Subject: RISKS DIGEST 15.74 REPLY-TO: risks@csl.sri.com RISKS-LIST: RISKS-FORUM Digest Saturday 2 April 1994 Volume 15 : Issue 74 FORUM ON RISKS TO THE PUBLIC IN COMPUTERS AND RELATED SYSTEMS ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator ***** See last item for information on RISKS (comp.risks) ***** Contents: [Clearing the backlog on one subject] Re: Spell checking (J. Taggart Gorman, Pete Mellor, Castor Fu, Les Earnest) Re: Language ability is not entirely learned (Paul Colley) Re: Spelling, punctuation, poor language technology (Bill Stewart) Re: English spelling design (Christopher Upward) Info on RISKS (comp.risks), contributions, subscriptions, FTP, etc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 31 Mar 1994 13:57:32 GMT From: jharuni@london.micrognosis.com (Jonathan Haruni) Subject: Re: Spell checking (RISKS-15.71) The only risk I see in spelling checkers is that people may trust them too much, or even expect too much of them. This is a widepsread risk of every technology. 1) You suggest that "it is easy to go unconscious in front of the mouse and press 'replace' one too many times". Surely a program which replaces words of your document without any knowledge of their meaning or intention is not one with which you should go "unconscious", especially when applying it to a document which, as you suggested, could lose you your job. 2) Your use of "business" and "profane" are a bit misleading. What you really want is a checker which does not suggest words which are inappropriate to the purpose of your document (making money from customers). How is that possible ? Whatever a document says, there are valid words which express the opposite ideas. You cannot omit from the dictionary all the words which might cause offence to anyone doing "business". Even if you did, add or omit the word "not" in a suitable place in a business proposal, and you could lose a customer. Can a business document not contain profanities if it suits the purposes of the document ? 3) Can you really blame the SPELLING checker for suggesting a common English word in place of a proper name ? I have never seen a spell checker which did not allow you to augment the dictionary. The first thing a company should do is add all the names and addresses of every organization it deals with. Have you done that ? I suggest that you have bought a useful tool (spelling checker), failed to make the effort of tailoring it to your needs (adding your correspondents to the dictionary), and expected too much of it (to provide you with a document which fulfills your intentions, rather than merely one without spelling errors). Then you fed it a document with so many errors that you became complacent about its power (not paying conscious attention to its prompts for confirmation). In spite of all this, it corrected your spelling mistakes and you DID notice the "goddamn" suggestion when prompted, so you ended up with a better document. Where are the risks ? Jonathan Haruni. ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Apr 94 17:09:51 PST From: taggart@scopus.com (J. Taggart Gorman) Subject: Re: RISKS of RISKS on spelling-checkers It seems that some RISKS contributors are engaged in an activity that should not be discussed on a computer-related list such as this: spellcasting. However, it is obvious that they are using their computers to help with their witchery, for they keep on mentioning using "spell-checkers". At least we know that modern technology is helpful to all, including spellcasters. On the side, I've never seen a "spell-checker" for sale in a computer store. Are they commonly available in occult stores? (Available on the Microsoft Occulta CD?) :) (Not April's Fools, but with a light content for the day.) Taggart Gorman taggart@scopus.com ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 2 Apr 94 21:02:14 BST From: Pete Mellor Subject: Re: Risks of spelling checkers (Girard, RISKS-15.71) > with the suggestion that the word "Goldman" (as in a large company we all > know) should be replaced with "goddamn". The word processor involved was MS ------From the Daily Mail, Friday April 1st 1994, p21------------ Don't you dare be sexist says the PC PC, by Suzanne O'Shea The new computer program promised to help users write better English. But buyers have ended up with more than they bargained for. As well as a guide to glitch-free grammar and scintillating syntax, they get a lesson in political correctness every time they switch on. The use of words such as `wife', `policeman' and `housewife' meets with a sharp rebuke from the software, which flashes up a message that they are `gender-specific' then provides `gender-neutral' options such as `spouse', `police officer' and `homemaker'. Anyone foolish enough to test the PC personal computer with words such as `little woman' or `girlie' is sternly informed that they are `sexist expressions'. No alternative is offered here, only the ominous message: `Avoid using this word.' Computer writer Mark Smithson, 51, of Bedford, risked the wrath of the {pounds} 250 Microsoft Word 6 package when he typed in the word `freeman'. The computer promptly spat back `citizen'. `I couldn't believe it,' he said yesterday. `Then I started going through lots of other sexist and "gender-specific" words and, sure enough, the same thing happened. `It's like Big Brother. Manipulating what people write is a form of censorship. I am the last person to be deliberately sexist but this is downright frightening.' In the politically correct world of Word 6 - produced by an American firm - users are advised to replace `mankind' with `humankind' or `humanity' - although `womankind' passes through without a hitch - and to replace `fireman' with `stoker'. Its scope is limited when it sees words which it has not been told are sexist. While `little lady' may result in the reprimand `sexist expression, avoid using this phrase', followed by the explanation that `this term is considered by many to be inappropriate and belittling when used to refer to women', the word `floozie' is freely allowed. No mention of the programme's political correctness was mentioned [sic: Perhaps Ms. O'Shea should use a style checker! - PM :-) ] in publicity material when Word 6 was launched in Britain recently. Neither is the feature listed in the 830-page manual. A Microsoft spokesman - sorry, spokeswoman, we mean spokesperson - defended the program yesterday. `It does not force users to change what they write,' she said. `It simply highlights words that might be regarded as sexist and suggests alternatives. `Microsoft is trying to bring its programmes in line with real life and how people actually work. This type of thing is a sign of the times, as people do say chairperson instead of chairman nowadays.' [Disclaimer: I don't *think* this is an April fool joke (if only because, if it were not true, Bill Gates would sue the Mail), but if it is, I didn't make it up! :-) Peter Mellor, Centre for Software Reliability, City Univ., Northampton Sq., London EC1V 0HB +44 (71) 477-8422 p.mellor@csr.city.ac.uk ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Apr 1994 18:01:42 -0800 (PST) From: Castor Fu Subject: More spelling checker stories When cleaning up one day we found a portable spelling checker. To test the size of its vocabulary, we tried out some proper names. We were dismayed to find it suggesting "a**hole" [censored by PGN] as a correction for "Achille", my housemate's name. This was particularly unimpressive, as "Achilles", the more common spelling, was actually in its dictionary, but was not among any of the alternatives, which included a number of other unflattering possibilities. -Castor Fu castor@drizzle.stanford.edu ------------------------------ Date: 2 Apr 1994 03:26:54 GMT From: les@sail.stanford.edu (Les Earnest) Subject: Risks of spelling checkers (RISKS 15.72) The earliest spelling checker was evidently one that was part of a pen-based computer system for cursive writing recognition that I developed at MIT Lincoln Lab in the 1959-61 time period. It was set up to recognize the 10,000 most common English words. Sometime in 1961 a film crew from BBC came to the lab and asked to photograph the handwriting recognizer as part of a television program on advanced technology, to which I agreed. After setting up, they asked if the system could recognize the word "television." I agreed to give it a try but pointed out that it sometimes listed more than one word if it wasn't sure. After I wrote the word on the CRT with a light pen, the system paused only a second or two before responding: TEDIOUS TELEVISION The film crew loved it and zoomed in for a close-up! I've often wished that I had asked for a copy of their film. Les Earnest (Les@cs.Stanford.edu) Phone: 415 941-3984 Computer Science Dept.; Stanford, CA 94305 Fax: 415 941-3934 ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 26 Mar 1994 23:41:54 GMT From: colley@qucis.queensu.ca (Paul Colley) Subject: Language ability is not entirely learned (Ranum, RISKS-15.69) >Spelling mistakes are a result of inattention to detail, ignorance, or apathy. Which makes poor spelling sound like a deliberate decision. I assure you I am neither inattentive to detail nor apathetic about my poor spelling abilities. I like to think I'm not ignorant... In my defense, I'll note that there is some strong evidence that language is based, at least in part, on genetics. Thus some portion of language skill is beyond the control of the individual. Quoting from Jay Ingram's book, "Talk Talk Talk", pp.133-141, there is... "...a gene that makes it possible for most of us to be able to add an `s' to a word to make it plural, or choose `he' instead of `they' when it's appropriate, or add `ed' to a word when it happened in the past! Apparently if you inherit a faulty version of this gene you will never be able to do any of those automatically. [...] These people aren't aware that they have a problem making plurals or past tenses, [...] [...] This discovery [...] makes it much more difficult to argue that language is simply a byproduct of learning, [...] The defect occurs in non-English speakers also. The gene seems to only affect language, and only the ability to make plurals and past tenses. If there's a gene for plurals, there are probably genes for other components of language. Reference: Myrna Gopnik, linguist at McGill University, "Linguistic Properties of Genetic Language Impairment," address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 10, 1992, Chicago. - Paul Colley colley@qucis.queensu.ca +1 613 545 3807 ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 27 Mar 94 03:46:51 EST From: wcs@anchor.ho.att.com Subject: Re: Spelling, punctuation, poor language technology Aside from all the flames about whether spelling and punctuation errors come from poor language design (:-) or poor user education or differences in values, there *are* some new technology-related problems. Many maga- zine articles, especially in the com- puter industry, are suffering from leftover hyphen- ations, which come from re-for- matting word-processed text and not checking whether -'s at the ends of lines are intentional dashes or are hyphens put in to accommodate line-breaks before including the - and space in the new text. "Wired" is one of the worst offenders, probably because most of its authors use a variety of computer systems to write on. Bill Stewart [RISKS readers will notice that I try to REMOVE hyphenations whenever I spot them. Other comments on this subject were received from brewer@cs.wmich.edu (Steven D. Brewer) and albaugh@agames.com (Mike Albaugh). PGN] ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 29 Mar 1994 18:38:29 +0000 From: c.upward@aston.ac.uk Subject: English spelling design I just picked up the Don Norman/Mark Jackson/Alayne McGregor exchange on 'its', 'it's', and English spelling design generally. Don is right about bad spelling design being the cause of endless problems of written English. But Halle & Chomsky were wrong about underlying deep consistency in English spelling. For one thing, their analysis ignored such fundamental inconsistencies as in 'speak/speech'. For another thing, they ignored the whole historical dimension, which Don Norman rightly alludes to. The truth is that for 1,000 years no one has been able to ensure consistency, deep or otherwise, in English spelling, ie since the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, English spelling, unlike that of most languages, has not been "designed with the user in mind", as Don Norman very sensibly puts it. Webster's contribution was a small step in the direction of greater consistency, which the British have still largely failed to follow. Various people have tried using extra symbols (Benjamin Franklin was one), but they have always run up against the problem of needing to teach all th millions (billions?) of potential readers what these new symbols stand for. As for the apostrophe,the deep INconsistency of English rears its head there too. Mostly the possessive apostrophe precedes final with singular nouns: 'the dog's kennel', but follows it in the plural: 'the dogs' kennels'. But sometimes we find the reverse: 'men's' is plural, but 'Achilles'' is singular. A different set of inconsistencies affects the possessive pronouns mentioned by Mark Jackson. As he rightly says, most don't use apostrophes, so that we write 'hers', 'ours', 'yours', 'theirs', and of course 'its', and not 'her's', 'our's' etc. But 'one's' is an exception: for some reason we DO write that with an apostrophe. However, the craziest inconsistency is 'whose', where we add an at the end! If Alayne McGregor implying that all languages are written as inconsistently as English, he is mistaken. English is unique - as are its problems of illiteracy. Both the USA and Britain have recently published major reports on its appalling extent. We do need to get to grips with this question of spelling design. Let me now attach a recent paper put out by the Simplified Spelling Society on the subect. Simplified Spelling Society World HQ c/o Bob Brown, 133 John Trundle Court, Barbican, London, EC2Y 8DJ, tel. 071-628 5876. US HQ c/o Ken Ives, 401 E 32, Apt 1002, Chicago IL 60616. CUT SPELLING A Streamlined Writing System for English a proposal for modernizing English spelling by removing redundant letters Enquiries to Chris Upward Chairman of the Society's Cut Spelling Working Group 61 Valentine Road, Birmingham, B14 7AJ, England Tel. 021-444 2837, Fax. 021-359 6153. THE BACKGROUND Why reform English spelling? English spelling is notoriously hard to master. It is a centuries-old writing system whose contradictions and eccentricities were never designed for a fully literate society. We all suffer from its clumsiness and inconsistency: it takes far longer to learn than more regular systems; it limits people's ability to express themselves; it causes mispronunciation, especially by foreign learners; most people acquire at best an erratic command of it (even skilled writers are prone to uncertainty and error); and many millions are condemned to functional illiteracy. It is therefore small wonder there is such concern about standards of literacy in English-speaking countries today. Yet many of those countries have in recent decades seen the benefit of modernizing equally antiquated systems of currency and weights & measures. Similar modernization of English spelling is badly needed. Is reform possible? Spelling reform is an unfamiliar idea to the English-speaking world, but other languages show it is feasible and indeed a normal way of preserving a writing system from obsolescence. The letters of the alphabet were designed to stand for the sounds of speech, but pronunciation evolves in the course of time, and confusion sets in when letters and sounds cease to match: the way we speak words now no longer tells us how to write them, and the way they are written no longer tells us how to speak them. That is the central problem of English spelling. In the past century many languages have modernized their spelling to improve this match between letters and sounds, and so aid literacy. To ensure continuity, only small changes are usually made, and while schoolchildren learn some new, improved spellings, most adults continue to write as before. It may therefore take a lifetime before everyone uses the new forms. Ideally, spelling reform needs to be an imperceptibly slow, but carefully planned and continuous process. Problems of regularizing Many schemes have been devised for respelling English as it is pronounced, but apart from some small improvements in America none has been adopted for general use. Several fully regularized systems have however been tried in the past 150 years in teaching beginners, with dramatic success in helping them acquire basic literacy skills, the best known recently being the i.t.a. (initial teaching alphabet). However, all these schemes have required learners to transfer to the traditional irregular spelling as soon as they can read and write fluently, and much of the advantage is then lost. Ideal though total regularization may ultimately be, the effect such schemes have on written English is so drastic as to be a major deterrent to their adoption. The following sentence, in the Simplified Spelling Society's New Spelling (1948), perhaps the best thought-out and most influential of these fully regularized orthographies, demonstrates the effect:"Dhe langgwej wood be impruuvd bie dhe adopshon of nue speling for wurdz". Less radical proposals have therefore been made since then, so as to avoid such visual disruption, suggesting for instance that at first only the spelling of one sound, like the first vowel in any, should be regularized; or a single irregularity, like , should be removed. However, the immediate benefit of such a reform would be slight. A new approach is called for if today's readers are not to be alienated, yet learners are to benefit significantly. STREAMLINING Cutting redundant letters In the 1970s the Australian psychologist Valerie Yule found that many irregular spellings arise from redundant letters. These are letters which mislead because they are not needed to represent the sound of a word. Writers then cannot tell from a word's pronunciation which letters its written form requires, nor where to insert them, while readers are likely to mispronounce unfamiliar words containing them. A group within the Simplified Spelling Society therefore decided to explore which letters are redundant in English, and the effect their removal has on the appearance of the resulting 'cut' text. This Cut Spelling (CS) is now demonstrated. Esy readng for continuity One first notices that one can imediatly read CS quite esily without even noing th rules of th systm. Since most words ar unchanjed and few letrs substituted, one has th impression of norml ritn english with a lot of od slips, rathr than of a totaly new riting systm. Th esential cor of words, th letrs that identify them, is rarely afectd, so that ther is a hy levl of compatbility between th old and new spelngs. This is esential for th gradul introduction of any spelng reform, as ther must be no risk of a brekdown of ritn comunication between th jenrations educated in th old and th new systms. CS represents not a radicl upheval, but rather a streamlining, a trimng away of many of those featurs of traditionl english spelng wich dislocate th smooth opration of th alfabetic principl of regulr sound-symbl corespondnce. FURTHR ADVANTAJS Savings Th secnd thing one notices is that CS is som 10% shortr than traditionl spelng. This has sevrl importnt advantajs. To begin with, it saves time and trubl for evryone involvd in producing ritn text, from scoolchildren to publishrs, from novlists to advrtisers, from secretris to grafic desynrs. CS wud enable them al to create text that much fastr, because ther wud be fewr letrs to rite and they wud hesitate less over dificlt spelngs. Scoolchildren cud then devote th time saved in th act of riting (as wel as that saved in aquiring litracy skils) to othr lernng activitis. Simlr time-saving wud be experienced by adults in handriting, typng, word-procesng, typ-setng, or any othr form of text production. Th reduced space requiremnt has typograficl benefits: public syns and notices cud be smalr, or ritn larjr; mor text cud be fitd on video or computer screens; fewr abreviations wud be needd; and fewr words wud hav to be split with hyfns at th ends of lines. Ther wud also be material savings: with around one paje in ten no longr needd, books and newspapers wud require less paper (alternativly, mor text cud be carrid in th same space as befor), and demands on both storaj and transport wud be less. And th environmnt wud gain from th loer consumtion of raw materials and enrjy in manufacturng and from th reduction in th amount of waste needng to be disposed of. Targetng spelng problms Less imediatly obvius is th fact that CS removes many of th most trublsm spelng problms that hav bedevld riting in english for centuris. Ther ar thre main categris: ther ar silent letrs, such as in isle or in business, wich ar so ofn mispelt eithr as ilse, buisness, or as ile, busness; th latr ar th CS forms. Anothr categry is that of variant unstresd vowls, as befor th final in burglar, teacher, doctor, glamour, murmur, injure, martyr, wich CS neatly alyns as burglr, teachr, doctr, glamr, murmr, injr, martr. Thirdly ther ar th dubld consnnts, so ofn mispelt singl today, as found in such words as accommodate, committee, parallel(l)ed; CS simplifys these to acomodate, comitee, paraleld. RULES OF CUT SPELLING Cutting rules These three problem areas of traditional spelling correspond to the three main rules of Cut Spelling (CS). Rule 1 Letters irrelevant to pronunciation About 20 of the 26 letters of the alphabet are sometimes used with no bearing on pronunciation at all. Some, like in love, in though and in answer, were once sounded, but fell silent centuries ago. Others were taken from foreign languages, like in yacht (Dutch), in honest (French), and

in psyche (Greek), but are always silent in English. Yet others were inserted by analogy ( in haughty to match naughty, in could to match would) or to show a dubious or imagined derivation ( in doubt, in scythe). Two vowel letters are often written when the pronunciation only needs one; thus in measure, in hearth, in friend, in people, in build are all redundant. CS removes letters such as these from hundreds of often common words; most strikingly, CS eliminates that most grotesque of all English spelling patterns, the . Rule 2a Unstressed vowels before Thousands of English words contain or after an unstressed vowel, though the pronunciation fails to tell us which vowel letter to write. In fact, it is often redundant and can be cut, as seen from such rhyming pairs as apple/ chapel, centre/enter: CS Rule 1 cut the silent in apple, centre, and the resulting appl, centr show that unstressed can be cut in chapel, enter too, giving CS chapl, entr. Likewise the forms rhythm, mustn't show that the unstressed can go in fathom and the unstressed in resistant, insistent, giving CS fathm, resistnt, insistnt. Sometimes two letters can be cut: CS reduces curtain, luncheon, fashion to curtn, lunchn, fashn. CS Rule 2 cuts a swathe through one of the areas of greatest uncertainty in English spelling. Rule 2b Vowels in certain suffixes Similar is the cut of vowel letters in some major suffixes: the plural of ax(e) is cut to CS axs, distinguishing it from the uncut plural of axis (axes); the verb form learned is cut to CS lernd, but the adjective is distinguished as lerned. Strange at first is the cut of <-ing> to just <-ng> in verbs whose root ends in a consonant (waiting, hating diverge as CS waitng, hating), but an important gain from this cut is that it allows numerous troublesome doubled consonants to be simplified by Rule 3. A notable simplification is that the confusing <-able, -ible> suffixes are mostly reduced to just <-bl>, turning eatable, edible into CS eatbl, edbl. Rule 3 Doubled consonants simplified Doubled consonants sound like single consonants, so the writer cannot tell when doubling is required: frequent errors are the inevitable result. CS simplifies nearly all of them, as in CS abreviate, embarass, omitd/comitd/benefitd, travld/ compeld and (by Rule 2) hopng/hoping for hopping/hoping. The main exceptions are disyllabic words ending in and words ending in ; furry, tinny, hiss, discuss therefore remain distinct from fury, tiny, his, discus. Substitution rules The key feature of CS is that it removes rather than replaces letters. However, 3 simple substitutions are also made: 1 When are pronounced /f/, they are spelt . This produces forms such as CS cof, tuf, fotografy, sulfr. 2 When are sounded as , they are spelt . This produces forms such as CS juj, jeolojy, jinjr. 3 When is pronounced as in flight, sign, it is spelt , producing aligned forms such as fly, flyt, sty, sy, syn. THE CUT SPELLING HANDBOOK This leaflet barely outlines the CS proposal for modernizing English spelling. A full account is given in a three-part Handbook. Pt I (pp1-160) discusses the rationale of CS, its main features, its advantages, its psychological, linguistic and educational implications, and ways in which it could be implemented; but above all Pt I gives a detailed analysis of the present irregularities of English spelling and how cutting redundant letters improves the crucial interface of writing and speech. Pt II (pp163-231) illustrates the various cuts and provides exercises for literate adults to practise converting traditional spelling to CS and writing CS for themselves. Pt III (pp233-297) is a dictionary of over 20,000 of the most common words with redundant letters, giving their simpler CS equivalents. At the end is a bibliography of works for readers planning further study of the complexities of English spelling and the possibilities for its simplification. Unfortunatly th first edition of th Handbook is now out of print. A secnd edition is now in prepration, but th publication date is not yet nown. Details: Christopher Upward CUT SPELLING: a Handbook to the simplification of written English by omission of redundant letters" 306pp, Simplified Spelling Society, 1992, #10 or US$20 to non-members + p&p #2 or US$10 outside Europe, ISBN 0 9506391 3 3 Christopher Upward Editor-in-Chief, Simplified Spelling Society Senior Lecturer, Modern Languages Department, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, England. Christopher UPWARD Aston extension 4215, fax 021-359 6153 Home address and telephone 61 Valentine Road Birmingham B14 7AJ tel. 021-444 2837 ------------------------------ Date: ongoing From: RISKS-request@csl.sri.com Subject: Info on RISKS (comp.risks), contributions, subscriptions, FTP, etc. The RISKS Forum is a moderated digest. Its USENET equivalent is comp.risks. Undigestifiers are available throughout the Internet, but not from RISKS. SUBSCRIPTIONS: PLEASE read RISKS as a newsgroup on your system, if possible and convenient for you. BITNET folks may use a LISTSERV (e.g., LISTSERV@UGA) with SUBSCRIBE RISKS or UNSUBSCRIBE RISKS as needed. Users on US Military and Government machines should contact (Dennis Rears). UK subscribers please contact . Local redistribution services are provided at many other sites as well. Check FIRST with your local system or netnews wizards. If that does not work, send requests to (not automated). 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