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Verbs:
    Inseparable prefixes:
        be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-
    Conjugation notation:
        1st sing; 2nd sing; 3rd sing; 2nd pl; 1st pl & 3rd pl & Sie
        baseConj := - -st - -t -en
    Mutations:
        for weak, pSTEM = kSTEM = ppSTEM = prSTEM = STEM;
        for strong and mixed:
            STEM -> pSTEM:
                a -> ie/u
                e -> a
                i -> a
                ei -> i/ie
                ie -> o
                (exceptions exist)
            kSTEM = umlautified pSTEM
                (A few exceptions exist; in particular, sometimes a -> ü)
            STEM -> ppSTEM:
                a -> a
                e -> e/o
                i -> u/o
                ie -> o
                ei -> i/ie
            STEM -> prSTEM, in 2nd/3rd sing only:
                a -> ä
                short e -> i
                long  e -> ie (being long i)
                (only exception tmk is  stoßen -> stößen)

    Present:
        prSTEM' ++ baseConj ++ -e - -t - -
        prSTEM' = prSTEM + -(e)-
            -e- is inserted iff prSTEM == -t/-d
        Imperative:
            du:
                prSTEM + -e
                the -e is usually omitted if the result is pronouncable
                no a->ä (e.g. 'fahr', not 'fähr');
                no pronoun
                irreg: 'hab', 'sei'.
            ihr:
                prSTEM' + -t
                no pronoun
            Sie:
                inverted form of present.
    Present participle:
        -end
        Used as adjective/adverb.
    Simple past (aka Präteritum, aka Imperfekt):
        pSTEM' ++ baseConj
        weak and mixed:
            pSTEM' = pSTEM + -(e)te
            -e- is inserted iff pSTEM == -t/-n/-d
                FIXME: only for weak?
        strong: pSTEM' = pSTEM
    Subjunctive:
        Konjunctiv I:
            STEM-e ++ baseConj
            Used for indirect speech and a few set phrases.
        Konjunctiv II:
            kSTEM' ++ baseConj
            weak and mixed: kSTEM' = kSTEM + -(e)te
            strong: kSTEM' = kSTEM + -e-
            Meaning: da'i. So e.g. use in both connectands of "Wenn ..., ...".
    Past participle:
        weak and mixed:
            ge-ppSTEM-(e)t
            -e- is inserted iff ppSTEM == -t/-d
                FIXME: only for weak?
        strong:
            ge-ppSTEM-en
        -ieren:
            STEM-iert
        sep. prefices go before 'ge-';
        insep. prefices *replace* 'ge-'.
    Future:
        werden + infinitive
    Passive:
        werden + p.p
    Strong verb vowel classes (from Buck):
        inf       past    p.p

        a         ie/u    a
        fallen    fiel    gefallen
        fahren    fuhr    gefahren

        e         a       e/o
        sehen     sah     gesehen
        helfen    half    geholfen

        i         a       o/u
        schwimmen schwamm geschwommen
        finden    fand    gefunden

        i/ie      a       e
        bitten    bat     gebeten

        ie        o       o
        ziehen    zog     gezogen

        ei        i       i
        reiten    ritt    geritten

        ei        ie      ie
        bleiben   blieb   geblieben

        y         ie      y
        laufen    lief    gelaufen
        rufen     riefen  gerufen

        Exceptions exist!

    Some irregular verbs:
        sein:
            pres: bin bist ist seid sind
            past part.: gewesen
            pSTEM'=war
            kSTEM'=wäre
            konj I: sei seist sei seiet seien
        haben:
            pres: habe hast hat habt haben
                    - 'a' is long except in 'hast' and 'hat'.
            past part.: gehabt
            pSTEM'=hatte
            kSTEM'=hätte
        werden:
            pres: werde wirst wird werdet werden
            past part.: geworden
            pSTEM'=wurde
            kSTEM'=würde
        modals:
            infinitive = STEM-en
            present:
                sing: prSTEM ++ baseConj
                pl: STEM ++ baseConj
            past: mixed
            konj II: mixed, with kSTEM
            past part.: ge-pSTEM-t
            alternative past part.:
                    infinitive
                    (used only with a dependent infinitive,
                    e.g. "ich habe es tun können";
                    not if the dependent infinitive is elliptically omitted,
                    as in e.g. "ich habe es gekannt".)
                STEM  prSTEM pSTEM  kSTEM
                dürf  darf    durf  dürf
                könn  kann    konn  könn
                müss  muss    muss  müss
                soll  soll    soll  soll
                woll  will    woll  woll
                mög   mag     moch  möch
                wiss  wieß    wuss  wüss
Nouns:
    Noun genders:
        masc:
            -er -ig -ismus -ling -or;
            days, seasons, alcoholic drinks.
        fem:
            -ei -enz -heit -ie -ik -ion -keit -tät -schaft -ung -ur;
            mostly -e;
            trees, flowers.
        neut:
            -chen -lein -ma -ment -o -um;
            infinitives; diminutives; metals.
    Plurals:
        borrowings from English and French:
            add -s.
        masc:
            if -el/-er/-en: just maybe umlautify.
            if -z/-e/-or or it feels like it: add -en
            occasionally: add -er, umlautifying if can
            else: add -e; often umlautify if can.
        fem: 
            some monosyllables: umlautify and add -e.
            Mutter, Tochter: just umlautify
            else: add -en
        neut:
            some monosyllables: add -e
            -el/-er/-en/-lein: invariant
            -z/-e: add -en
            many borrowings: replace last syllable with -en
            else: add -er, umlautifying if can.
    Endings:
        "Weak masculines":
            add -en except in nom. sing.
            (e.g. der Mensch, den Menschen)
        Dative plural:
            add extra -n (unless already -n or -s)
        Genitive singular:
            non-weak masc and neut:
                if root has one syllable: -es
                else: -s
            else:
                -
    Genitive possessive:
        Possessive genitive immediately following/preceding possessed noun;
        "Das ist die Meinung der Gäste";
        "Das ist Peters Buch".
        Colloquial alternative: use von (e.g. "Das ist der Buch von Peter").
"Modifiers" (gadri/quantifiers):
        nom acc dat gen
    m   -   -en -em -es
    f   -e  -e  -er -er
    n   -   -   -em -es
    pl  -e  -e  -en -er

    indef art: ein-
    !EX: kein-
    def art: d-, but -e -> die; m.nom 'der'; n.nom,acc 'das'.
    dies-,jed-,manch,-solch,welch-: m.nom -er; n.nom,acc -es.
    possessives: mein- etc
        but when not used as a modifier, declined like weak adjectives
            (e.g. "das ist meines").
        'euere' -> 'eure'.
Prepositions:
    acc: bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um
    dat: aus, außer, bei, gegenüber, mit, modulo, nach, seit, von, zu
    acc/dat: an, auf, entlang, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, via, vor,
        zwischen
        (acc: movement; dat: position; acc: in Bezug auf)
    gen: trotz, während, wegen, (an)statt
    contractions: ans, aufs, ins, hinters, übers, unters, vors;
        am, beim, im, vom, zum;
        zur.
    Implicit prepositions:
        verbs taking dat: geben, helfen, danken, gehören, folgen
Pronouns:
    Personal:
        nom    acc    dat   gen    poss
        -------------------------------
        ich    mich   mir   meiner mein
        du     dich   dir   deiner dein
        er     ihn    ihm   seiner sein
        es     es     ihm   seiner sein
        sie    sie    ihr   ihrer  ihr
        wir    uns    uns   unser  unser
        ihr    euch   euch  euer   euer
        sie    sie    ihnen ihrer  ihr
        Sie    Sie    Ihnen Ihrer  Ihr
        reflexive: as above, but 'sich' for er/sie/Sie/es (acc. and dat.)

        Note: 3rd person acc/dat personal pronouns follow pattern for relative 
        pronoun with ih-, except ihe |-> sie.
    Interrogative:
                    nom    acc    dat   gen    
                    --------------------------
        personal:   wer    wen    wem   wessen
        impersonal: was    was    --    wessen
        PREP was -> wo(r)PREP
    Relative (ke'a):
        Def. art., but with extra -en in gen and pl. dat; 'desen' -> 'dessen'.

        Also used demonstratively/anaphorically
            (and then the gen.pl. is sometimes(?) 'derer').

        Note: 'was' is used as the relative pronoun in certain cases
            (FIXME: iff the relative clause applies to something which isn't an
            explicit reference to an object?).
Adjectives:
    If STEM == -el, sometimes if -er/-en:
        omit the 'e' when adding endings.
    Inflection:
        Contexts:
            "indef"/"weak" - ein/kein/possessive
            "def"/"mixed" - der/dieser/jeder/mancher/solcher/welcher/alle
            "bare"/"strong" - otherwise
        Endings are as for modifiers above, except:
            if bare: genitive -es -> -en
            else   : "block off": all pl. and all dat/gen: -en
            if def: - -> -e;
            else  : - -> -er for m., -es for n.
            so in other words:
                indef: block off  ; - -> -er/-es
                def:   block off  ; - -> -e
                bare:  -es -> -en ; - -> -er/-es
            in fewer words:
                block off unless bare, then -es -> -en;
                - -> def unless def, then -e
    Comparatives:
        -er
        umlautify in some common cases
        use 'als' like english 'than'.
        irreg: besser; mehr; höher; lieber.
    Superlatives:
        -st
        Adverbial form: am -sten
        umlautify in some common cases
        if -d/-t/-s/-z: -est / am -esten.
        irreg: beste; meiste; liebste.
    Ordinals:
        N-te, but 'erste', 'dritte', 'siebte', Nzigste.
        Conjugate as normal adjectives.
    Adjectival nouns:
        decline like adjectives
        e.g. "der Erwachsene; ein Erwachsener".
Connectives:
    co-ordinating: und, aber, oder, denn, sondern
    subordinating: dass, obwohl, weil, als, wenn, ob, nachdem, während
Word order:
    Finite verb is "second node" of a main sentence, last in a subordinate
    clause.

    Participle goes at the end.

    Order of seltcita sumti:
        "Time-Manner-Place"
Scope:
    Looks like 'nicht' sometimes jumps to top scope?
    FIXME