will be unmanned for the time being, but the
country's astronauts, or yuhangyuans, are expected to visit it next year.
Tiangong means "heavenly palace" in Chinese.
The immediate plan is for the module to operate in an autonomous mode,
monitored from the ground. Then, in a few weeks' time, China will launch
another unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou 8, and try to link the pair together.
This rendezvous and docking capability is a prerequisite if larger structures
are ever to be assembled in orbit.
"Rendezvous and docking is a sophisticated technology," said Yang Hong,
Tiangong-1's chief designer. "It's also essential to building China's own space
station," he told the state broadcaster China Central Television.
China has promised to build this station at the end of the decade.
Assuming the Shenzhou 8 venture goes well, two manned missions (Shenzhou 9 and
10) should follow in 2012. The yuhangyuans - two or three at a time - are
expected to live aboard the conjoined vehicles for up to two weeks.
Tiangong graphic
Tiangong-1 will launch on the latest version of a Long March 2F rocket
The lab will go into a 300-400km-high orbit and will be untended initially
An unmanned Shenzhou vehicle will later try to dock with Tiangong
The orbiting lab will test key technologies such as life-support systems
China's stated aim is to build a 60-tonne space station by about 2020
The Tiangong project is the second step in what Beijing authorities describe as
a three-step strategy.
The first step was the development of the Shenzhou capsule system which has so
far permitted six nationals to go into orbit since 2003; then the technologies
needed for spacewalking and docking, now in progress; and finally construction
of the space station.
At about 60 tonnes in mass, this future station would be considerably smaller
than the 400-tonne international platform operated by the US, Russia, Europe,
Canada and Japan, but its mere presence in the sky would nonetheless represent
a remarkable achievement.
Concept drawings describe a core module weighing some 20-22 tonnes, flanked by
two slightly smaller laboratory vessels.
Officials say it would be supplied by freighters in exactly the same way that
robotic cargo ships keep the International Space Station (ISS) today stocked
with fuel, food, water, air, and spare parts.
China is investing billions of dollars in its space programme. It has a strong
space science effort underway, with two orbiting already launched to the Moon.
A third mission is expected to put a rover on the lunar surface. The Asian
country is also deploying its own satellite-navigation system known as BeiDou,
or Compass.
Bigger rockets are coming, too. The Long March 5 will be cable of putting more
than 20 tonnes in a low-Earth orbit. This capability, again, will be necessary
for the construction of a space station.
"There are loads of ideas floating around, and they're serious about
implementing them," said UK space scientist John Zarnecki, who is a visiting
professor at Beihang University, the new name for the Beijing University of
Aeronautics and Astronautics.
"There's a sense of great optimism. It's not driven so much by science, but by
the desire to develop new technologies. The money is there, although it's not
limitless. And they're taking it step by step," he told BBC News.
Tiangong-1 has a two-year lifetime. It is likely to be followed by a second lab
and possibly a third. China says that at the end of their missions, the modules
will be driven into the atmosphere for a destructive descent into a remote part
of the Pacific Ocean.