No. A- Supreme Court of the United States GEORGE W. BUSH AND RICHARD CHENEY, Applicants, v. ALBERT GORE, JR., et al., Respondents. EMERGENCY APPLICATION FOR A STAY OF ENFORCEMENT OF THE JUDGMENT BELOW PENDING THE FILING AND DISPOSITION OF A PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA MICHAEL A. CARVIN THEODORE B. OLSON COOPER, CARVIN & ROSENTHAL, P.L.L.C. Counsel of Record 1500 K Street, N.W. DOUGLAS R. COX Suite 200 THOMAS G. HUNGAR Washington, D.C. 20005 GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP (202) 220-9600 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 BARRY RICHARD (202) 955-8500 GREENBERG TRAURIG, P.A. 101 East College Avenue BENJAMIN L. GINSBERG Post Office Drawer 1838 PATTON BOGGS LLP Tallahassee, FL 32302 2550 M Street, N.W. (850) 222-6891 Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 457-6000 GEORGE J. TERWILLIGER III TIMOTHY E. FLANIGAN WHITE & CASE LLP 601 13th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. (202) 626-3600 Counsel for Applicants QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Whether the Florida Supreme Court erred in establishing new standards for resolving presidential election contests that conflict with legislative enactments and thereby violate Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which provides that electors shall be appointed by each State "in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct." 2. Whether the Florida Supreme Court erred in establishing post-election judicially created standards that threaten to overturn the certified results of the election for President in the State of Florida and that fail to comply with the requirements of 3 U.S.C. § 5, which gives conclusive effect to state court determinations only if those determinations are made "pursuant to" "laws enacted prior to" election day. 3. Whether the use of arbitrary, standardless and selective manual recounts to determine the results of a presidential election, including post-election judicially created selective and capricious recount procedures, that vary both across counties and within counties in the State of Florida violates the Equal Protection or Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING The following individuals and entities are parties to the proceeding in the court below: Governor George W. Bush, as Nominee of the Republican Party of the United States for President of the United States; as Richard Cheney, Nominee of the Republican Party of the United States for Vice President of the United States; Albert Gore, Jr., as Nominee of the Democratic Party of the United States for President of the United States; Joseph I. Lieberman, as Nominee of the Democratic Party of the United States for Vice President of the United States; Katherine Harris, as Secretary of State, State of Florida; Katherine Harris, Bob Crawford, and Laurence C. Roberts, individually and as members of the Florida Elections Canvassing Commission; the Miami-Dade County Canvassing Board; Lawrence D. King, Myriam Lehr and David C. Leahy as members of the Miami- Dade Canvassing Board; David Leahy individually and as Supervisor of Elections; the Nassau County Canvassing Board; Robert E. Williams, Shirley N. King and David Howard (or, in the alternative Marianne P. Marshall), as members of the Nassau County Canvassing Board; Shirley N. King individually and as Supervisor of Elections; the Palm Beach County Canvassing Board; Theresa LePore, Charles E. Burton and Carol Roberts, as members of the Palm Beach Canvassing Board; Theresa LePore individually and as Supervisor of Elections; and Stephen Cruce, Teresa Cruce, Terry Kelly, Jeanette K. Seymour, Matt Butler, John E. Thrasher, Glenda Carr, Lonnette Harrell, Terry Richardson, Gary H. Shuler, Keith Temple, and Mark A. Thomas, as Intervenors. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page QUESTIONS PRESENTED......................................................................................................i PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING........................................................................................ii I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................2 II. OPINIONS BELOW......................................................................................................3 III. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND STATUTES INVOLVED.................3 IV. STATEMENT.................................................................................................................5 A. Facts ..................................................................................................................5 B. Prior Proceedings ...............................................................................................8 C. This Court's Earlier Decision.........................................................................10 D. Proceedings Below...........................................................................................11 V. JURISDICTION...........................................................................................................16 VI. REASONS FOR GRANTING THE STAY.............................................................19 A. There Is A Reasonable Probability That At Least Four Members Of This Court Would conclude That This Case Warrants Plenary Consideration......................................................................................20 B. Applicants Are Likely To Prevail On The Merits........................................22 1. The Florida Supreme Court's Decision Violates Article II Of The Constitution Of The United States........................................23 2. The Florida Supreme Court's Decision Fails To Comply With 3 U.S.C. § 5 .................................................................................29 4 3. The Florida Supreme Court's Decision Violates The Equal Protection And Due Process Clauses Of The Fourteenth Amendment .......................................................................34 C. Applicants Will Suffer Irreparable Harm In The Absence Of A Stay, And The Balance Of The Equities Clearly Favors Issuance Of A Stay...........................................................................................................39 VII. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................42 5 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States GEORGE W. BUSH AND RICHARD CHENEY, Applicants, v. ALBERT GORE, JR., ET AL., Respondents. EMERGENCY APPLICATION FOR A STAY OF ENFORCEMENT OF THE JUDGMENT BELOW PENDING THE FILING AND DISPOSITION OF A PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA TO THE HONORABLE ANTHONY M. KENNEDY, ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT AND CIRCUIT JUSTICE FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT: Pursuant to Rules 22 and 23 of the Rules of this Court and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1651(a) and 2101(f), Applicants George W. Bush and Richard Cheney respectfully request a stay of enforcement of the judgment below pending the filing and disposition of a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of Florida in this case. The decision below attempts to apply to the November 7, 2000 presidential election retroactive judicial changes in Florida law governing the appointment of presidential electors. The decision below violates Article II of the United States Constitution, conflicts with 3 U.S.C. § 5, and violates the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. A stay pending this Court's review of these substantial federal questions is essential to prevent Applicants from suffering irreparable injury as a direct result of the erroneous decision below. A stay is also consistent with this Court's unanimous decision on December 4, 2000, vacating the judgment of the Florida Supreme Court and remanding the case for further proceedings consistent with this Court's opinion. See Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, No. 00-836, Slip op. (U.S. Dec. 4, 2000) (attached hereto as Exh. D). The Florida Supreme Court has not yet acted on that decision, nor has it shown that its actions are consistent with that decision. Applicants intend to file a petition for a writ of certiorari within twenty-four hours.1 I. INTRODUCTION More than one month after Election Day, events in the State of Florida have thrown the results of the November 7 presidential election into intense turmoil and controversy. The period between November 7 and today has, unfortunately, been characterized by chaotic and standardless manual recounts requested by Democratic presidential candidate Vice President Gore in four heavily Democratic counties and by an outburst of litigation flowing from that process. This Court has already granted certiorari and decided one case involving the Florida election dispute. See Bush, Exh. D. This Court's review is also essential in this case in order to protect the integrity of the electoral process for President and Vice President of the United States and in order to correct the serious constitutional errors made by the Florida Supreme Court. A stay is 1 In the alternative, the Court may wish to treat this application as a petition for a writ of certiorari. See, e.g., Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 887 (1983); Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart, 423 U.S. 1011, 423 U.S. 1027 (1975); Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 400 U.S. 939 (1970), 401 U.S. 402, 406 (1971). 2 necessary in order to prevent irreparable harm to Applicants, to the electoral process, and to the Nation as a consequence of the flawed decision below. II. OPINIONS BELOW The opinion of the Supreme Court of Florida in the contest proceeding (Exh. A) is not yet reported. The order of the Circuit Court for the County of Leon, Florida in that proceeding (Exh. B (Final Judgment) and Exh. C (transcript of ruling from bench)) is not reported. The November 21, 2000, opinion of the Supreme Court of Florida is reported at __ So.2d __, 2000 WL 1725434 (Fla. Nov. 21, 2000) ("Harris"). The December 4, 2000, per curiam decision of this Court in 00-836 (Exh. D), vacating the decision of the Supreme Court of Florida in Harris and remanding for further proceedings not inconsistent with this Court's decision, is reported at __ S. Ct. __, 2000 WL 1769093. III. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND STATUTES INVOLVED Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States provides: "Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or 3 Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector." Title 3, Section 5 of the United States Code provides: "If any State shall have provided, by laws enacted prior to the day fixed for the appointment of the electors, for its final determination of any controversy or contest concerning the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State, by judicial or other methods or procedures, and such determination shall have been made at least six days before the time fixed for the meeting of the electors, such determination made pursuant to such law so existing on said day, and made at least six days prior to said time of meeting of the electors, shall be conclusive, and shall govern in the counting of the electoral votes as provided in the Constitution, and as hereinafter regulated, so far as the ascertainment of the electors appointed by such State is concerned." 3 U.S.C. § 5. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides, in pertinent part, that "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1. Pursuant to this Court's Rule 14.1(f), the provisions of Florida law involved in this case, including Fla. Stat. §§ 102.111, 102.112, 102.141(4), 102.166, 102.168, and 106.23, and Article V of the Florida Constitution, as well as all other pertinent provisions of the Constitution of the United States, the United States Code, and the Florida Statutes are reproduced at Exh. E hereto. 4 IV. STATEMENT A. Facts The voters of Florida cast their ballots for President on November 7, 2000. Those ballots were counted on November 7, and-pursuant to an existing statutory provision- recounted on November 8. In each case, Governor Bush received the most votes for President. Following those two counts, Vice President Gore filed election protests (see Fla. Stat. § 102.166) and requested that four heavily Democratic counties-Broward, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach, and Volusia-out of Florida's sixty-seven counties, manually recount the ballots cast. As this Court is aware, those manual recounts were conducted in different manners from county to county according to amorphous and newly developed "standards" that changed during the recounts. See Siegel v. LePore, No. 00-15981, 2000 WL 1781946, at *22 (11th Cir. Dec. 6, 2000) (Birch, J., dissenting). The laws enacted by the Florida Legislature before the November 7 election set procedures governing the manner in which presidential electors would be appointed. Among these laws were two sections that require local county canvassing boards to certify their election returns to the Department of State no later than 5:00 p.m. on the seventh day following the election. See Fla. Stat. §§ 102.111 and 102.112.2 Section 102.112 indicates that returns filed after that deadline may be ignored by the Secretary of State. That seven-day deadline expired on November 14, 2000, and the Secretary of 2 The Florida election code and all other relevant statutes and constitutional provisions are reproduced at Exh. E hereto. 5 State, after considering proffered justifications for failing to comply with the deadline, announced that she would exercise her discretion and refuse to tabulate late-submitted returns. Florida law provides that, prior to the seven-day certification deadline, disputes over election results may be raised by submitting a "protest" to the county canvassing boards, see Fla. Stat. § 102.166(1)-(2), and/or a request for a manual recount, see Fla. Stat. § 102.166(4)-(10). The county canvassing boards have the discretion to reject or accept the request for a recount. Fla. Stat. § 102.166(4)(c) ("The county canvassing board may authorize a manual recount.") (emphasis added). If the canvassing board decides to perform a manual recount, it must first conduct a sample manual recount. Fla. Stat. § 102.166(4)(d). If the sample manual recount indicates "an error in the vote tabulation which could affect the outcome," the county canvassing board may conduct a full manual recount, correct the error and recount remaining precincts with the vote tabulation system or request verification of the tabulation software. Fla. Stat. § 102.166(5). Florida statutes, as of November 7, provided no specific guidance about how to determine whether a particular ballot reflected a vote or not. See Fla. Stat. 6 § 101.5614(5).3 As of November 7, 2000, no provision in Florida law exempted the manual recount process from the seven-day certification deadline. After certification, candidates and voters may "contest" the certification of an election by filing a complaint in Leon County Circuit Court. See Fla. Stat. §§ 102.168, 102.1685. Such contests must be initiated within 10 days of the certification, see Fla. Stat. § 102.168(2), and involve extensive judicial proceedings, including formal pleadings, discovery, and trial. See Fla. Stat. § 102.168(3)-(8). 3 As a result, there were wide discrepancies across and within the counties both with regard to determinations about undertaking, or completing, manual recounts and as to how to assess ballots. For example, the standards for evaluating ballots were changed repeatedly during the recounts. Indeed, after tabulating as proper votes only punch card ballots that had been perforated by voters, certain county officials yielded-two weeks after the election-to demands by Democratic Party officials for the adoption of yet another new standard which would permit local officials to validate ballots with mere "discernible indentations" ("dimpled chads"). In Palm Beach County, a court ordered the canvassing board to consider "dimpled" chads even though the board's pre-existing 1990 policy precluded treating mere indentations as valid votes. See Florida Democratic Party v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd., No. CL 00-11078 AB, 2000 WL 1728721 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Nov. 22, 2000). On November 20, the Florida Democratic Party asked the Florida Supreme Court to fashion even more expansive new standards de novo for the recounting of the ballots in the counties it had singled out for special treatment. Vice President Gore repeated that request to the Florida Supreme Court on November 30, when he urged that court to exercise mandamus jurisdiction to begin counting ballots. Petition for Writ of Mandamus or Other Writ or, In the Alternative Review of Trial Court Ruling and for Enforcement of Injunction, Gore v. Harris, at 21-30 (filed Nov. 30, 2000). In that brief, Vice President Gore argued that "as a matter of law, a discernible indentation on the ballot constitutes objective evidence of the voter's intent." Id. at 35. The Florida Supreme Court rejected that request, and in this case refused once again to attempt to clarify the standard(s) for determining whether to count "dimpled" ballots, "hanging chad," etc., instead simply leaving these issues to the unfettered discretion of unidentified individuals who will apparently be charged with making those determinations on an ad hoc and completely standardless basis. 7 B. Prior Proceedings On November 13, 2000, Vice President Gore and others brought suit in the Circuit Court for Leon County seeking an order directing the Secretary to waive the November 14 deadline established by the Florida legislature for certifying the results of the election. Instead, the Gore campaign sought a judicial amendment to the statute that would allow late results from three counties-Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach-to be included in the final vote tally. The circuit court denied that relief on November 17, holding that the Secretary of State had "exercised her reasoned judgment to determine what relevant factors and criteria should be considered, applied them to the facts and circumstances pertinent to the individual counties involved, and made her decision." McDermott v. Harris, Case No. 00-2700 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Nov. 17, 2000) (order denying emergency motion to compel compliance with and for enforcement of injunction). That same day, the Florida Supreme Court, exercising its "equitable powers" under the Florida Constitution, sua sponte enjoined the Secretary of State from certifying the November 7 presidential election results for the State of Florida until further order from the Court. Four days later, on November 21, the Florida Supreme Court issued an opinion reversing the state trial court, holding that the trial court "erred in holding that the Secretary [of State] acted within her discretion in prematurely rejecting any amended returns that would be the result of ongoing manual recounts." Harris, 2000 WL 172543 at *14. The Florida Supreme Court reached this conclusion by announcing a new rule of law to constrain the Secretary's discretion under Fla. Stat. §§ 102.111 and 102.112, declaring for the first time that "the Secretary may reject a Board's amended returns only 8 if the returns are submitted so late that their inclusion will preclude a candidate from contesting the certification or preclude Florida's voters from participating fully in the federal electoral process." Harris, 2000 WL 1725434 at *14. Based on this newly fashioned judicial amendment, the Florida Supreme Court directed the Secretary of State to accept untimely manual recount returns through 5:00 p.m. on November 26, 2000. Id. at *15. The court also maintained its injunction preventing the Secretary from certifying any election results before that date, and directed the Secretary to include in her certified election results all manual recount returns received by that date. Id. Manual recounts thus continued in Broward, Palm Beach, and Miami-Dade counties. Results from the manual recounts were submitted to the Secretary of State by Broward County on November 25. On November 22, the Miami-Dade County Canvassing Board unanimously decided to halt its manual recount, after counting 136 of the 635 precincts in the county. The Palm Beach Canvassing Board began a manual recount, but it did not provide the complete results of its manual recount to the Secretary of State by the 5:00 p.m. November 26 deadline set out by the Florida Supreme Court. As of 5:00 p.m. on November 26, the tabulated results showed once again that Governor Bush had received more votes for President than any other candidate. Accordingly, the Secretary of State certified Governor Bush as having received the most votes for President in Florida, and the Florida Elections Canvassing Commission announced that Governor Bush was the winner of Florida's twenty-five electoral votes for President. In certifying the election returns on November 26, the Secretary of State 9 made clear her opinion that the final vote totals were due by November 14 (with the exception of overseas military absentee ballots), the deadline specified by Florida statute. Nonetheless, because the Florida Supreme Court had extended that deadline until 5:00 p.m. on November 26, the certified total announced by the Secretary of State included the results of the manual recount in Broward County completed after November 14, but before 5:00 p.m. on November 26. C. This Court's Earlier Decision On November 24, 2000, this Court granted a writ of certiorari to review the November 21 decision of the Florida Supreme Court extending the deadline for submitting vote totals. This Court issued a unanimous per curiam opinion on Monday, December 4, 2000, vacating the Florida Supreme Court's decision and remanding the case to the Florida court "for further proceedings not inconsistent with this [Court's] opinion." Bush, Exh. D at 6. This Court determined that there was "considerable uncertainty as to the precise grounds for the [Florida Supreme Court's] decision" and thus found reason "to decline at this time to review the federal questions" raised by petitioner. Id. This Court, however, cautioned the Florida Supreme Court against overriding the Florida Legislature's "wish" to secure for Floridians the benefits of the "safe harbor" in 3 U.S.C. § 5. See id. In vacating the decision and remanding the case to the Florida Supreme Court, this Court specifically sought clarification "as to the extent to which the Florida Supreme Court saw the Florida Constitution as circumscribing the legislature's authority under Art. II, § 1, cl. 2" and "as to the consideration the Florida Supreme Court accorded to 3 U.S.C. § 5." Id. at 7. 10 D. Proceedings Below On November 27, 2000, the day after the Secretary of State certified the results of the November 7 election and the Florida Elections Canvassing Board declared Governor Bush the winner of Florida's twenty-five electoral votes, Vice President Gore and Senator Lieberman (the "Gore Respondents") filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Leon County pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 102.168 to contest the certification of Governor Bush as the winner. Although the complaint contended that Governor Bush did not receive "more votes in the Presidential election in the State of Florida than Al Gore," it- like the earlier protest actions-sought relief only with respect to heavily Democratic counties. The complaint alleged that the results certified by the Secretary of State: (1) improperly failed to include a manual recount of ballots in Miami-Dade County that the Miami-Dade Canvassing Board unanimously decided not to complete; (2) improperly failed to include results of a manual recount in Palm Beach County that were not submitted by the November 26, 5:00 p.m. deadline set out by the Florida Supreme Court; and (3) improperly included the results from Nassau County's November 7 machine count of ballots, rather than Nassau County's incomplete November 8 machine recount of ballots. The complaint also asked the court to evaluate 3,300 ballots from Palm Beach County and some 9,000 ballots from Miami-Dade County that the Gore Respondents contend were not properly counted. Governor Bush and Secretary Cheney filed an answer and raised several affirmative defenses to the contest, including constitutional challenges. See Exh. F (Answer And Affirmative Defense Of Defendants George W. Bush And Richard Cheney 11 To Complaint To Contest Election); see also Exh. N (Motion And Memorandum In Support Of Defendants George W. Bush And Dick Cheney's Motion To Dismiss For Lack Of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Failure To Name Indispensable Parties, And Failure To State A Claim). The affirmative defenses included, among others, that: the relief requested by the Gore Respondents is barred because it would violate Article II, § 1 of the U.S. Constitution; the Gore Respondents' request to recount votes in only two selected counties differently than in Florida's remaining sixty-five counties would violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the U.S. Constitution; the post-election judicial limitations imposed by the Florida courts on the discretion of state executive officials to certify election results and the standards applied to resolve any controversies violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and fail to comply with the requirements of 3 U.S.C. § 5; the Broward, Miami-Dade and Palm Beach County Canvassing Boards altered standards for evaluating votes after the November 7 election, in violation of the Due Process Clause and 3 U.S.C. § 5; and including the results of the partial manual recount in Miami-Dade County would violate the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 42 U.S.C. § 1973.4 4 As part of that contest action, Governor Bush and Secretary Cheney also filed a third-party complaint against Broward and Volusia counties contending that in the event the court granted the Gore Respondents' request for a recount in Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties, then it must also conduct a recount in Broward and Volusia counties under the same standards. Exh. G (3P ¶ 7) at 3. That third-party complaint also alleged that the shifting standards for considering ballots by the Broward County Board violated the Due Process Clause and 3 U.S.C. § 5. Exh. G (3P ¶¶ 15-40) at 4-11. The court below rejected Applicants' arguments in this regard without comment. 12 On December 4, 2000, after hearing two full days of evidence, the Leon County Circuit Court rejected the contest and denied relief to the Gore Respondents. The Circuit Court made several factual findings in support of its holding, including findings that there was no credible evidence establishing a reasonable probability that the Florida election results would be different if the requested relief were granted to the Gore Respondents; that the Miami-Dade County Canvassing Board did not abuse its broad discretion in its decision not to perform a complete manual recount; and that the Palm Beach County Canvassing Board did not abuse its discretion in considering the 3,300 ballots the Gore Respondents sought to have reviewed by the Circuit Court. The Circuit Court also made a factual finding that the Palm Beach County "process and standards [for evaluating ballots] were changed from the prior 1990 standards." Exh. C at lines 0011-7 to 0011-8. The Circuit Court went on to state that these changes were "perhaps contrary to Title III, Section (5) of the United States Code." Id. at lines 0011-8 to 0011-9. The Circuit Court also expressed its concern that implementing a different standard for evaluating the 3,300 disputed Palm Beach County ballots would create a two-tier system not only within that county, but also with respect to other counties. That two-tier system, explained the Circuit Court, citing and relying on an opinion letter from Florida's Attorney General, "would have the effect of treating voters differently depending upon what county they voted in. . . . [thereby raising] legal jeopardy under both the United States and state constitutions." Id. at lines 0011-21 to 0011-22 (quoting November 14, 2000 letter of Florida Attorney General). 13 On December 8, 2000, the Florida Supreme Court, by a margin of 4-3, reversed the circuit court, ordering the following: (1) the inclusion of 176 or 215 net votes for the Gore Respondents as "identified" by the Palm Beach Canvassing Board, but submitted to the Secretary of State after the Florida Supreme Court's November 26 deadline, Exh. A at 4; (2) the inclusion of 168 net votes for the Gore Respondents "identified in a partial recount" by the Miami-Dade Canvassing Board, but never submitted to the Secretary of State, id.; (3) the trial court to "examine the approximately 9000 additional Miami-Dade ballots placed in evidence, which have never been examined manually." Id. at 5. The majority also ordered the Supervisor of Elections and Canvassing Boards "in all counties that have not conducted a manual recount or tabulation of the undervotes in this election to do so forthwith." Id. at 38-39 (emphasis added). Remarkably, the majority opinion did not respond to the questions posed by this Court's December 4 opinion vacating the Florida Supreme Court's decision in Harris. Indeed, although the majority recognized that the "need for prompt resolution and finality is especially critical in presidential elections where there is an outside deadline established by federal law," id. at 36, it nonetheless embarked upon a recount plan that it knew could not be fulfilled and that would, by definition, conflict with 3 U.S.C. § 5. See Exh. A at 38 n.21 ("we agree that practical difficulties may well end up controlling the outcome of the election"); id. at 67 (Harding, J., dissenting) (majority "provid[ed] a remedy which is impossible to achieve and which will ultimately lead to chaos"). 14 Chief Justice Wells wrote a strong dissent in which he concluded that the majority's order to conduct a partial recount "appears to me to be in conflict with the United States Supreme Court decision [in Harris]." Exh. A at 55. He also warned that Florida's "[c]ontinuation of [a] system of county-by-county decisions regarding how a dimpled chad is counted is fraught with equal protection concerns which will eventually cause the election results in Florida to be stricken by the federal courts or Congress." Id. at 51. Chief Justice Wells also concluded that the order directing the trial court to conduct a manual recount of ballots violates Article II of the United States Constitution, because "neither th[e Florida Supreme Court] nor the circuit court has the authority to create the standards by which it will count the under-voted ballots." Id. a 53. Finally, the majority held that in tabulating the ballots, the standard to be applied in determining whether a vote is "legal" is whether there is a "clear indication of the intent of the voter." Exh. A at 39 (citing Fla. Stat. § 101.5614(5)). However, as the dissents point out, that standard is a departure from the standard in effect on November 7. Justice Harding, joined by Justice Shaw, concluded that "the majority has established standards for manual recounts-a step that this Court refused to take in an earlier case." Id. at 67 (Harding, J., dissenting). Similarly, Chief Justice Wells concluded that the majority's decision "not only changes a rule after November 7, 2000, but it also changes a rule this Court made on November 26, 2000." Id. at 53 (Wells, C.J., dissenting). On December 8, 2000, Applicants filed with the Florida Supreme Court a petition to stay its ruling pending the filing of a petition for a writ of certiorari. Although the 15 Florida Supreme Court has yet to rule on that petition, this case certainly presents "extraordinary circumstances" that warrant relief from this Court. See Sup. Ct. R. 23.3. V. JURISDICTION This Court has jurisdiction to review by writ of certiorari any "[f]inal judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had . . . where the validity of a statute of any State is drawn in question on the ground of its being repugnant to the Constitution . . . or laws of the United States, or where any title, right, privilege, or immunity is specially set up or claimed under the Constitution . . . or statutes of . . . the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1257(a). Applicants seek review of the Supreme Court of Florida's decision, which, as demonstrated below, violates Article II of the United States Constitution, 3 U.S.C. § 5, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Applicants properly raised these federal claims in the court below. See Exh. H (Amended Brief Of Appellees George W. Bush And Dick Cheney) at 45-46; see also Exh. M (Clarification Of Argument For Appellees George W. Bush And Dick Cheney) at 2-8. Accordingly, the questions to be presented in the petition plainly fall within the jurisdiction of this Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1257(a). The judgment below is plainly final for purposes of this Court's certiorari jurisdiction. As this Court has long recognized, "[t]here have been instances where the Court has entertained an appeal of an order that otherwise might be deemed interlocutory, because the controversy had proceeded to a point where a losing party would be irreparably injured if review were unavailing." Republic Natural Gas Co. v. Oklahoma, 16 334 U.S. 62, 68 (1948). As discussed below, absent an immediate stay from this Court, Applicants face irreparable harm from the judgment below. Moreover, in Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469 (1975), this Court identified four categories of cases in which a judgment is sufficiently final to justify this Court's review even though further proceedings remain to be held in the state courts. The fourth such category permits review even in "those situations where the federal issue has been finally decided in the state courts with further proceedings pending in which the party seeking review here might prevail on the merits on nonfederal grounds, thus rendering unnecessary review of the federal issue by this Court," and "reversal of the state court on the federal issue would be preclusive of any further litigation on the relevant cause of action rather than merely controlling the nature and character of, or determining the admissibility of evidence in, the state proceedings still to come." Id. at 482-83. In these circumstances, "if a refusal immediately to review the state court decision might seriously erode federal policy, the Court has entertained and decided the federal issue, which itself has been finally determined by the state courts for purposes of the state litigation." Id. at 483; see also Fort Wayne Books, Inc. v. Indiana, 489 U.S. 46, 55 (1989); ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 612 (1989); Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U.S. 174, 178-80 (1988); Hudson Distribs., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 377 U.S. 386, 389 n.4 (1964). The fourth Cox Broadcasting category is plainly applicable here. The federal questions presented by this case have been finally decided by the court below, which squarely rejected Applicants' arguments that the Article II and 3 U.S.C. § 5 preclude the 17 relief ordered by the court below, and that the selective and standardless manual recounts approved and mandated by the court below would violate the federal Constitution and other federal laws. Exh. H (Florida Supreme Court Brief) at 45-46. Accordingly, a federal issue has been conclusively resolved, and there is no need for further state court proceedings to finalize or crystallize the lower court's disposition of those federal questions. It is equally clear that, absent immediate review, Applicants "might prevail on the merits on nonfederal grounds, thus rendering unnecessary review of the federal issue by this Court." 420 U.S. at 482. The case was remanded for the selective manual recounts to occur, and it is certainly possible that the results of those recounts could eliminate Applicants' need to litigate further, thereby depriving this Court of an opportunity to decide the important constitutional and statutory issues at stake. Moreover, reversal of the court below on any of the federal questions presented in this case "would be preclusive of any further litigation on the relevant cause of action." 420 U.S. at 482-83. If, as Applicants contend, the court below lacked authority to issue the judgment below and the selective manual recounts ordered below violate the federal Constitution or otherwise are inconsistent with federal law, then the determination of those federal issues would be preclusive of any further state court litigation on the issue of recounts. Finally, it is readily apparent that "a refusal immediately to review the state court decision might seriously erode federal policy." 420 U.S. at 483. The holding of the Florida Supreme Court that the United States Constitution permits judicially-ordered selective, ever-shifting, and standardless hand-counting, if allowed to remain in effect, 18 would seriously erode fundamental federal policies, including the right to vote-the most basic right of citizenship bestowed by the Constitution, Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 561-62 (1964)-and the vital public interest in the lawful and consistent handling and tabulation of ballots and the fairness and finality of elections for federal office, particularly for the President of the United States. Accordingly, Cox and related cases warrant immediate review of "the federal issue, which itself has been finally determined by the state courts for purposes of the state litigation." 420 U.S. at 482-83; accord Goodyear Atomic Corp, 486 U.S. at 178-79 (applying this exception where "the unreviewed decision of the Ohio Supreme Court might seriously erode federal policy in the area of nuclear production"). VI. REASONS FOR GRANTING THE STAY This application fully satisfies the criteria that govern the propriety of granting a stay, because (1) there is "a reasonable probability that four Members of the Court will consider the issue sufficiently meritorious to grant certiorari," Graves v. Barnes, 405 U.S. 1201, 1203 (1972) (Powell, J., in chambers); (2) there is "a fair prospect that five Justices will conclude that the case was erroneously decided below," Lucas v. Townsend, 486 U.S. 1301, 1304 (1988) (Kennedy, J., in chambers); and (3) it is likely that irreparable injury will result if a stay is denied. Id.; California v. American Stores Co., 492 U.S. 1301, 1304-07 (1989) (O'Connor, J., in chambers). In appropriate cases, the Circuit Justice may "balance the equities to determine whether the injury asserted by the applicant outweighs the harm to other parties or to the public." Lucas, 486 U.S. at 1304. These factors clearly justify issuance of a stay here. 19 A. There Is A Reasonable Probability That At Least Four Members Of This Court Would Conclude That This Case Warrants Plenary Consideration There is a reasonable probability that four or more Members of this Court would vote to grant certiorari. 1. This Court previously granted certiorari to review a closely related case arising out of the same election dispute in Florida. See Bush, Exh. D. The petition for a writ of certiorari that will be filed in this case will present similar questions under Article II of the United States Constitution and 3 U.S.C. § 5, as well as the Fourteenth Amendment. Few issues could be more important than those presented in this case. At stake is the lawful resolution of a national election for the office of President of the United States. As this Court has often recognized, the American public's right to vote is one of the most sacred protected by our Constitution: "No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined." Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U.S. 23, 31 (1968) (quoting Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1, 17 (1964)). The Florida Supreme Court's decision poses an imminent danger to that right. The choosing of presidential electors is a matter of great national importance and interest. As this Court stated in Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983), "in the context of a presidential election, state-imposed restrictions implicate a uniquely important national interest. For the President and Vice President of the United States are the only elected officials who represent all the voters in the Nation. Moreover, the 20 impact of the votes cast in each State is affected by the votes cast for the various candidates in other States." Id. at 794-95 (footnote omitted). Given the national significance of the Florida election results, it is essential that the counting of ballots be conducted in a fair and consistent manner in accordance with both federal laws and the laws established by the Florida Legislature pursuant to the authority conferred on it under Article II of the United States Constitution. In the wake of the Florida Supreme Court's decisions, counties in Florida have participated in a blatantly arbitrary, subjective, and standardless process in attempting to count ballots by hand in an effort to divine the intent of the voters. The Nation's citizens have witnessed this standardless process unfold as they anxiously await a resolution of the election outcome. By retroactively changing the law in Florida through judicial intervention, the Supreme Court of Florida's decision undermines the statutory scheme Florida has established, pursuant to the grant of authority through Article II of the United States Constitution, and consistent with Section 5, to elect electors for President. 2. This Court's review of the Supreme Court of Florida's decision is warranted because it "decided an important federal question that conflicts with relevant decisions of this Court," Sup. Ct. R. 10(c); it "decided an important federal question in a way that conflicts with the decision of . . . a United States court of appeals," Sup. Ct. R. 10(b); and it "decided an important question of federal law that has not been, but should be, settled by this Court . . . ." Sup. Ct. R. 10(c). As discussed in greater detail below, this case presents important questions regarding the federal constitutional and statutory restraints on the ability of States to impose post hoc requirements on the appointment of 21 presidential electors, and to change requirements for the resolution of controversies concerning the appointment of electors. The decision below also conflicts with precedents of this Court-including this Court's December 4, 2000 decision in Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board-and of the courts of appeals regarding the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment protections for the fundamental right to vote and the application of 3 U.S.C. § 5. Moreover, these important questions are presented within a few days of December 12, the date on which the State of Florida may make a final determination concerning the appointment of its electors to take advantage of the "safe harbor" under 3 U.S.C. § 5. 3. There is a profound national interest in ensuring the fairness and finality of elections, particularly an election for the highest office in the land. This is precisely the type of question that the Nation justifiably expects this Court authoritatively to decide. Indeed, because of the Florida Supreme Court's judicial amendments to the legislative structure for choosing Florida's electors, absent a decision by this Court, the election results from Florida will remain under a cloud of uncertainty. The consequence could be a constitutional crisis. Quite simply, this is the sort of case that this Court should unquestionably hear. B. Applicants Are Likely To Prevail On The Merits There is at least a "fair prospect" that Applicants will prevail on the merits in this case. 22 1. The Florida Supreme Court's Decision Vi olates Article II Of The Constitution Of The United States The Framers expressly granted the legislatures of the several States plenary power over the appointment of electors, providing that each State shall choose electors "in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct." U.S. CONST., art. II, § 1, cl. 2. As this Court has recognized, the Constitution "leaves it to the legislature exclusively to define the method of effecting the object [of appointing electors]." McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1, 27 (1892) (emphasis added). Indeed, the Framers' "insertion of those words" in Article II-"in such Manner as the Legislature . . . may direct"-undeniably "operate[s] as a limitation upon the State in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power." Bush, Exh. D at 5 (Dec. 4, 2000) (quoting McPherson, 146 U.S. at 25). As described above, the Florida legislature enacted a carefully-crafted statutory scheme to govern the appointment of presidential electors. In so doing, "the legislature [was] not acting solely under the authority given it by the people of the State, but by virtue of a direct grant of authority made under Art. II, § 1, cl. 2, of the United States Constitution." Bush, Exh. D. at 4. By rewriting that statutory scheme-thus arrogating to itself the power to decide the manner in which Florida's electors are chosen-the Florida Supreme Court substituted its judgment for that of the legislature and violated Article II. Such a usurpation of constitutionally-delegated power defies the Framers' plan. The Florida legislature never provided for such judicial meddling in its legislative structure. Indeed, only by resort to its "equitable powers" to provide extraordinary relief under the Florida Constitution could this one Florida court find authority to act. 23 The decision below overrides numerous provisions of the detailed and specific statutory scheme enacted by the Florida legislature. In the first place, contrary to the ruling below (Exh. A at 1), the Supreme Court of Florida lacked jurisdiction (as a matter of federal law) to enter the judgment below.5 As this Court recently reemphasized, Article II, § 1 authorizes the States to appoint electors only in "such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct," and thus the federal Constitution "operat[es] as a limitation upon the State in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power" of the State. Bush, Exh. D at 5 (quoting McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1, 25 (1892)). Under Florida law, assuming arguendo that the legislature has authorized contest actions in presidential elections, only the Circuit Court of Leon County possessed legislatively conferred jurisdiction to resolve the Gore respondents' claims. Fla. Stat. § 102.168(1) (permitting election certifications to be "contested in the circuit court"); id. § 102.168(8) (authorizing "[t]the circuit judge to whom the contest is presented" to resolve contests). 5 Applicants specifically raised this point in their post-argument brief in the court below, noting that Article II confers sole authority on state legislatures to determine the manner of appointing electors (Exh. M at 2), and that the legislature's authority "`cannot be taken from them or modified by their State constitutions . . . .'" Exh. M at 2 n.1 (citations omitted). As Applicants pointed out, "equitable relief cannot lie because . . . `the original and appellate jurisdiction of the courts of Florida is derived entirely from article V of the Florida Constitution, not by the Florida legislature.'" Exh. M. at 5-6 (citation omitted). In pointing out the absence of any legislatively conferred basis for the Supreme Court of Florida's exercise of jurisdiction in this case, Applicants corrected any misimpression that may have been caused by their counsel's response to questions from Chief Justice Wells during oral argument below. The court below apparently relied on the parties' "agree[ment] that this appeal is properly before this Court" (Exh. A at 1 n.1), but of course "`the parties cannot stipulate to jurisdiction over the subject matter where none exists.'" Polk County v. Sofka, 702 So. 2d 1243, 1245 (Fla. 1997) (quoting Cunningham v. Standard Guar. Ins. Co., 630 So. 2d 179, 181 (Fla. 1994)). 24 By contrast, the Florida Legislature granted no such jurisdiction to the Florida Supreme Court. The sole basis for the judgment below was instead the Florida Constitution, which confers original and appellate jurisdiction on the state supreme court in certain circumstances. FLA. CONST. art. V, § 3(b). Because Article II, § 1 of the federal Constitution does not permit state constitutions to override a state legislature's selection of the manner of choosing electors, and because the Florida Legislature has given the Florida Supreme Court no role in reviewing any contest to the results of a presidential election, the court below lacked jurisdiction to enter its judgment, and the judgment below should be vacated. Second, the judgment below also conflicts with federal law because it ignores the fact that there is no basis or precedent in Florida law for applying the ultimate judgment of a successful § 102.168 contest proceeding to a presidential election. By its terms, the § 102.168 remedy does not apply to presidential elections, and it certainly does not authorize a contest action by a candidate for President (rather than by an unsuccessful candidate for presidential elector). Florida law instead establishes separate procedures for certifying the election of presidential electors and for replacing electors when appropriate, but made no provision for a "contest" of the presidential election. See Fla. Stat. §§ 103.011, 103.021(5). Thus, the judgment below violates Article II, § 1, and fails to comply with 3 U.S.C. § 5 because it rests upon a newly announced judicial extension of the § 102.168 remedy that was not authorized by the Florida Legislature. See Fladell v. The Elections Canvassing Comm'n of the State of Fla., Nos. CL00-10965AB et al. (Fla. Cir. Ct. Nov. 20, 2000) (attached as Exhibit I hereto), aff'd on other grounds, 25 Fladell v. Palm Bch. County Canvassing Bd., Nos. SC00-2372 & SC00-2376, at 4 (Fla. Dec. 1, 2000). Third, the court essentially overruled Fla. Stat. §§ 102.166(4)(d) and 102.166(5)(c), which mandate that a "county canvassing board shall," among other options, "[m]anually recount all ballots" (emphasis added). By ordering that the results of the partial recount conducted by the Miami-Dade Canvassing Board be included in the certified election results, the Florida Supreme Court rejected the judgment of the legislature, which expressly denied the canvassing boards the authority to recount or certify only a portion of the ballots. Fourth, the court violated the mandate of this Court in Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, No. 00-836 (Dec. 4, 2000), by relying in substantial part on its vacated November 21 decision. For example, in justifying its order that additional votes from Palm Beach County must be added to the certified totals despite the fact that those votes were the product of a manual recount that met neither the statutory seven-day deadline nor the November 26 deadline fashioned out of whole cloth by the court below in its now-vacated opinion, the court below expressly relied on the now vacated judgment as the sole basis for that determination. Exh. A at 34-35 (citing holding of November 21 decision as the basis for extending the November 26 deadline). Moreover, by upholding the inclusion of the additional Broward County votes resulting from the untimely manual recount in that county, the court below necessarily and impermissibly relied on the validity of November 21's extension of the deadline for submission of those vote totals, even though the November 21 decision stands vacated by this court. 26 Finally, the court's refusal to reject reliance on "dimpled" or indented ballots (such as those counted in Broward County) violates Fla. Stat. § 101.5614(5), which expressly provides that a ballot will be considered valid "if there is a clear indication of the intent of the voter as determined by the canvassing board" (emphasis added).6 By permitting ballots with the slightest of indentations to be counted as valid votes, and by authorizing courts (rather than "the canvassing board" vested with statutory authority) to make such determinations, the court below substituted its judgment for that of the legislature. This Court has recognized that the legislature's Article II power of appointment is exclusive. See McPherson, 146 U.S. at 34-35 ("The appointment of these electors is thus placed absolutely and wholly with the legislatures of the several states.") (quoting with approval Senate Rep. 1st Sess. 43 Cong. No. 395 (Sen. Morton)). Indeed, the Constitution contains provisions that vest responsibility in the States qua States, e.g., U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 16, as well as provisions that, as here, single out the particular branch of state government charged with exercising certain duties integral to the functioning of the federal government, e.g., U.S. CONST., art. I, § 2, cl. 4. In light of the Constitution's precise distinctions among state legislative, executive, and judicial powers, 6 To the extent that the Florida legislature has empowered the canvassing boards to determine what constitutes a "clear indication" of voter intent, the decision below also substitutes judicially-mandated standards for standards issued pursuant to legislatively-delegated authority. See Exh. J (Palm Beach County Guidelines On Ballots With Chads Not Completely Removed (Nov. 2, 1990)) (providing that "a chad that is fully attached, bearing only an indentation, should not be counted as a vote") (entered into evidence as P.E. 46). 27 the Framers' decision to vest specific authority in state legislatures must be understood to be exclusive of state executive or judicial power to prescribe the "manner" of appointing electors; where the Constitution assigns a particular function to a particular branch of state government, fulfillment of the constitutional design requires that such an assignment be accorded legal meaning. Thus, in the absence of a clear and express delegation of the appointment power by the legislature to a coordinate branch of government, the Constitution bars the exercise of that power by any other branch. It is no answer to characterize the Florida Supreme Court's decision as an ordinary exercise of judicial review. The Florida Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction in this matter. The sole jurisdictional basis relied upon by the court below is Article V of the Florida Constitution, but the exercise of authority conferred by the state constitution to intrude into the process for selecting presidential electors would violate Article II of the federal Constitution by exercising a power not given to it by the Florida legislature. Mandamus or other equitable relief cannot lie because, as the Florida Supreme Court itself has frequently noted, "the original and appellate jurisdiction of the courts of Florida is derived entirely from Article V of the Florida Constitution, not by the Florida legislature." Allen v. Butterworth, 756 So. 2d 52, 63 (Fla. 2000). See also Dresner v. City of Tallahassee, 134 So.2d 228, 229 (Fla. 1961) ("This Court derives its appellate jurisdiction from article V, Florida Constitution."). See Exh. M at 5-6. Furthermore, by authorizing extended (and partial) manual recounts in selected counties, and by unilaterally altering the statutory deadlines for certifying election returns, the court below plainly altered the "manner" of appointing electors. Although 28 the Framers recognized that a state legislature could permit state courts to play a more active role in the process-it could, if it chose, even grant the state judiciary the authority to determine the manner of appointment, see McPherson, 146 U.S. at 34-35-the Florida legislature has done no such thing here. The unauthorized exercise of constitutionally delegated power cannot escape this Court's scrutiny through the simple expedient of labeling it "judicial review" of a contest proceeding. 2. The Florida Supreme Court's Decision Fails To Comply With 3 U.S.C. § 5 Congress has provided that when "controversies or contests concerning the appointmen